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<mods:title id="35E68AC7696AA9DA159F160F1A0EF4FA">Review of the sponge genus Penares (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida, Astrophorina) in the New Zealand EEZ, with descriptions of new species</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9FF942FF7BFADDFE75FADD" blockId="3.[151,481,1293,1320]" box="[151,481,1293,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="D095819CFF9FF942FF7BFADDFE75FADD" bold="true" box="[151,481,1293,1320]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FF7BFADDFE75FADD" bold="true" box="[151,481,1293,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FF02FADEFE75FADD" authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[238,481,1293,1320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FF02FADEFEC4FAD2" bold="true" box="[238,336,1294,1320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Penares</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9FF942FEBBFADDFE75FADD" author="Gray, J. E." box="[343,481,1293,1319]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="492 - 558" refId="ref26716" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867, 492 - 558." type="journal article" year="1867">Gray, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FF7BFA82FEC9FA90" authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[151,349,1361,1386]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
Penares
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9FF942FF00FA82FEC9FA90" author="Gray, J. E." box="[236,349,1361,1386]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="492 - 558" refId="ref26716" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867, 492 - 558." type="journal article" year="1867">Gray, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9FF942FF7BFAA0FE75FA73" blockId="3.[151,498,1361,1478]" box="[151,481,1392,1417]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FF7BFAA0FE49FA73" authority="de Laubenfels, 1954" authorityName="de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1954" box="[151,477,1392,1417]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Jasplakina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FF7BFAA0FE91FA72" box="[151,261,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Jasplakina</emphasis>
de
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9FF942FEC6FAA0FE49FA73" author="Laubenfels, M. W. de" box="[298,477,1392,1417]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 306" refId="ref27246" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1954) Sponges of the west-central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology, 7, i-x + 1 - 306, pls. I-XII. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6516" type="journal article" year="1954">Laubenfels, 1954</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9FF942FF7BFA5FFE29FA5D" blockId="3.[151,498,1361,1478]" box="[151,445,1422,1447]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7211DEFF9FF942FF7BFA5FFE29FA5D" box="[151,445,1422,1447]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FF7BFA5FFE2DFA5D" ID-CoL="983f6615-afa8-4079-bced-090b42b80dc0" authority="Schmidt, 1868: 18" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityPageNumber="18" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,441,1422,1447]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Papyrula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FF7BFA5FFF61FA5D" box="[151,245,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Papyrula</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC310E1FF9FF942FF10FA5EFE2DFA5D" author="Schmidt, O." box="[252,441,1422,1447]" page="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1868">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9FF942FF10FA5EFE2DFA5D" author="Schmidt, O." box="[252,441,1422,1447]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref27917" refString="Schmidt, O. (1868) Die Spongien der Kuste von Algier. Mit Nachtragen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, iv + 44 pp., V pls." type="book" year="1868">Schmidt, 1868: 18</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9FF942FF7BFA7EFE66FA3C" blockId="3.[151,498,1361,1478]" box="[151,498,1453,1478]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FF7BFA7EFEA6FA3C" box="[151,306,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">?Pachamphilla</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9FF942FED4FA7DFE7AFA3C" author="Lendenfeld, R. von" box="[312,494,1453,1478]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref27337" refString="Lendenfeld, R. von (1907) Die Tetraxonia. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf der Dampfer Valdivia 1898 - 1899, 11 (1 - 2), i-iv + 59 - 374." type="journal article" year="1907">Lendenfeld, 1907</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9FF942FF7BFA3BFDE2F9F9" blockId="3.[151,630,1514,1539]" box="[151,630,1514,1539]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FF7BFA3BFEB7F9F9" bold="true" box="[151,291,1514,1539]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="54D98852FF9FF942FF7BFA3BFF58F9F9" box="[151,204,1515,1539]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FEC6FA3CFDE7F9F9" authority="(Schmidt, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[298,627,1514,1539]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="helleri">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FEC6FA3CFE50F9F9" box="[298,452,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Penares helleri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9FF942FE3EFA3AFDFFF9F9" author="Schmidt, O." box="[466,619,1514,1539]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref27882" refString="Schmidt, O. (1864) Supplement der Spongien des adriatischen Meeres. Enthaltend die Histologie und systematische Erganzungen. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, vi, 48 pp., IV pls." type="book" year="1864">Schmidt, 1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C378657BFF9FF942FF7BF9FBFF64F8E5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9FF942FF7BF9FBFF64F8E5" blockId="3.[151,1437,1579,2039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FF7BF9FBFE86F9BC" bold="true" box="[151,274,1579,1606]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Irregularly massive sponges, typically cream, grey, black, or yellow in colour. Microspined microxeas and/or microrhabds are arranged more-or-less tangentially at the surface of the sponge, forming a crust. Megascleres are oxeas and short- to medium-shafted dicho-, ortho- or plagiotriaenes that form a layer under or above the cortex, cladomes uppermost. Oxeas are arranged more-or-less radially in the upper choanosome but are usually disorganised below the subectosome. Microscleres are smooth microxeas and/or blunt-ended microrhabds that may or may not be centrotylote; microspined or smooth euasters (oxyasters, tylasters), spherules and spherasters are sometimes present.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C378657BFF9FF945FF2BF8F8FEC6FD7D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9FF945FF2BF8F8FB11FF2D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1579,2039]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,647]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FF2BF8F8FEAFF8B8" bold="true" box="[199,315,1832,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Remarks.</emphasis>
In his original concept of the geodiid subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FC96F8F8FBBAF8B8" authority=", Sollas" authorityName=", Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[890,1070,1832,1858]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Erylinae">Erylinae, Sollas</taxonomicName>
included only
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FB33F8F8FAFEF8B8" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[1247,1386,1832,1858]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FB33F8F8FABCF8B8" box="[1247,1320,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Erylus</emphasis>
Gray
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FF7BF89DFEF6F89C" authority="Schmidt" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,354,1868,1895]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Caminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FF7BF89DFF6FF89D" box="[151,251,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Caminus</emphasis>
Schmidt
</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9FF942FE74F89CFD05F89C" author="Cardenas, P. &amp; Rapp, H. T. &amp; Schander, C. &amp; Tendal, O. S." box="[408,657,1868,1895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="89 - 106" refId="ref26383" refString="Cardenas, P., Rapp, H. T., Schander, C. &amp; Tendal, O. S. (2010) Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of Geodiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida) - combining phylogenetic and Linnaean classification. Zoologica Scripta, 39, 89 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2009.00402. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Cárdenas
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FDEBF89DFDACF89C" box="[519,568,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
. (2010)
</bibRefCitation>
found strong molecular support for inclusion of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FB5EF89CFEF5F870" authority="Bowerbank in Johnson" authorityName="Bowerbank in Johnston" authorityYear="1842" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Pachymatisma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FB5EF89CFAC3F89C" box="[1202,1367,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pachymatisma</emphasis>
Bowerbank in Johnson
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FE79F8A1FE64F870" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[405,496,1905,1930]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FE79F8A1FE64F870" box="[405,496,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Penares</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FDFDF8A0FDE0F870" authorityName=", Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[529,628,1904,1930]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Erylinae">Erylinae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9FF942FD91F8A0FCE6F870" author="Cardenas, P. &amp; Rapp, H. T. &amp; Schander, C. &amp; Tendal, O. S." box="[637,882,1904,1931]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="89 - 106" refId="ref26383" refString="Cardenas, P., Rapp, H. T., Schander, C. &amp; Tendal, O. S. (2010) Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of Geodiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida) - combining phylogenetic and Linnaean classification. Zoologica Scripta, 39, 89 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2009.00402. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Cárdenas
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FD07F8A1FC8FF870" box="[747,795,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
. (2010)
</bibRefCitation>
illustrated the main skeletal characters that define
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FF7BF844FF62F854" authorityName=", Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,246,1940,1966]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Erylinae">Erylinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9FF942FEEAF844FE63F854" author="Cardenas, P. &amp; Rapp, H. T. &amp; Schander, C. &amp; Tendal, O. S." box="[262,503,1940,1966]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="89 - 106" refId="ref26383" refString="Cardenas, P., Rapp, H. T., Schander, C. &amp; Tendal, O. S. (2010) Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of Geodiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida) - combining phylogenetic and Linnaean classification. Zoologica Scripta, 39, 89 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2009.00402. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Cárdenas
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FE95F845FE27F854" box="[377,435,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF9FF942FDE8F844FDDDF855" box="[516,585,1940,1967]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,946,971]" captionTargetBox="[477,1112,179,926]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[470,1116,174,934]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Distribution of P. schulzei (Dendy 1905), around New Zealand. The white outline shows New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335266/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), which amounted to a series of ‘losses,’ including the lack of anatriaenes, protriaenes and cortical oxeas (of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FDE1F868FD16F829" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[525,642,1976,2003]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Geodiinae">Geodiinae</taxonomicName>
) in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FD47F868FD60F828" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[683,756,1976,2002]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FD47F868FD60F828" box="[683,756,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Erylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FCECF869FCF0F829" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[768,868,1977,2003]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Caminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FCECF869FCF0F829" box="[768,868,1977,2003]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Caminus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FC74F868FBA9F828" authorityName="Bowerbank in Johnston" authorityYear="1842" box="[920,1085,1976,2002]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Pachymatisma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9FF942FC74F868FBA9F828" box="[920,1085,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pachymatisma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9FF942FB99F868FA05F828" author="Sim-Smith, C. &amp; Kelly, M." box="[1141,1425,1975,2002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref28068" refString="Sim-Smith, C. &amp; Kelly, M. (2015) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Sponges in the Family Geodiidae (Demospongiae: Astrophorina). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 128. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, Wellington, 102 pp." type="book" year="2015">Sim-Smith &amp; Kelly 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9FF942FF7BF80CFF62F80C" authorityName=", Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,246,2012,2038]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Erylinae">Erylinae</taxonomicName>
are now defined as having short-shafted triaenes (although this is not strictly true with the description of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FF7BFF49FD50FF49" authority="Sim-Smith &amp; Kelly, 2015" authorityName="Sim-Smith &amp; Kelly" authorityYear="2015" box="[151,708,152,179]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Pachymatisma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodosa">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FF7BFF49FE01FF49" box="[151,405,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pachymatisma nodosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF98F945FE71FF49FD50FF49" author="Sim-Smith, C. &amp; Kelly, M." box="[413,708,152,179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref28068" refString="Sim-Smith, C. &amp; Kelly, M. (2015) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Sponges in the Family Geodiidae (Demospongiae: Astrophorina). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 128. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, Wellington, 102 pp." type="book" year="2015">Sim-Smith &amp; Kelly, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), microrhabds in the ectocortex (outer cortex), with spherules in the ectocortex being specific to
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FE10FF6DFDF4FF2D" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[508,608,189,215]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Caminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FE10FF6DFDF4FF2D" box="[508,608,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Caminus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and aspidasters to
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FCD9FF6DFB15FF2D" authority="(Cardenas et al. 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Cardenas et al." baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[821,1153,189,215]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FCD9FF6DFCEAFF2D" box="[821,894,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Erylus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF98F945FC60FF6DFBEDFF2D" author="Cardenas, P. &amp; Rapp, H. T. &amp; Schander, C. &amp; Tendal, O. S." box="[908,1145,189,215]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="89 - 106" refId="ref26383" refString="Cardenas, P., Rapp, H. T., Schander, C. &amp; Tendal, O. S. (2010) Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of Geodiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida) - combining phylogenetic and Linnaean classification. Zoologica Scripta, 39, 89 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2009.00402. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Cárdenas
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FC11FF6EFBA2FF2D" box="[1021,1078,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF98F945FF2BFF31FC85FE29" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Although supported by molecular studies, the inclusion of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FCB1FF32FC2CFF01" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[861,952,226,251]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FCB1FF32FC2CFF01" box="[861,952,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Penares</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FC31FF31FBABFF01" authorityName=", Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[989,1087,225,251]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Erylinae">Erylinae</taxonomicName>
, implies the major synapomorphies, i.e., the loss of protriaenes and anatriaenes, and the loss of sterrasters/aspidasters in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FB4AFED5FA88FEE5" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[1190,1308,261,287]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Geodiidae</taxonomicName>
, have been secondarily lost in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FE9CFEFAFE5FFEB9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[368,459,298,323]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FE9CFEFAFE5FFEB9" box="[368,459,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Penares</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF98F945FDE4FEF9FC9CFEB9" author="Cardenas, P. &amp; Rapp, H. T. &amp; Schander, C. &amp; Tendal, O. S." box="[520,776,297,323]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="89 - 106" refId="ref26383" refString="Cardenas, P., Rapp, H. T., Schander, C. &amp; Tendal, O. S. (2010) Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of Geodiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida) - combining phylogenetic and Linnaean classification. Zoologica Scripta, 39, 89 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2009.00402. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Cárdenas
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FD95FEFAFD26FEB9" box="[633,690,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
. Similarly, inclusion of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FBF5FEFAFB35FEB9" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1049,1185,298,323]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="euastrum">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FBF5FEFAFB35FEB9" box="[1049,1185,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">E. euastrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which contains aspidasters) within
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FEADFE9EFE08FE9D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[321,412,334,359]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FEADFE9EFE08FE9D" box="[321,412,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Penares</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF98F945FE39FE9DFD2DFE9D" author="Cardenas, P. &amp; Rapp, H. T. &amp; Schander, C. &amp; Tendal, O. S." box="[469,697,333,359]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="89 - 106" refId="ref26383" refString="Cardenas, P., Rapp, H. T., Schander, C. &amp; Tendal, O. S. (2010) Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of Geodiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida) - combining phylogenetic and Linnaean classification. Zoologica Scripta, 39, 89 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2009.00402. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Cárdenas
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FDAFFE9EFDEEFE9D" box="[579,634,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
) means that there is no morphological character that can be used to definitively separate
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FE6CFEA2FE4FFE71" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[384,475,370,395]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FE6CFEA2FE4FFE71" box="[384,475,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Penares</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FDF0FEA1FDF1FE71" box="[540,613,369,395]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FDF0FEA1FDF1FE71" box="[540,613,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Erylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in a practical sense (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF98F945FCBCFEA1FBFAFE71" author="Sim-Smith, C. &amp; Kelly, M." box="[848,1134,368,395]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref28068" refString="Sim-Smith, C. &amp; Kelly, M. (2015) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Sponges in the Family Geodiidae (Demospongiae: Astrophorina). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 128. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, Wellington, 102 pp." type="book" year="2015">Sim-Smith &amp; Kelly 2015</bibRefCitation>
). We question the inclusion of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FF59FE46FEA8FE55" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[181,316,406,431]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="euastrum">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FF59FE46FEA8FE55" box="[181,316,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">E. euastrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FE7DFE46FE78FE55" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[401,492,406,431]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FE7DFE46FE78FE55" box="[401,492,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Penares</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for practical purposes, while keeping the two genera separate, and believe the more molecular evidence is needed to support these decisions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF98F945FF2BFE0DFEC6FD7D" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
In the meantime, we will continue to use the traditional, positive concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FBC2FE0EFB1DFE0D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[1070,1161,478,503]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FBC2FE0EFB1DFE0D" box="[1070,1161,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Penares</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(i.e.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF98F945FB20FE0DFADAFE02" author="Uriz, M. J." box="[1228,1358,477,504]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="134 - 140" refId="ref28586" refString="Uriz, M. J. (2002 b) Family Geodiidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 134 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 14" type="book chapter" year="2002">Uriz 2002b</bibRefCitation>
) to assign new species, i.e., that these are sponges with a thin crust-forming cortex composed of smooth microrhabds that may or may not be centrotylote. In addition, the species possess short- to long-shafted dichotriaenes, orthotriaenes or plagiotriaenes and oxeas as megascleres, and the microsclere complement of microxeas and microrhabds may include euasters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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