254 lines
32 KiB
XML
254 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="DBBA3575181D91B8F7BEC13C7CE5C657" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139907FFBC0377FD5AF8A7F534" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Oryx dammah" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="647" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="647" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="33820B5D2A4BA4ACA80A0FD15D92A3C0">
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<mods:title id="167EEA3C7DEB5C494D2C6ECEADDF96E3">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5DC300CE83C99632F0B6BB89B9E81FB4" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="598598B349594704F9301D4FFE086366">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="4125057DDFB11164AFEBF812D81D2D88" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D1C6F16C8770CA0BA85E954B9CAD0DC9">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1BD43A175438FA995E49377121227AE9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="54570B23B1833E532DBCF188BB3B6B5C">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="09E85473E08CF9A0D0985F527544091D" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="5D83170BB9FF2F5279B204F767112242">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="04AAA553764643FDAA7EC791E43DF147">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="785A6A4B183F49FAFC604AB1103AFB6F">
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<mods:title id="11C1CF21620FAD36D467F634FA2BCCCB">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F507139907FFBC0377FD5AF8A7F534" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6581672" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659440" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6581672" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139907FFBC0377FD5AF8A7F534" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139907FFBC0377FD5AF8A7F534" lastPageNumber="647" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC0377FD5AFF5CFC87" box="[97,177,728,774]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC0377FD5AFF5CFC87" blockId="76.[93,972,728,818]" box="[97,177,728,774]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<heading id="D0AB01699907FFBC0377FD5AFF5CFC87" box="[97,177,728,774]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA809907FFBC0377FD5AFF5CFC87" box="[97,177,728,774]" captionStart="Plate 40: Bovidae" captionStartId="74.[83,113,3424,3449]" captionTargetBox="[15,2754,14,3635]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="138. Beisa Oryx (Oryx beisa), 139. Galla Oryx (Oryx gallarum), 140. Fringe-eared Oryx (Oryx callotis), 141. Gemsbok (Oryx gazella), 142. Scimitar-horned Oryx (Oryx dammah), 143. Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512944" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512944/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">142.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC03D5FD5AFD64FC87" box="[195,649,728,774]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC03D5FD5AFD64FC87" blockId="76.[93,972,728,818]" box="[195,649,728,774]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<heading id="D0AB01699907FFBC03D5FD5AFD64FC87" box="[195,649,728,774]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9907FFBC03D5FD5AFD64FC87" box="[195,649,728,774]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Scimitar-horned Oryx</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC01D6FD5AFC21FC87" box="[704,972,728,774]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC01D6FD5AFC21FC87" blockId="76.[93,972,728,818]" box="[704,972,728,774]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<heading id="D0AB01699907FFBC01D6FD5AFC21FC87" box="[704,972,728,774]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC01D6FD5AFC21FC87" ID-CoL="6SZCT" baseAuthorityName="Cretzschmar" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[704,972,728,774]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dammah">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC01D6FD5AFC21FC87" box="[704,972,728,774]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Oryx dammah</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC0348FC9AFCC6FCAC" box="[94,811,792,813]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC0348FC9AFCC6FCAC" blockId="76.[93,972,728,818]" box="[94,811,792,813]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<heading id="D0AB01699907FFBC0348FC9AFCC6FCAC" box="[94,811,792,813]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC0348FC9AFF46FCAC" bold="true" box="[94,171,792,813]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9907FFBC03A2FC9AFED3FCAC" box="[180,318,792,813]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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Oryx de
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC021DFC9AFED3FCAC" box="[267,318,792,813]" name="Libya" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Libye</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC0245FC9AFE43FCAC" bold="true" box="[339,430,792,813]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9907FFBC02AEFC9AFDD1FCAC" box="[440,572,792,813]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Sabelantilope</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC0147FC9AFD41FCAC" bold="true" box="[593,684,792,813]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9907FFBC01A0FC9AFCC6FCAC" box="[694,811,792,813]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Oryx blanco</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC01D3FCD8FCE2FC22" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC01D3FCD8FCE2FC22" blockId="76.[709,1297,858,1285]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC01D3FCD8FC8DFCFA" bold="true" box="[709,864,858,891]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC007AFCD8FCE7FC22" authority="Cretzschmar, 1826" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dammah">Antilope dammah Cretzschmar, 1826</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC000CFC04FB09FC22" box="[794,1252,902,931]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC000CFC04FB09FC22" blockId="76.[709,1297,858,1285]" box="[794,1252,902,931]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589907FFBC000CFC04FB09FC22" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198438" box="[794,1252,902,931]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC000CFC04FC99FC22" box="[794,884,902,931]" name="Sudan" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79907FFBC0092FC04FB09FC22" box="[900,1252,902,931]" country="Sudan" name="Shimal Kurdufan" pageId="76" pageNumber="691">Northern Kordofan Prov.</collectingRegion>
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC01D3FC2FFBC3FC4B" box="[709,1070,941,970]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC01D3FC2FFBC3FC4B" blockId="76.[709,1297,858,1285]" box="[709,1070,941,970]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC01D3FC52FC28FBE6" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D9907FFBC01D3FC52FC28FBE6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512633" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512633" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512633/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" targetBox="[91,685,868,1284]" targetPageId="76">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC01D3FC52FC28FBE6" blockId="76.[709,1297,858,1285]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC01D3FC52FC99FC70" bold="true" box="[709,884,976,1009]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Extinct in the wild. The Scimitar-horned Oryx originally occurred on the southern and northern edges of the Sahara Desert.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC01D3FBEFFECDF820" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC01D3FBEFFECDF820" blockId="76.[709,1297,858,1285]" lastBlockId="76.[92,1297,1291,3447]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC01D3FBEFFC59FB0F" bold="true" box="[709,948,1133,1166]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 159-175 cm, tail 37-44 cm, shoulder height 102-125 cm (males), ear 17-19.
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, hindfoot 47-48 cm; weight 180-200 kg (males). Male Scimitar-horned Oryxes are generally larger than females. Both sexes have a mostly white face and head with an oxidized-red color on the bridge of the nose and over the eyes. The body is white, with the same reddish color on the neck and chest. Both sexes have long, slender (10-10.
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thick at the base) horns, the longest of the oryxes (82-150 cm), that arch over the neck and shoulders and point to the hindquarters. Rings are present from the base through the lower one-third of the horn (about 35-40), more than on other
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC0292FA75FE2DF999" box="[388,448,1527,1560]" genus="Tawrotragus" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" rank="species" species="oryx">oryx</taxonomicName>
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species. Being long and hollow, the horns can break easily. Preorbital glands are rudimentary, unlike other oryxes. The tail is white, like the rest of the body, and ends in a dark tuft of hair. Young Scimitar-horned Oryxes are mostly brown, with some white on the abdomen and black on their tails. Individuals greater than three months old can be identified by unique horn shapes and breaks, face markings, scars, and seasonal wear patches on shoulder pelage. Their coat changes to the adult coloration at about one year of age. Diploid chromosome number is 56-58; they are polymorphic for a centric fusion between chromosomes 2 and 15. The skull of the Scimitar-horned
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC0295F8B3FE25F8D3" box="[387,456,1841,1874]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Oryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryx</taxonomicName>
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is comparable in size to that of most north-eastern African
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC034BF8E3FF77F8FB" box="[93,154,1889,1914]" genus="Tawrotragus" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" rank="species" species="oryx">oryx</taxonomicName>
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species, but it has rather small teeth. Dental formula is 1 0/3, C0/1, P 3/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC034AF825FB19F596" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC034AF825FB19F596" blockId="76.[92,1297,1291,3447]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC034AF825FF26F849" bold="true" box="[92,203,1959,1992]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Scimitar-horned Oryxes are aridland specialists. They formerly lived in the northern and southern sub-Saharan Desert, but did not inhabit the Sahara proper as does the
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC0211F879FE8EF799" box="[263,355,2043,2072]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Addax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Addax</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC026AF879FD4EF799" box="[380,675,2043,2072]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Addax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasomaculatus">Addax nasomaculatus</taxonomicName>
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). Limited rain falls for a short time during summer (150-500 mm/year in north and 250-500 mm/year in southern
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79907FFBC077BF7A4FB53F7BE" box="[1133,1214,2086,2111]" country="Burkina Faso" name="Sahel" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Sahel</collectingRegion>
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), and the oryx’s former range experiences long droughts; the most recent drought started in the 1960s and lasted through the early 1990s. Most of the former range has three seasons: a cold-dry season, a hot-dry season, and a rainy season. The rainy season in the northern parts of the former range begins in September, but it starts in June in the southern areas. Acacia raddiana, A. laeta and Commiphora
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC006EF760FC0FF682" box="[888,994,2274,2307]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africana">africana</taxonomicName>
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are dominant plants, but sparsely distributed, on the northern edge of the Sahara, and Grewia
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC0776F68CFF4CF6D2" authority="Adansonia" authorityName="Adansonia" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">bicolor, Adansonia</taxonomicName>
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digitata, Combretum micranthum, and C. glutinosum dominate in the south. These trees and shrubs were probably important to the Scimitar-horned
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC071FF6DAFBA0F6F8" box="[1033,1101,2392,2425]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Oryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryx</taxonomicName>
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for shade. In the wet season, herbaceous plants and annual grasses become plentiful—and were sought out as nutritious forage. Water is rare in the former range of the Scimitarhorned
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC03C6F64CFEFAF66E" box="[208,279,2510,2543]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Oryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryx</taxonomicName>
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; mesic areas exist, but are usually ephemeral. The southward spread of the Sahara Desert no doubt contributed to the demise of the Scimitar-horned
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC07BFF678FB1DF596" box="[1193,1264,2554,2583]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Oryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryx</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC034AF59FFDB8F280" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC034AF59FFDB8F280" blockId="76.[92,1297,1291,3447]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC034AF59FFE9BF5BF" bold="true" box="[92,374,2589,2622]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Herbivorous. The Scimitar-horned
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC008AF59FFC0FF5BF" box="[924,994,2589,2622]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Oryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryx</taxonomicName>
|
||
is predominantly a grazer, but can be a facultative browser, depending on forage availability. When rainfall is sufficient, annual grasses and forbs are preferred. Favored plants at this time include Cenchrus biflorus, Panicum laetum, and Dactyloctenium aegyptium. In the wet season, Scimitar-horned Oryxes also eat Indigofera and Cordia sinensis. Precipitation occurs in different parts of their range throughout the year, and the oryxes seek foliage that grows with the rains. When the rains stop,its favored foods are usually still available until the hot-dry season. After the hot-dry season begins in March, these plants are less common, and the animals start to rely on perennial grasses and browse. Early in the hot-dry season, Scimitar-horned Oryxes will eat pods from Acacia raddiana. As the hot-dry season wears on, they will also eat Panicum turgidum and Aristida. They browse on Leptadenia, Cassia italica, and Cornulaca monacantha. When water is plentiful, they will drink long enough to impede their normal movement, but Scimitar-horned Oryxes can persist for months without drinking water, by eating plants with high moisture content, such as Citrullus colocynthis, a wild melon. The Scimitar-horned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC0259F3E8FE79F30A" box="[335,404,3178,3211]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Oryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryx</taxonomicName>
|
||
also obtains water by eating Boerhavia
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC00D6F3E8FBE0F30A" box="[960,1037,3178,3211]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="repens">repens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Indigofera viscosa, ground-hugging plants covered in fine hairs that accumulate condensed moisture. Scimitar-horned Oryxes seek salt, and they will scrape away the upper layers of soil and consume salty layers below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC034BF285F854FCFD" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC034BF285F854FCFD" blockId="76.[92,1297,1291,3447]" lastBlockId="76.[1364,2570,269,2746]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC034BF285FF0EF2A9" bold="true" box="[93,227,3335,3368]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Rut occurs during the cold season. Males test urine of females to detect estrus. Males fight by butting their heads; injuries may occur, but they are usually not fatal. In one case, a male Scimitar-horned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC01A0F2D4FD16F2F6" box="[694,763,3414,3447]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Oryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryx</taxonomicName>
|
||
shared an enclosure with Addaxes as part of a reintroduction effort. The male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC04BEFE8FF808FEAF" box="[1960,2021,269,302]" genus="Tawrotragus" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" rank="species" species="oryx">oryx</taxonomicName>
|
||
courted an estrous female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC0A7DFE8FF62AFEAF" box="[2411,2503,269,302]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Addax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Addax</taxonomicName>
|
||
and killed a male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC050CFEB7F99BFED7" box="[1562,1654,309,342]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Addax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Addax</taxonomicName>
|
||
that attempted to get near them. Gestation is 8-8-5 months. A pregnant female separates herself from the herd for up to a week. When she gives birth, a male may stand by and breed with her shortly after parturition. One offspring is usually born, but twins are possible (7% of captive births have been twins). Most births occur in a two-month window during the rainy season, thus assuring good forage for the lactating females. Neonates have horn stumps of 2-5 cm. They are able to walk a few hours after birth and run by five days of age, giving them the chance to escape from most predators. Young hide in sparse vegetation for two weeks postpartum and are able to run as fast as adults at about 20 days of age. Young are weaned at 2-10 months. Maternal attention is minimal. The young normally join a creche of similar-age individuals at about two weeks of age, presumably under minimal supervision. Females reach maturity at 11-30 months; males are sexually mature at 10-30 months. Scimitar-horned Oryxes in captivity can live up to 30 years of age; longevity in the wild is unknown but no doubt considerably less. One study of captive-born oryxes calculated a sex ratio of 1 male:0-84 female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC0642FC00FA12FBE6" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC0642FC00FA12FBE6" blockId="76.[1364,2570,269,2746]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC0642FC00F9ADFC22" bold="true" box="[1364,1600,898,931]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Scimitar-horned Oryxes spend most of their time in search of food, primarily at night and in the early morning, when it is coolest. During the hottest part of the day, they seek shade to rest and ruminate. If shade is not available, they dig up a place next to vegetation to lie in. Long-distance movements mainly occur at night. Scimitar-horned Oryxes amble, nodding their heads when walking fast; they have a flowing trot.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC0640FBECF6DDF95F" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC0640FBECF6DDF95F" blockId="76.[1364,2570,269,2746]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC0640FBECF7F2FB0E" bold="true" box="[1366,2079,1134,1167]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Scimitar-horned Oryxes once followed the rains in search of food, perhaps sensing changes in humidity; such movements may have been hundreds of kilometers. While on the move, they would go out of their way to avoid contact with humans. No data exist on their movement, activities, or ecology in the northern parts of their former range because they were extirpated before the start of the 20" century. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC047FFAB1F859FAD5" box="[1897,1972,1331,1364]" name="Chad" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Chad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, there were at least two populationsas late as the 1960s. The population that lived in the southern part of the country moved north during the hot season to meet the rain. The second population was located close to the northern range of the southern population, and it appeared to make long seasonal east-west movements. When sedentary, Scimitar-horned Oryxes formed herds of 10-30 animals. Larger herds of up to 100 individuals were not uncommon. During migration, groups of 1000 or more would aggregate. A dominant female appeared to lead the herd, but it may actually have been directed from the rear by the dominant male. Dominance followed a hereditary lineage. Based on a captive study, a four-year-old male normally was dominant. Older males were often forced out of the herd; bachelor herds formed occasionally, but they were not common.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC0640F966F8ABF596" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC0640F966F8ABF596" blockId="76.[1364,2570,269,2746]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC0640F966F959F884" bold="true" box="[1366,1716,1764,1797]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Extinct in the Wild on The IUCN Red List. The Scimitar-horned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC0441F889F876F8AD" box="[1879,1947,1803,1836]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Oryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryx</taxonomicName>
|
||
once ranged widely throughout the Sahara Desert, including extensive seasonal movements, except perhaps in the deep interior, and numbered about one million individuals. The southern part of the range ran through
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC0506F808F944F822" box="[1552,1705,1930,1955]" name="Mauritania" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(18° N-16° N),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC048FF808F839F822" box="[1945,2004,1930,1955]" name="Serbia" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Mali</collectingCountry>
|
||
(18° N-15° N), N
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC0BFCF808F648F822" box="[2282,2469,1930,1955]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC0AAEF808F5EAF822" box="[2488,2567,1930,1955]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Hippotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC0AAEF808F5EAF822" box="[2488,2567,1930,1955]" name="Niger" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Niger</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(17° N-15° N),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC0521F82EF96CF848" box="[1591,1665,1964,1993]" name="Chad" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Chad</collectingCountry>
|
||
(17° N-14° N) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC04B2F82EF816F848" box="[1956,2043,1964,1993]" name="Sudan" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(18° N-15° N). The species also was found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC06C8F85AF9A7F870" box="[1502,1610,2008,2033]" name="Senegal" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC058EF85AF8FAF870" box="[1688,1815,2008,2033]" name="Morocco" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
, near the Atlantic coast, and across
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC0A09F85AF66AF870" box="[2335,2439,2008,2033]" name="Algeria" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC0A8FF85AF5EDF870" box="[2457,2560,2008,2033]" name="Tunisia" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC0640F875FA4EF799" box="[1366,1443,2039,2072]" name="Libya" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Libya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC06E7F875F9AFF799" box="[1521,1602,2039,2072]" name="Egypt" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The main causes of extinction were human population growth, motorized access to the desert, and overexploitation. As human settlement increased, livestock took over fragile grasslands and other areas; desertification compounded these pressures. The last known wild individuals occurred in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC0BD6F7EFF6E7F70F" box="[2240,2314,2157,2190]" name="Chad" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Chad</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC0A41F7EFF64BF70F" box="[2391,2470,2157,2190]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Hippotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC0A41F7EFF64BF70F" box="[2391,2470,2157,2190]" name="Niger" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Niger</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the mid-1980s. Because captive groups were established in zoos and in private collections throughout the world beginning in the 1960s, reintroduction is now possible. In the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC0640F761F963F685" box="[1366,1678,2275,2308]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
|
||
, more than 4000 occur in a private collection, and as many as 2000 occur on private ranches in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79907FFBC0455F689F87FF6AD" box="[1859,1938,2315,2348]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC04B1F689F805F6AD" box="[1959,2024,2315,2348]" name="United States of America" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The Scimitar-horned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869907FFBC0A24F689F69BF6AD" box="[2354,2422,2315,2348]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Oryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryx</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been returned to its native range, but only to six fenced locations of variable size: three in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC0643F6DFFA57F6FB" box="[1365,1466,2397,2426]" name="Tunisia" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Bou-Hedma, Sidi Toui, and Oued Dekouk National Parks), with about 170 oryxes, one in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC0527F60BF941F623" box="[1585,1708,2441,2466]" name="Morocco" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Souss-Massa National Park) with 240 animals, and two in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959907FFBC0643F62AFA2CF648" box="[1365,1473,2472,2505]" name="Senegal" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Ferlo and Guembuel reserves), with 30 animals. These groups receive different amounts of human attention. The eventual goal is reestablishment of free-ranging Scimitar-horned Oryxes in the wild.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9907FFBC0640F5A4F8A7F534" pageId="76" pageNumber="647" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059907FFBC0640F5A4F8A7F534" blockId="76.[1364,2570,269,2746]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179907FFBC0640F5A4FA1DF5BE" bold="true" box="[1366,1520,2598,2623]" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ansell (1972), Berg et al. (2008), Beudels-Jamar et al. (1998), El Algamy et al. (2008), Engel (2004), Estes (1991a, 1991b), Gilbert (2008), Gilbert & Woodfine (2004), Gillet (1966), Gordon (1993), IUCN/ SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008am), lyengar et al. (2007), Molcanova & Wacher (2008), Morrow et al. (1999), Newby (1984),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79907FFBC0559F51EF956F534" box="[1615,1723,2716,2741]" country="United Kingdom" name="Wakefield" pageId="76" pageNumber="647">Wakefield</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |