208 lines
21 KiB
XML
208 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="5E0A4A0039DE9322159210632D7271B6" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139929FF92037EF4DAF789F93E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Budorcas whitei" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="669" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="669" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D6F8A4A502A98A20AC062B59B6A8779A">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="62EC8A1F090431D09E81B5F80B8D1241" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="95077E0091A942D5EB3DDF5488266EF5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CC1A9CBC0ED7E4098ECC111398A6178B">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="F4F0355BEBB496819361159822726C91">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="3B2B3F98E93AA00288FFF58FED5028B5" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="C7174E4C703C79785D74FCE297C31781">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="E0F0DC662F2DB719D2B311D9C4C4CA1E">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="FEA409F67B039C4A3840E32940347C3D">
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<mods:title id="7F89D1305A694693EFEDFEFE91173808">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="D14D0E73E5942B49CC0BB7DF1CFE1666">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F4A6E9F4EBB05C129515609BC45EEFB3" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F507139929FF92037EF4DAF789F93E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636916" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659225" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636916" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139929FF92037EF4DAF789F93E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139929FF92037EF4DAF789F93E" lastPageNumber="669" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92037EF4DAFF5AF403" box="[104,183,2904,2946]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92037EF4DAFF5AF403" blockId="98.[99,886,2904,3026]" box="[104,183,2904,2946]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<heading id="D0AB01699929FF92037EF4DAFF5AF403" box="[104,183,2904,2946]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA809929FF92037EF4DAFF5AF403" box="[104,183,2904,2946]" captionStart="Plate 44: Bovidae" captionStartId="96.[94,124,3392,3417]" captionTargetBox="[13,2757,13,3636]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="167. Chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii), 168. Rocky Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus), 169. Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolor), 170. Bhutan Takin (Budorcas whitei), 171. Sichuan Takin (Budorcas tibetana), 172. Golden Takin (Budorcas bedfordi), 173. Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia), 174. Arabian Tahr (Avabitragus jayakari), 175. Himalayan Tahr (Hemutragus jemlahicus), 176. Greater Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayawr), 177. Dwarf Blue Sheep (Pseudois schaeferi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512953/files/figure.png" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">170.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF9203DEF4DAFE0EF403" box="[200,483,2904,2946]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF9203DEF4DAFE0EF403" blockId="98.[99,886,2904,3026]" box="[200,483,2904,2946]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<heading id="D0AB01699929FF9203DEF4DAFE0EF403" box="[200,483,2904,2946]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9929FF9203DEF4DAFE0EF403" box="[200,483,2904,2946]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF9203DEF4DAFE8CF403" box="[200,353,2904,2946]" name="Bhutan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
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Takin
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92013CF4DAFCD2F403" box="[554,831,2904,2946]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92013CF4DAFCD2F403" blockId="98.[99,886,2904,3026]" box="[554,831,2904,2946]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<heading id="D0AB01699929FF92013CF4DAFCD2F403" box="[554,831,2904,2946]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF92013CF4DAFCD2F403" baseAuthorityName="Lydekker" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[554,831,2904,2946]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92013CF4DAFCD2F403" box="[554,831,2904,2946]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Budorcas whitei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920373F416FE0AF450" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920373F416FC9BF428" blockId="98.[99,886,2904,3026]" box="[101,886,2964,2985]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<heading id="D0AB01699929FF920373F416FC9BF428" box="[101,886,2964,2985]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920373F416FF5FF428" bold="true" box="[101,178,2964,2985]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9929FF9203AFF416FE88F428" box="[185,357,2964,2985]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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Takin du
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF920202F416FE88F428" box="[276,357,2964,2985]" name="Bhutan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Bhoutan</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92026DF416FE3BF428" bold="true" box="[379,470,2964,2985]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9929FF9202F6F416FDB3F428" box="[480,606,2964,2985]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Bhutan-Takin</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920165F416FD23F428" bold="true" box="[627,718,2964,2985]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9929FF9201C0F416FCEAF428" box="[726,775,2964,2985]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Takin</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF920027F416FC9BF428" box="[817,886,2964,2985]" name="Bhutan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920372F43EFE0AF450" blockId="98.[99,886,2904,3026]" box="[100,487,3004,3025]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<heading id="D0AB01699929FF920372F43EFE0AF450" box="[100,487,3004,3025]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920372F43EFEB6F450" bold="true" box="[100,347,3004,3025]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9929FF920275F43EFE0AF450" box="[355,487,3004,3025]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">White's Takin</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920372F384FCC5F39E" box="[100,808,3078,3103]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920372F384FCC5F39E" blockId="98.[99,1302,3078,3466]" box="[100,808,3078,3103]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920372F384FF12F39E" bold="true" box="[100,255,3078,3103]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF92021DF384FCCEF39E" ID-CoL="5G2WF" authority="Lydekker, 1907" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1907" box="[267,803,3078,3103]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="taxicolor" subSpecies="whitei">Budorcas taxicolor whitei Lydekker, 1907</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920025F384FC4DF39E" box="[819,928,3078,3103]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920025F384FC4DF39E" blockId="98.[99,1302,3078,3466]" box="[819,928,3078,3103]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589929FF920025F384FC4DF39E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198376" box="[819,928,3078,3103]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF920025F384FC71F39E" box="[819,924,3078,3103]" name="Bhutan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920373F3ABFEA1F33D" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920373F3ABFEA1F33D" blockId="98.[99,1302,3078,3466]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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Usually classified as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF92015AF3ABFD37F3C7" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1850" box="[588,730,3113,3142]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taxicolor">B. taxicolor</taxonomicName>
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. The four takin species are differentiated on the basis of body color and mtDNA analysis of Chinese populations. Based on a phylogenetic study, takins are related to caprines and in particular to
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF920720F3F6FB35F314" box="[1078,1240,3188,3221]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ammotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ammotragus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF92037EF319FF4DF33D" box="[104,160,3227,3260]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ovis</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920372F344FB0BF362" box="[100,1254,3270,3299]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D9929FF920372F344FB0BF362" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512692" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512692" box="[100,1254,3270,3299]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512692/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" targetBox="[1369,1963,287,703]" targetPageId="98">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920372F344FB0BF362" blockId="98.[99,1302,3078,3466]" box="[100,1254,3270,3299]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920372F344FEF9F362" bold="true" box="[100,276,3270,3299]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Distribution.</emphasis>
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N
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF920257F344FE44F362" box="[321,425,3270,3299]" name="Bhutan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
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, NE
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF9202E6F344FDD5F362" box="[496,568,3270,3299]" name="India" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">India</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF92015BF344FD40F362" box="[589,685,3270,3299]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
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&
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF9201C1F344FC06F362" box="[727,1003,3270,3299]" country="India" name="Arunachal Pradesh" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Arunachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF920713F344FBB4F362" box="[1029,1113,3270,3299]" name="China" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">China</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF920779F344FB35F362" box="[1135,1240,3270,3299]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Xizang</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920372F368F6B9FDCA" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920372F368F6B9FDCA" blockId="98.[99,1302,3078,3466]" lastBlockId="98.[1981,2574,278,705]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920372F368FEB3F28A" bold="true" box="[100,350,3306,3339]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body c.170-220 cm,tail ¢.10-20 cm, shoulder height ¢.107-140 cm; weight ¢.150-350 kg. Horns grow slightly upward, then turn outward and backward, with the horn tips upward. Horns less widely spread, with tips less turned inward, than in the Sichuan Takin (B. tibetana). Males are significantly larger than females in horn and body measurements. Takins have large, bovine-like bodies, shaggy coats, including long hair on the jaws and chin, stout legs, prominent dew claws, and a greater height at the shoulder than at the hip. General body color of the
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF9204EEFD80F7B3FDA2" box="[2040,2142,514,547]" name="Bhutan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
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Takin is dark brown with paler back and a mid-dorsalstripe.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF9204D5FDD3F8F7FC8F" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF9204D5FDD3F8F7FC8F" blockId="98.[1981,2574,278,705]" lastBlockId="98.[1370,2573,710,1727]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF9204D5FDD3F7DCFDF3" bold="true" box="[1987,2097,593,626]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Habitat.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF920B5EFDD3F743FDF3" box="[2120,2222,593,626]" name="Bhutan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
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Takins occur at elevations from
|
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09929FF920B74FDFAF727FD18" box="[2146,2250,632,665]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" unit="m" value="3500.0">3500 m</quantity>
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to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09929FF920BE9FDFAF689FD18" box="[2303,2404,632,665]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
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in a variety of vegetative communities, from above timberline to subalpine and subtropical forests. Habitats, especially at lower elevations, have been modified by humans.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92064DFC9BF609FC05" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92064DFC9BF609FC05" blockId="98.[1370,2573,710,1727]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92064DFC9BF984FCB7" bold="true" box="[1371,1641,793,822]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Takins are opportunistic herbivores, but are primarily browsers feeding on shrubs and trees. Forbs can be an important food component in spring. They frequentsalt licks. They rear up on their hindlegs to reach higher vegetation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92064DFC09F697FBA3" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92064DFC09F697FBA3" blockId="98.[1370,2573,710,1727]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92064DFC09FA0CFC2D" bold="true" box="[1371,1505,907,940]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Breeding.</emphasis>
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The mating season is probably in August-September and births occur in March-April after a gestation period of ¢.210 days. They are sexually mature by 3-5 years of age, but males probably do not participate in mating until they are several years older than that. Only singleton births have been recorded in the wild.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92064CFBAAF600FBF0" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92064CFBAAF600FBF0" blockId="98.[1370,2573,710,1727]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92064CFBAAF9A8FBC8" bold="true" box="[1370,1605,1064,1097]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF920545FBAAF954FBC8" box="[1619,1721,1064,1097]" name="Bhutan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
|
||
Takins are probably similar to other takins, feeding in early morning and late afternoon. In winter, they feed intermittently throughout the day.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92064DFBF5FA25FADC" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92064DFBF5FA25FADC" blockId="98.[1370,2573,710,1727]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92064DFBF5F7FDFB19" bold="true" box="[1371,2064,1143,1176]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Detailed ecological studies have not been conducted. Takins make seasonal movements to higher elevations in summer and lower elevations in winter. Large mixed herds form in spring and split into smaller herds by autumn. Mature males are solitary or form groups of twos. Mortality factors, including predation, home ranges, and other population parameters, have not been studied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92064AFAE1F7B9F9C8" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92064AFAE1F7B9F9C8" blockId="98.[1370,2573,710,1727]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92064AFAE1F955FA05" bold="true" box="[1372,1720,1379,1412]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF920B5FFAE1F733FA05" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1850" box="[2121,2270,1379,1412]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taxicolor">B. taxicolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF920439FA0CF850FA2A" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1850" box="[1839,1981,1422,1451]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taxicolor">B. taxicolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF9206A0FA33F9ECFA53" box="[1462,1537,1457,1490]" name="India" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Many populations have a disjunct distribution and are vulnerable to extirpation due to poaching and habitat loss. Population status and numbers are unknown. Domestic Yaks may compete for summer forage at higher elevations. Unmanaged timber extraction may cause habitat loss in winter habitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92064AF9D5F789F93E" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92064AF9D5F789F93E" blockId="98.[1370,2573,710,1727]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92064AF9D5FA1BF9F1" bold="true" box="[1372,1526,1623,1648]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Fox & Johnsingh (1997), Groves & Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Neas & Hoffmann (1987), Schaller (1977),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF920493F9FCF857F916" box="[1925,1978,1662,1687]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Song</collectingRegion>
|
||
Yanling et al. (2008), Wang Sung et al. (1997), Wangchuk et al. (2004), Wollenhaupt et al. (1997), Wu Chunhua et al. (2010).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |