200 lines
21 KiB
XML
200 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331155" approvalRequired="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="4" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="26" approvalRequired_for_treatments="42" checkinTime="1646522525642" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03ACCF40BF30FFC17BA7F8A4FC70D631" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Canidae_0352.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Canis adustus Sundevall 1847" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="419" masterDocId="FF95B738BF37FFC97E1BFF90FFDBDD06" masterDocTitle="Canidae" masterLastPageNumber="446" masterPageNumber="352" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" updateTime="1646602171211" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Canidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>352</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>446</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6331155</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACCF40BF30FFC17BA7F8A4FC70D631" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACCF40BF30FFC17BA7F8A4FC70D631" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="419" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1468,1499,1844,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[1466,2200,1844,1931]" box="[1468,1499,1844,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<heading box="[1468,1499,1844,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1468,1499,1844,1890]" captionStart="Plate 22: Canidae" captionStartId="4.[140,170,3441,3462]" captionTargetBox="[12,2793,14,3637]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="2. Red Wolf (Canis rufus), 3. Coyote (Canis latrans), 4. Ethiopian Wolf (Canis simensis), 5. Golden Jackal (Canis aureus), 6. Side-striped Jackal (Canis adustus), 7. Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331233/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">6.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1517,1895,1844,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[1466,2200,1844,1931]" box="[1517,1895,1844,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<heading box="[1517,1895,1844,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1517,1895,1844,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Side-striped Jackal</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1914,2181,1844,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[1466,2200,1844,1931]" box="[1914,2181,1844,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<heading box="[1914,2181,1844,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1847" box="[1914,2181,1844,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adustus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1914,2181,1844,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Canis adustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1467,2199,1908,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[1466,2200,1844,1931]" box="[1467,2199,1908,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<heading box="[1467,2199,1908,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1467,1544,1908,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1553,1666,1908,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Chacal rayé</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis box="[1687,1779,1908,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1788,1939,1908,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Streifenschakal</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis box="[1960,2052,1908,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[2061,2199,1908,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Chacal rayado</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="418" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[2077,2669,1978,2399]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2082,2237,1978,2007]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Sundevall, 1847" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1847" box="[2251,2661,1978,2007]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adustus">Canis adustus Sundevall, 1847</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation box="[2083,2264,2013,2046]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2083,2261,2013,2046]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[2077,2669,1978,2399]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Concensus is lacking regarding number of subspecies, variously given as between three and seven. Many authorities have pointed out that, as with the Black-backed Jackal, subspecies are hard to distinguish, and the differences may be a consequence of individual variation.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="418" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331173" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331173/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" targetBox="[1465,2055,1984,2397]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[2077,2669,1978,2399]" lastBlockId="7.[1462,2669,2407,3462]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2082,2258,2327,2360]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
W, C and S Africa; replaced in the arid SW and NW of the continent by the Black-backed Jackal and in N Africa by the Golden Jackal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="418" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[1462,2669,2407,3462]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1466,1722,2446,2479]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity box="[1909,2102,2446,2479]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" unit="cm" value="5.0">65-5-77-5 cm</quantity>
|
||
for males and
|
||
<quantity box="[2341,2479,2446,2479]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="7.6" metricValueMin="6.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" unit="cm" value="72.5" valueMax="76.0" valueMin="69.0">69-76 cm</quantity>
|
||
for females, tail
|
||
<quantity box="[1521,1681,2493,2518]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.475" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="3.05" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" unit="cm" value="34.75" valueMax="39.0" valueMin="30.5">
|
||
30-
|
||
<quantity box="[1567,1681,2493,2518]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" unit="cm" value="22.0" valueMax="39.0" valueMin="5.0">5-39 cm</quantity>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
for males and
|
||
<quantity box="[1900,2033,2493,2518]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="3.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" unit="cm" value="36.0" valueMax="41.0" valueMin="31.0">31-41 cm</quantity>
|
||
for females; weight
|
||
<quantity box="[2326,2463,2493,2518]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.65" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" unit="kg" value="9.65" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="7.3">
|
||
7-
|
||
<quantity box="[2355,2463,2493,2518]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" unit="kg" value="7.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="3.0">3-12 kg</quantity>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
for males and
|
||
<quantity box="[1468,1605,2525,2558]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" unit="kg" value="6.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="3.0">7-3-10 kg</quantity>
|
||
for females. Medium-sized canid, overall gray to buff-gray in color, with a white side stripe blazed on the flanks, and a diagnostic white tip to the tail. Head is gray-bufty, ears dark buffy. The back is gray, darker than the underside, and the flanks are marked by the indistinct white stripes running from elbow to hip, with black lower margins. The boldness of markings, in particular the side stripes, varies greatly among individuals; those ofjuveniles are less well defined than those of adults. The legs are often rufous-tinged, and the predominantly black tail nearly always bears the distinctive white tip, possibly a “badge” of the species’ nocturnal status. The female has two pairs of inguinalteats. Skull flatter than that of Black-backed Jackal, with a longer and narrower rostrum, a distinct sagittal crest, and zygomatic arches of lighter build. As a result of the elongation of the rostrum, the third upper premolar lies almost in line with the others and not at an angle as in the Black-backed Jackal. The dental formula is13/3,C1/1,PM 4/4, M2/3=42.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="418" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[1462,2669,2407,3462]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1467,1578,3036,3069]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Occupies a range of habitats, including broad-leaved savannah zones, wooded habitats, bush, grassland, marshes, montane habitats up to
|
||
<quantity box="[2286,2388,3079,3108]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" unit="m" value="2700.0">2700 m</quantity>
|
||
, abandoned cultivation and farms. Tends to avoid open savannah, thickly wooded areas, and arid zones, but does enter the equatorial forest belt in the wake of human settlement. Side-striped Jackals frequently occur near rural dwellings and farm buildings, and penetrate suburban and urban areas. Where Side-striped Jackals occur sympatrically with Golden and Black-backed Jackals, they may avoid competition by ecological segregation. In such areas of sympatry, Side-striped Jackals usually occupy areas of denser vegetation, and Black-backed and Golden Jackals dominate in the more open areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="419" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[1462,2669,2407,3462]" lastBlockId="8.[134,1346,282,2873]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="419" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1467,1728,3390,3423]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Omnivorous, with a diet that is responsive to both seasonal and local variation in food availability. On commercial farmland in the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2385,2528,3429,3462]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
highveld, they eat mainly wild fruit (30%) and small (less than
|
||
<quantity box="[920,979,282,315]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="kg" value="1.0">1 kg</quantity>
|
||
) to medium-sized (more than
|
||
<quantity box="[218,275,326,355]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="kg" value="1.0">1 kg</quantity>
|
||
) mammals (27% and 23%, respectively). The remainder of their diet comprises birds, invertebrates, cattle cake, grass, and carrion. In wildlife areas of western
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[141,287,400,433]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Side-stripedJackals feed largely on invertebrates during the wet season and small mammals up to the size of Spring hares (Pedetes capensis) during the dry months of the year. They scavenge extensively from safari camp rubbish dumps and occasionally from large carnivore kills (although they are often out-competed for this resource by Black-backed Jackals). In the Ngorongoro Crater, Side-striped Jackals have been recorded competing with Black-backed Jackals for Grant's Gazelle (Nanger granti) fawns. Their diet may consist exclusively of certain fruits when in season. Apparently less predatory than other jackals, although according to one authority this may not hold when prey is highly available. The species forages solitarily, although in western
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[141,284,754,787]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
family groups have been observed feeding together on abundant resources, and as many as twelve have been counted at kills or scavenging offal outside towns. Jackals have been described foraging opportunistically, exploiting food-rich habitats by random walks, and they display an amazing ability to find food where none seems obvious to the human observer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="419" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[134,1346,282,2873]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
<emphasis box="[139,379,950,983]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Primarily nocturnal, but can employ extremely flexible foraging strategies in areas where they are persecuted. May also adapt activity pattern to reduce competition when in sympatry with Black-backed Jackals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="419" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[134,1346,282,2873]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,840,1068,1101]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Side-striped Jackals occur solitarily, in pairs and in family groups of up to seven individuals. The basis of the family unit is the mated pair, which has been known to be stable over several years. In game areas of western
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[293,438,1191,1220]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, home ranges varied seasonally from
|
||
<quantity box="[962,1054,1191,1220]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="km" value="1.0" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.0">0-2 km</quantity>
|
||
? (hot dry season) to
|
||
<quantity box="[143,229,1226,1259]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="km" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1-2 km</quantity>
|
||
?* (cold dry season), whereas in highveld farmland, home ranges were seasonally stable and in excess of
|
||
<quantity box="[512,578,1265,1298]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
? (a third of the yearly total range). Sub-adults disperse from the natal territory, up to
|
||
<quantity box="[574,657,1304,1337]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
|
||
in Zimbabwe's highveld farmland and
|
||
<quantity box="[1217,1302,1304,1337]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
|
||
in game areas. In highveld farmland, territories are configured to encompass patches of grassland where resources are most available, and the structure of the habitat mosaic appears an important factor. Home ranges overlap by about 20% in highveld farmland and 33% in game areas. The residents use the core territory almost exclusively. Vocal repertoire is broad, including an explosive bark, growls, yaps, cackles, whines, screams, a croaking distress call, and a hooting howl. Calling occurs all year round, but is especially common between pair members during the mating period. Jackals from neighboring territories sometimes answer each other. Captive pups have been heard calling at eight weeks, but may start earlier.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="419" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[134,1346,282,2873]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,274,1702,1731]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[334,480,1702,1731]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mating occurs mostly during June and July, and the gestation period is about 60 days. Litters of 4-6 pups are born from August to November, coinciding with the onset of the rainy season. Pup mortality is thought to be high. Abandoned Aardvark (Orycteropus afer) holes or excavated termitaria are common den sites, with the den chamber occurring 0-75—
|
||
<quantity box="[755,803,1864,1889]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
below the surface and
|
||
<quantity box="[1127,1209,1864,1889]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2-3 m</quantity>
|
||
from the entrance. The same pair may use such dens in consecutive years. After the pups are weaned, both parents assist in rearing them, returning at two- to three-hour intervals through the night to feed the pups on food that is probably regurgitated. The pups are aggressive towards each other, as evidenced by the degree of wounding observed. Yearold offspring remain in the parental territory while additional offspring are raised. It appears likely that alloparental care as observed in other jackals also occurs in this species, which may be more social than previously thought.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="419" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[134,1346,282,2873]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,492,2174,2203]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES notlisted. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. No legal protection outside protected areas. Regional estimates of population abundance are not available, but from work undertaken in two diverse habitats in
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Zimbabwe" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it seems reasonable to assume the species is common and to estimate a total population in excess of three million. The species appears well capable of exploiting urban and suburban habitats, a factor which may help to ensure its persistence. It is likely that the population is at least stable. Side-striped Jackals are persecuted because of their role in rabies transmission and their putative role as stock killers. In areas of high human population density, snaring may be the commonest cause of death in adult jackals. It is unlikely that this persecution has an effect on the overall population, but indiscriminate culling through poisoning could affect local abundance. The species’ dietary flexibility and ability to co-exist with humans on the periphery of settlements and towns suggests that populations are only vulnerable in cases of extreme habitat modification or intense disease epidemics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="419" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[134,1346,282,2873]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
<emphasis box="[141,294,2728,2753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Atkinson (1997a, 1997b), Atkinson & Loveridge (2004), Atkinson, Macdonald & Kamizola (2002), Atkinson, Rhodes et al. (2002), Estes (1991), Fuller et al. (1989), Kingdon (1997), Loveridge (1999), Loveridge & Macdonald (2001, 2002, 2003), Moehlman (1979, 1989), Rowe-Rowe (1992b), Skinner & Smithers (1990), Smithers (1971, 1983), Smithers & Wilson (1979), Stuart & Stuart (1988).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |