227 lines
24 KiB
XML
227 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="26D7378A05BA7481422A7EC6B8FF237F" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F50713992EFF9503C5FD0EF663FDA2" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Hemitragus jemlahicus" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="672" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="672" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="149677E1493CC20BCF312E4CAA6AC169" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DFFCBD9DBEC1EC263688FA77B9FC5674">
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<mods:title id="4A73E101C31178717693228305A08B02">Bovidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="FE14CECB1ED67B56EB4A5850DAA0A5CA" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CDED2CAFABC1E614544A7763907B2EFB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="34E1D399892EA731F473DCE85346C19F">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="9A23E3BC463C9C9829812EFFD3302B1B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A823060F42DC6E44728235990BB7DBB5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="033A25AD93A8160E975153C55917D1E6">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C758F78FDBCB200D2252DA4DA4AB9E5A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="BB00F14F9CD41A22555ABDAA748725FE">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="4B135ACB66972A287DB8F8C6FB54C841" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="ECCEC9FD6918589F3DC1E712ED5E0B09">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="1AEF51205699B62E5CE3D99EEB4AA875">
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<mods:placeTerm id="5E19F60064F0C97B16A2848CD1DFB71A">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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<mods:titleInfo id="800201663FF5BEB24484ABC237E3929C">
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<mods:title id="3ED3448C757007A6D0A3D7205917966C">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="8034EB033AEB9B65A68C704CC1DF9E28">
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<mods:extent id="B1D4208E65F23785AA4B31424B2E6682" unit="page">
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<mods:classification id="559EB1CEF0DC39317A6D8B78581413FE">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D0D14ACEFC687AADAB731E94C7F9FF30" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F50713992EFF9503C5FD0EF663FDA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636924" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659219" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636924" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F50713992EFF9503C5FD0EF663FDA2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F50713992EFF9503C5FD0EF663FDA2" lastPageNumber="672" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992EFF9503C5FD0EFECFFD3F" blockId="101.[207,1124,652,743]" box="[211,290,652,702]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<heading id="D0AB0169992EFF9503C5FD0EFECFFD3F" box="[211,290,652,702]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA80992EFF9503C5FD0EFECFFD3F" box="[211,290,652,702]" captionStart="Plate 44: Bovidae" captionStartId="96.[94,124,3392,3417]" captionTargetBox="[13,2757,13,3636]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="167. Chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii), 168. Rocky Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus), 169. Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolor), 170. Bhutan Takin (Budorcas whitei), 171. Sichuan Takin (Budorcas tibetana), 172. Golden Takin (Budorcas bedfordi), 173. Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia), 174. Arabian Tahr (Avabitragus jayakari), 175. Himalayan Tahr (Hemutragus jemlahicus), 176. Greater Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayawr), 177. Dwarf Blue Sheep (Pseudois schaeferi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512953/files/figure.png" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">175.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF950222FD0EFD6EFD3F" box="[308,643,652,702]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992EFF950222FD0EFD6EFD3F" blockId="101.[207,1124,652,743]" box="[308,643,652,702]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<heading id="D0AB0169992EFF950222FD0EFD6EFD3F" box="[308,643,652,702]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B992EFF950222FD0EFD6EFD3F" box="[308,643,652,702]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Himalayan Tahr</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF9501A0FD12FB89FD3F" box="[694,1124,656,702]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992EFF9501A0FD12FB89FD3F" blockId="101.[207,1124,652,743]" box="[694,1124,656,702]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<heading id="D0AB0169992EFF9501A0FD12FB89FD3F" box="[694,1124,656,702]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992EFF9501A0FD12FB89FD3F" ID-CoL="3KTLJ" baseAuthorityName="C.H. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[694,1124,656,702]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Hemitragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jemlahicus">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF9501A0FD12FB89FD3F" box="[694,1124,656,702]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Hemitragus jemlahicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF9503C6FD52FBECFD64" box="[208,1025,720,741]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605992EFF9503C6FD52FBECFD64" blockId="101.[207,1124,652,743]" box="[208,1025,720,741]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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||
<heading id="D0AB0169992EFF9503C6FD52FBECFD64" box="[208,1025,720,741]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF9503C6FD52FEF0FD64" bold="true" box="[208,285,720,741]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B992EFF950233FD52FE31FD64" box="[293,476,720,741]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Thar de I'Himalaya</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF9502E7FD52FDA1FD64" bold="true" box="[497,588,720,741]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B992EFF950141FD52FD36FD64" box="[599,731,720,741]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Himalaja-Tahr</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF9501F8FD52FCA4FD64" bold="true" box="[750,841,720,741]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B992EFF950044FD52FC91FD64" box="[850,892,720,741]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Tahr</vernacularName>
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del Himalaya
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF950020FC91FC6DFCDB" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992EFF950020FC91FC6DFCDB" blockId="101.[822,1409,787,1213]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF950020FC91FC3CFCB5" bold="true" box="[822,977,787,820]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992EFF9500FFFC91FC96FCDB" authority="C.H. Smith, 1826" authorityName="C. H. Smith" authorityYear="1826" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jemlahica">Capra jemlahica C.H. Smith, 1826</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF95009DFCBBFB4CFCDB" box="[907,1185,825,858]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605992EFF95009DFCBBFB4CFCDB" blockId="101.[822,1409,787,1213]" box="[907,1185,825,858]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC58992EFF95009DFCBBFB4CFCDB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198324" box="[907,1185,825,858]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF95009DFCBBFC30FCDB" box="[907,989,825,858]" name="Nepal" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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(Jemla Hills).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF950021FCE3FC93FC51" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992EFF950021FCE3FC93FC51" blockId="101.[822,1409,787,1213]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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Based on phylogenetic analyses,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992EFF95060BFCE3FC7FFC2B" baseAuthorityName="C.H. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1826" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Hemitragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jemlahicus">H. jemlahicus</taxonomicName>
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is closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992EFF9507D5FC0BFAFCFC2B" box="[1219,1297,905,938]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Capra</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF950020FC5AFAB6FB16" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D992EFF950020FC5AFAB6FB16" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512704" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512704/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" targetBox="[205,798,795,1210]" targetPageId="101">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605992EFF950020FC5AFAB6FB16" blockId="101.[822,1409,787,1213]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF950020FC5AFC08FC78" bold="true" box="[822,997,984,1017]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Himalayas in N
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF9507C8FC5AFACAFC78" box="[1246,1319,984,1017]" name="India" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">India</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7992EFF950656FC5AFBC8FBA1" country="India" name="Jammu and Kashmir" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Jammu and Kashmir</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7992EFF95072EFB85FB73FBA1" box="[1080,1182,1031,1056]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF9507ACFB85FAE2FBA1" box="[1210,1295,1031,1056]" name="Nepal" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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, and W
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF950021FBA8FC66FBC6" box="[823,907,1066,1095]" name="China" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">China</collectingCountry>
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(S
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7992EFF9500D1FBA8FBC2FBC6" box="[967,1071,1066,1095]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Xizang</collectingRegion>
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). Introduced into
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF950654FBA8FC4AFBEE" name="New Zealand" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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(South Island),
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF9507D6FBD0FA93FBEE" box="[1216,1406,1106,1135]" name="South Africa" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7992EFF950054FBF8FBE1FB16" box="[834,1036,1146,1175]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Western Cape</collectingRegion>
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), and
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7992EFF950773FBF8FB1CFB16" box="[1125,1265,1146,1175]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">California</collectingRegion>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF950610FBF8FAA0FB16" box="[1286,1357,1146,1175]" name="United States of America" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">USA</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF950020FB1EFCC5FA51" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992EFF950020FB1EFCC5FA51" blockId="101.[822,1409,787,1213]" lastBlockId="101.[199,1408,1223,3453]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF950020FB1EFBA6FB3C" bold="true" box="[822,1099,1180,1213]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 130-170 cm (males) and
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0992EFF9502E1FB45FDA0FB65" box="[503,589,1223,1252]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" unit="cm" value="90.0">90 cm</quantity>
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(females), tail 9-12 cm, shoulder height
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0992EFF9507B5FB45FAEAFB65" box="[1187,1287,1223,1252]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" unit="cm" value="100.0">100 cm</quantity>
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||
(males) and
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||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0992EFF95021BFB6DFEB2FA8D" box="[269,351,1263,1292]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" unit="cm" value="65.0">65 cm</quantity>
|
||
(females); weight 90-124 kg (males) and 55-72 kg (females). Horn length 28-38 cm (males), horn basal girth 20-25 cm (males). Horns are laterally compressed, diverging, and with an anterior horn edge with a sharp keel. General adult male color is coppery-brown to blackish, with conspicuous long hairs that cover the neck, shoulders, and chest down to the knees and from the back and rump to the flanks and thighs. Diploid chromosome number is 48.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF9503DBFA5DFB21F7EC" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605992EFF9503DBFA5DFB21F7EC" blockId="101.[199,1408,1223,3453]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF9503DBFA5DFED1FA79" bold="true" box="[205,316,1503,1528]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Habitat.</emphasis>
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The Himalayan Tahr occurs at elevations of 1550-5300 m. In eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF950635FA5DFA95FA79" box="[1315,1400,1503,1528]" name="Nepal" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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||
, they occurred at 2500-4400 m in a variety of plant communities, depending on elevation, and favored steep cliffs with a cover of grass and small stands of forest and bamboo below
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0992EFF95027CF9CFFE39F9EF" box="[362,468,1613,1646]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" unit="m" value="3500.0">3500 m</quantity>
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||
. They are usually found at 2000-3300 m in timberline habitats on the southern forested slopes of the Himalayas. In northern
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||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF95071CF9F6FBBEF914" box="[1034,1107,1652,1685]" name="India" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">India</collectingCountry>
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||
they were in forested areas at 2000-3270 m and used steep terrain with some overstory, which provided security and thermal cover, and with a ground cover of shrubs and grasses. In northern
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF95064FF940FF14F88A" name="India" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Leopards (Panthera pardus) are the main predator of the Himalayan Tahr in areas below the tree line. Other large predators include Snow Leopards (P. uncia), Dholes (Canis
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992EFF950239F8BBFE7EF8DB" box="[303,403,1849,1882]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="alpinus">alpinus</taxonomicName>
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||
), and Gray Wolves (C. lupus). In
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7992EFF950043F8BBFC16F8DB" box="[853,1019,1849,1882]" country="Nepal" name="Sagarmatha" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Sagarmatha</collectingRegion>
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||
National Park in
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||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF9507F8F8BBFAAFF8DB" box="[1262,1346,1849,1882]" name="Nepal" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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, the staple diet of Snow Leopards, which had been extirpated but became naturally reestablished, consisted of tahrs. The relative occurrence of tahrs in Snow Leopard diets was 48% in summer and 37% in autumn, with a preference for the young of the year. After the return of Snow Leopards, there was a 70-90% decrease in the kid population per year in summer, the majority of which was probably due to Snow Leopard predation. The number of tahrs decreased from
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0992EFF95002CF7A6FC7DF7C4" box="[826,912,2084,2117]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" unit="in" value="350.0">350 in</quantity>
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1989 to
|
||
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2007. A continued high predation level could jeopardize the survival of the tahr population.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF9503DAF7F1FA96F762" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="food_feeding">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF9503DAF7F1FE3BF715" bold="true" box="[204,470,2163,2196]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The greater portion of their diet consists of graminoids. Grasses can constitute up to 75% of their winter diet. In
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, average annual consumption consisted of 34% grasses, 21% sedges, 38% forbs and shrubs, 4% ferns, and 4% mosses.
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF9503DAF76BFB4DF677" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992EFF9503DAF76BFB4DF677" blockId="101.[199,1408,1223,3453]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF9503DAF76BFEBFF68B" bold="true" box="[204,338,2281,2314]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Rut occurs in October—January with a gestation period of about 180 days. Females usually have their first young at age three. Most young are born in May and June. Males can reach sexual maturity at age two but do not participate in the rut until reaching adult age, when they can gain access to females by intimidating other males. Younger, paler-colored males have a higher rank than older darker males, the ruff color being used to signal rank and dominance. Males usually occur in separate groups except during the rut. Himalayan Tahrs live up to 22 years in captivity.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF9503DDF67FFB2BF59F" box="[203,1222,2557,2590]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="activity">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF9503DDF67FFE58F59F" bold="true" box="[203,437,2557,2590]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Peaks of activity occur before 09:00 h and after 13:30 h.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF9503DAF5A6FA97F313" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992EFF9503DAF5A6FA97F313" blockId="101.[199,1408,1223,3453]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF9503DAF5A6FC74F5C4" bold="true" box="[204,921,2596,2629]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Seasonal movements occur from lower elevations in winter to above timberline in summer. In northern
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, there were 2-3 ind/km® and the largest group observed consisted of four. In
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF9507DEF5F0FAF1F512" box="[1224,1308,2674,2707]" name="Nepal" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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||
, mean group size was 6-5, with herds consisting of 2-23 tahrs. Female herds in March had an average of four tahrs, and mixed groups, consisting of males, females, and young, had an average of 10-2. Sixty-four percent of the herds recorded were in mixed groups. The population was divided into three subunits of mixed herds: the largest group had eight adults and two yearling females; another subgroup had five young and eight males, of which two were yearlings; in the third group, four were subadults, and two were adults. Animals remained for over a month on about
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0992EFF95005BF407FC66F427" box="[845,907,2949,2982]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
?Densities in separate protected areas in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF950235F42EFE87F44C" box="[291,362,2988,3021]" name="India" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
were 2-3 ind/km® and 17 ind/km?; they were up to 25 ind/km? in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992EFF9507EBF42EFABCF44C" box="[1277,1361,2988,3021]" name="Nepal" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In a protected area, 130 tahrs were recorded in an area of
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0992EFF9500DAF45EFBE2F474" box="[972,1039,3036,3061]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
?. In areas where tahrs and livestock are sympatric, there is potential for spatial competition. In Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary,
|
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, tahrs used steep slopes greater than 40° in areas mainly above the tree line and were more selective in their habitat use than domestic sheep and goats. The presence oflivestock could be limiting the spread of tahrs to lower-elevation areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF9503DBF31AF5E7FEDF" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="conservation">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF9503DBF31AFDC3F338" bold="true" box="[205,558,3224,3257]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Most populations are unmonitored and their statuses unknown. The Himalayan Tahr occurs in some areas with such rough topography that human disturbance has not been a factor, but also often occur in scattered, fragmented populations, especially outside protected areas. Increasing human populations and associated increased grazing and disturbance, resulting in habitat loss and degradation, and illegal subsistence and sport hunting are negatively impacting populations. Community-based protected areas have been successful in furthering wildlife conservation and management.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992EFF9506DEFEEEF663FDA2" pageId="101" pageNumber="672" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992EFF9506DEFEEEF663FDA2" blockId="101.[1478,2680,277,550]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A17992EFF9506DEFEEEF98CFE04" bold="true" box="[1480,1633,364,389]" pageId="101" pageNumber="672">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bajracharya et al. (2005), Bhatnagar & Lovari (2008), Dematteis et al. (2006), Forsyth & Tustin (2005), Fox & Johnsingh (1997), Gaston et al. (1981, 1983), Gray (1972), Green (1979), Groves & Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Kittur et al. (2010), Long (2003), Lovari, Boesi et al. (2009), Lovari, Pellizzi et al. (2009), Lydekker & Dollman (1924), MacKinnon (2008), Pandey (2002), Rawat & Sathyakumar (2002), Ropiquet & Hassanin (2005), Schaller (1977), Wang Sung et al. (1997), Wegge & Oli (1997), Wolf & Ale (2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |