537 lines
77 KiB
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537 lines
77 KiB
XML
<document id="B4CDD834C7065B954083416E20FD67FD" ID-CLB-Dataset="305635" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f100859e-029b-47d5-8854-258ca1d5d772" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14238834" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3201699E-0180-4DB2-9C25-60EE6A783D85" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1732636035006" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Veine-Tonizzo, Léa, Tissier, Jérémy, Bukhsianidze, Maia, Vasilyan, Davit & Becker, Damien" docDate="2023" docId="03A387C3FFEFFF9FFC9FFD1B0308F986" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.22.8.109-142.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (8)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a8" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Metamynodon planifrons Scott & Osborn 1887" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="121" masterDocId="FF9AFFBBFFE4FF91FFF8FFA30168FFCB" masterDocTitle="Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Amynodontidae Scott & Osborn, 1883 (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="142" masterPageNumber="109" pageNumber="118" updateTime="1732920297773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="EB6EEDD8E9C85CFDDFC33E3AEC610016">Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Amynodontidae Scott & Osborn, 1883 (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5BDD8555D7A8D2A11AB2B4ADFD0C35A5">Veine-Tonizzo, Léa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2B1360038B652B158BBF82BE26DBEE94">Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 35000 Rennes (France) and JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21, CH- 2900 Porrentruy (Switzerland) and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K 1 S 5 B 6 (Canada) and Beaty Centre for Species Discovery, Canadian Museum of Nature, PO Box 3443, Station D., Ottawa, ON, K 1 P 6 P 4 (Canada) leaveinetonizzo @ cmail. carleton. ca (corresponding author)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CC72129FC9751FBA90311F5EA97D7DC0">Tissier, Jérémy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="680BE2052D1B8F60B3CC0EBA93511A8D">JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21, CH- 2900 Porrentruy (Switzerland) and American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79 Street, US- 10024 New York (United States) jeremy. tissier 123 @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="183F51427547D6655160312F91E9E872">Bukhsianidze, Maia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3D1552CBCAD5B8D3B664E2622614615E">Georgian National Museum, 3, Purtseladze street, Tbilisi 0105 (Georgia) maiabukh @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6EF2B14696BFAF913F2831E24AE68AB8">Vasilyan, Davit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7211875A63D7FEE20D0DB9A2E219308C">Becker, Damien</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="97DD26295113CA30A0DD452AECA2B88B">JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21, CH- 2900 Porrentruy (Switzerland) and Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, CH- 1700 Fribourg (Switzerland) davit. vasilyan @ jurassica. ch damien. becker @ jurassica. ch</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03A387C3FFEFFF9FFC9FFD1B0308F986" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14247892" ID-GBIF-Taxon="247965331" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14247892" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A387C3FFEFFF9FFC9FFD1B0308F986" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A387C3FFEFFF9FFC9FFD1B0308F986" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" scope_class="Mammalia" scope_family="Amynodontidae" scope_order="Perissodactyla" scope_superFamily="Rhinocerotoidea" scope_tribe="Metamynodontini">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEFFF9AFC9FFD1B041CFD1B" authority="Scott & Osborn, 1887" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[871,1396,694,722]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifrons">
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<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEFFF9AFC9FFD1B0510FD19" bold="true" box="[871,1144,696,722]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">Metamynodon planifrons</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEFFF9AFB87FD15041CFD1B" author="Scott & Osborn" box="[1151,1396,694,720]" firstAuthor="Scott" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" pagination="151 - 171" refId="ref16472" refString="SCOTT W. B. & OSBORN H. F. 1887. - Preliminary account of the fossil mammals from the White River formation contained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 13 (5): 151 - 171." type="journal article" year="1887">Scott & Osborn, 1887</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFEFFF9AFBFDFD7505BFFD3B" blockId="11.[1029,1239,726,753]" box="[1029,1239,726,753]" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13312A50FFEFFF9AFBF6FD750526FD3A" box="[1038,1102,726,753]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[131,142,1686,1703]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,218,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-281@12.[700,1259,803,1363]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid Metamynodon planifrons Scott & Osborn, 1887, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106, Big Badlands, South Dakota, United States, early Oligocene: A, right lateral view; B, three-dimensional model, right lateral view; C, dorsal view; D, three-dimensional model, dorsal view; E, ventral view;F, three-dimensional model,ventral view;G, occipital view;H, three-dimensional model,occipital view.Abbreviations:eap, external auditory pseudomeatus; fm, foramen magnum; j, jugal; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; o, orbit; oc, occipital condyle; pgp, postglenoid process; pm, premaxilla; pocp, paraoccipital process; pof, postorbital fossa; popf, postorbital process of the frontal; popsq, postorbital process of the squamosal; pt, pterygoid; ptp, posttympanic process; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; vm, vomer; za, zygomatic arch. Scale bar: 10 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="118">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13312A50FFEFFF9AFBA4FD750502FD3B" box="[1116,1130,726,752]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[134,143,767,784]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,193,746]" captionTargetId="figure-748@13.[131,794,245,728]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 6. — Upper cheek teeth of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid Metamynodon planifrons Scott & Osborn, 1887, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106, Big Badlands, South Dakota, United States, early Oligocene: A, close-up of the right cheek teeth series, P2-M3, occlusal view; B-D, close-up of the right cheek teeth series, P2-M3, three-dimensional model, occlusal (B), lateral (C) and lingual views (D). Scale bar: 2 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="118">6</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C688036EFFEFFF9AFB86FD7505A6FD3B" box="[1150,1230,726,752]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[132,143,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 3. — Measurements (in mm) of the upper cheek teeth and skull of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid Metamynodon planifrons Scott & Osborn, 1887, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106. The width measurements of M1-3 are presented as follows: anterior/posterior orientation of the teeth. The measurements are in brackets when they are uncertain." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF75665DFFEFFF9AFF7CFF7800C9FE8C" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" tableUuid="DF75665DFFEFFF9AFF7CFF7800C9FE8C">Table 3</tableCitation>
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)
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<treatmentCitation id="0AAB10C4FFEFFF9AFCD5FCAC05EDFCEC" author="TROXELL E. L." box="[813,1157,783,807]" page="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" year="1921">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEFFF9AFCD5FCAC05EDFCEC" authority="Troxell, 1921: 24" authorityName="Troxell" authorityPageNumber="24" authorityYear="1921" box="[813,1157,783,807]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEFFF9AFCD5FCAC02BEFCEC" box="[813,982,783,807]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">Metamynodon rex</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEFFF9AFC22FCAC05EDFCEC" author="Troxell" box="[986,1157,783,807]" firstAuthor="Troxell" page="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" pagination="21 - 34" refId="ref16828" refString="TROXELL E. L. 1921. - New Amynodonts in the Marsh Collection. American Journal of Science 2 (7): 21 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 5 - 2.7.21" type="journal article" year="1921">Troxell, 1921: 24</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFEFFF9AFCD5FC9C0429FC9D" blockId="11.[813,1345,830,855]" box="[813,1345,830,855]" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEFFF9AFCD5FC9C057FFC9C" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[813,1047,831,855]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifrons">
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<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEFFF9AFCD5FC9C057FFC9C" box="[813,1047,831,855]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">Metamynodon planifrons</emphasis>
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–
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEFFF9AFBC8FC9C0455FC9D" author="Scott & Osborn" box="[1072,1341,830,855]" firstAuthor="Scott" page="165" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" pagination="151 - 171" refId="ref16472" refString="SCOTT W. B. & OSBORN H. F. 1887. - Preliminary account of the fossil mammals from the White River formation contained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 13 (5): 151 - 171." type="journal article" year="1887">Scott & Osborn 1887: 165</bibRefCitation>
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.
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. —
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.
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, skull and anterior part of the left mandible (
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; see online the database of the Zoological Collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology - Harvard University).
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|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1BAE10FFEFFF9AFC6DFC50029BFBCF" box="[917,1011,1011,1028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">MATERIAL</collectionCode>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. —
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B623C88FFEFFF9AFBE6FC4E02ADFBEB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4986841301" collectionCode="UNISTRA" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" specimenCode="UNISTRA.2015.0.1106" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAC9EAEFFEFFF9AFBE6FC4E0479FBCE" box="[1054,1297,1005,1029]" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">UNISTRA.2015.0.1106</specimenCode>
|
||
, skull with right C1 and P2-M3
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C310655EFFEFFF9AFCD5FB9B043CFB4F" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFEFFF9AFCD5FB9B043CFB4F" blockId="11.[811,1458,1079,1156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">
|
||
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|
||
<typeStatus id="54B18877FFEFFF9AFCD5FB9B0237FB86" box="[813,863,1080,1103]" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">TYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D53A009FFEFFF9AFC9FFB9E02ABFB85" baselines="1098" box="[871,963,1085,1102]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="locality" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D53A009FFEFFF9AFC33FB9E029DFB85" baselines="1098" box="[971,1013,1085,1102]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">AND</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D53A009FFEFFF9AFC05FB9E0531FB85" baselines="1098" box="[1021,1113,1085,1102]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="horizon" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">HORIZON</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. — Big Badlands,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CEF837FFEFFF9AFAE4FB9404C3FB84" box="[1308,1451,1079,1103]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D7645FFEFFF9AFCD6FBF102D8FBA1" box="[814,944,1106,1130]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
. White River Group, Brule Formation, early Oligocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEFFF9AFCCDFBCF0565FB4F" author="Scott & Osborn" box="[821,1037,1132,1156]" firstAuthor="Scott" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" pagination="151 - 171" refId="ref16472" refString="SCOTT W. B. & OSBORN H. F. 1887. - Preliminary account of the fossil mammals from the White River formation contained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 13 (5): 151 - 171." type="journal article" year="1887">Scott & Osborn 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEFFF9AFBE1FBCF05EDFB4F" author="Scott" box="[1049,1157,1132,1156]" firstAuthor="Scott" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" pagination="747 - 980" refId="ref16422" refString="SCOTT W. B. 1941. - The Mammalian Fauna of the White River Oligocene: Part V. Perissodactyla. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 28 (5): 747 - 980. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1005518" type="journal article" year="1941">Scott 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEFFF9AFB69FBCE042FFB4F" author="Benton" box="[1169,1351,1132,1156]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Benton" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" pagination="14 - 42" refId="ref14557" refString="BENTON R. C., TERRY JR D. O., EVANOFF E. & MCDONALD H. G. 2015. - 2. Sedimentary Geology of the Big Badlands, in FARLOW J. O. (ed.), The White River Badlands: Geology and Paleontology. Indiana University Press, Indiana: 14 - 42." type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Benton
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEFFF9AFB27FBCE0466FB4F" box="[1247,1294,1132,1156]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C310655EFFEFFF9CFCD5FB1605D5F986" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFEFFF9AFCD5FB1602D5FB06" blockId="11.[811,1457,1205,2028]" box="[813,957,1205,1231]" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D53A009FFEFFF9AFCD5FB1602D5FB06" baselines="1224,1224" box="[813,957,1205,1231]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Description" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">DESCRIPTION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFEFFF9AFCD5FB77020AFB25" blockId="11.[811,1457,1205,2028]" box="[813,866,1236,1262]" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEFFF9AFCD5FB77020AFB25" box="[813,866,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">Skull</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFEFFF9AFCD5FB570460FA06" blockId="11.[811,1457,1205,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">
|
||
The skull UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 is incomplete (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A50FFEFFF9AFAA6FB5704F7FAC4" box="[1374,1439,1268,1295]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[131,142,1686,1703]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,218,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-281@12.[700,1259,803,1363]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid Metamynodon planifrons Scott & Osborn, 1887, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106, Big Badlands, South Dakota, United States, early Oligocene: A, right lateral view; B, three-dimensional model, right lateral view; C, dorsal view; D, three-dimensional model, dorsal view; E, ventral view;F, three-dimensional model,ventral view;G, occipital view;H, three-dimensional model,occipital view.Abbreviations:eap, external auditory pseudomeatus; fm, foramen magnum; j, jugal; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; o, orbit; oc, occipital condyle; pgp, postglenoid process; pm, premaxilla; pocp, paraoccipital process; pof, postorbital fossa; popf, postorbital process of the frontal; popsq, postorbital process of the squamosal; pt, pterygoid; ptp, posttympanic process; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; vm, vomer; za, zygomatic arch. Scale bar: 10 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="118">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anterior surface of the nasal is damaged and its extremity lacking. The right orbit is filled with matrix. The skull is brachycephalic (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEFFF9AFC22FAF60566FAA5" box="[986,1038,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEFFF9AFBEBFAF705CFFAA5" author="Antoine" box="[1043,1191,1364,1390]" firstAuthor="Antoine" pageId="11" pageNumber="118" refId="ref14059" refString="ANTOINE P. - O. 2002. - Phylogenie et evolution des Elasmotheriina (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae). Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (coll. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle; 188), Paris, 369 p." type="book" year="2002">Antoine 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with a maximum zygomatic width/nasal-occipital length ratio>0.50. The preorbital region constitutes less than 30% of the skull. There are no rugosities suggesting the presence of a horn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFEFFF9AFCBBFA7705F9F827" blockId="11.[811,1457,1205,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="118">
|
||
In lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A50FFEFFF9AFC10FA70053FFA26" box="[1000,1111,1491,1518]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[131,142,1686,1703]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,218,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-281@12.[700,1259,803,1363]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid Metamynodon planifrons Scott & Osborn, 1887, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106, Big Badlands, South Dakota, United States, early Oligocene: A, right lateral view; B, three-dimensional model, right lateral view; C, dorsal view; D, three-dimensional model, dorsal view; E, ventral view;F, three-dimensional model,ventral view;G, occipital view;H, three-dimensional model,occipital view.Abbreviations:eap, external auditory pseudomeatus; fm, foramen magnum; j, jugal; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; o, orbit; oc, occipital condyle; pgp, postglenoid process; pm, premaxilla; pocp, paraoccipital process; pof, postorbital fossa; popf, postorbital process of the frontal; popsq, postorbital process of the squamosal; pt, pterygoid; ptp, posttympanic process; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; vm, vomer; za, zygomatic arch. Scale bar: 10 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="118">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), the dorsal profile of the skull is flat. The tooth row extends beyond the middle of the skull. The premaxilla and the nasal contact each over along the border of external nares. The nasal incision is in front of the P2. The nasal, frontal and maxilla contact each other. There is a reduced and deep preorbital fossa. The anterior border of the orbit is above P4-M1. The orbit is relatively high on the skull. The anterior base of the zygomatic process of the maxilla is low. The position of the zygomatic arch on the skull is high. On the squamosal, a posterior groove on the zygomatic process is present. Both squamosal and frontal have a postorbital process. The squamosal area between the temporal and nuchal crests is flat. The external acoustic pseudomeatus is closed. The posterior margin of the pterygoid is nearly horizontal. The occipital side inclines posteriorly. A poorly developed nuchal tubercle (or occipital protuberance) on the occipital is present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF75665DFFE8FF9DFF7BF93502E3F8D3" pageId="12" pageNumber="119" startId="12.[131,142,1686,1703]" targetBox="[147,1440,218,1643]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE8FF9DFF7BF93502E3F8D3" blockId="12.[131,1457,1686,1816]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D53A009FFE8FF9DFF7BF93501F5F96D" baselines="1699,1699" box="[131,157,1686,1703]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 5. — Skull of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFE8FF9DFDDAF93502D8F96C" authority="Scott & Osborn, 1887" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[546,944,1686,1703]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFDDAF9350398F96C" box="[546,752,1686,1703]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">Metamynodon planifrons</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE8FF9DFD0FF93502D8F96C" author="Scott & Osborn" box="[759,944,1686,1703]" firstAuthor="Scott" pageId="12" pageNumber="119" pagination="151 - 171" refId="ref16472" refString="SCOTT W. B. & OSBORN H. F. 1887. - Preliminary account of the fossil mammals from the White River formation contained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 13 (5): 151 - 171." type="journal article" year="1887">Scott & Osborn, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106, Big Badlands, South Dakota, United States, early Oligocene:
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFEA9F90E0036F975" bold="true" box="[337,350,1709,1726]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">A</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFE04F90E0361F975" bold="true" box="[508,521,1709,1726]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">B</emphasis>
|
||
, three-dimensional model, right lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFC7AF90E02F8F975" bold="true" box="[898,912,1709,1726]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">C</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFBFCF90E057AF975" bold="true" box="[1028,1042,1709,1726]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">D</emphasis>
|
||
, three-dimensional model, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFA98F90E0404F975" bold="true" box="[1376,1388,1709,1726]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">E</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFF4BF96001D6F91F" bold="true" box="[179,190,1731,1748]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">F</emphasis>
|
||
, three-dimensional model,ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFDFFF960037DF91F" bold="true" box="[519,533,1731,1748]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">G</emphasis>
|
||
, occipital view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFD6FF96003CDF91F" bold="true" box="[663,677,1731,1748]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">H</emphasis>
|
||
, three-dimensional model,occipital view.Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFB8FF96005F0F91F" bold="true" box="[1143,1176,1731,1748]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">eap</emphasis>
|
||
, external auditory pseudomeatus;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFF7CF97901F3F920" bold="true" box="[132,155,1754,1771]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">fm</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen magnum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFEBBF9790020F920" bold="true" box="[323,328,1754,1771]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">j</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFE7CF97900F7F920" bold="true" box="[388,415,1754,1771]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFE15F979036BF920" bold="true" box="[493,515,1754,1771]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">na</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFDBBF9790331F920" bold="true" box="[579,601,1754,1771]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">nc</emphasis>
|
||
, nuchal crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFD2BF97903B6F920" bold="true" box="[723,734,1754,1771]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">o</emphasis>
|
||
, orbit;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFCE1F9790247F920" bold="true" box="[793,815,1754,1771]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">oc</emphasis>
|
||
, occipital condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFC28F979029AF920" bold="true" box="[976,1010,1754,1771]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">pgp</emphasis>
|
||
, postglenoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFB49F97905A5F920" bold="true" box="[1201,1229,1754,1771]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">pm</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFACFF979040CF920" bold="true" box="[1335,1380,1754,1771]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">pocp</emphasis>
|
||
, paraoccipital process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFEF1F952004EF8C9" bold="true" box="[265,294,1777,1794]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">pof</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFE30F9520098F8C9" bold="true" box="[456,496,1777,1794]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">popf</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital process of the frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFCE0F9520238F8C9" bold="true" box="[792,848,1777,1794]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">popsq</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital process of the squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFB66F95205D8F8C9" bold="true" box="[1182,1200,1777,1794]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">pt</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFAEDF952045AF8C9" bold="true" box="[1301,1330,1777,1794]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">ptp</emphasis>
|
||
, posttympanic process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFF29F8A4018EF8D3" bold="true" box="[209,230,1799,1816]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">sc</emphasis>
|
||
, sagittal crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFE9EF8A40013F8D3" bold="true" box="[358,379,1799,1816]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFE13F8A4036EF8D3" bold="true" box="[491,518,1799,1816]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">vm</emphasis>
|
||
, vomer;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFDB6F8A4030AF8D3" bold="true" box="[590,610,1799,1816]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">za</emphasis>
|
||
, zygomatic arch. Scale bar: 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE8FF9DFF63F8F00086F820" blockId="12.[132,775,1874,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">
|
||
In dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A50FFE8FF9DFEB8F8F100DEF8A7" box="[320,438,1874,1901]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[131,142,1686,1703]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,218,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-281@12.[700,1259,803,1363]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid Metamynodon planifrons Scott & Osborn, 1887, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106, Big Badlands, South Dakota, United States, early Oligocene: A, right lateral view; B, three-dimensional model, right lateral view; C, dorsal view; D, three-dimensional model, dorsal view; E, ventral view;F, three-dimensional model,ventral view;G, occipital view;H, three-dimensional model,occipital view.Abbreviations:eap, external auditory pseudomeatus; fm, foramen magnum; j, jugal; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; o, orbit; oc, occipital condyle; pgp, postglenoid process; pm, premaxilla; pocp, paraoccipital process; pof, postorbital fossa; popf, postorbital process of the frontal; popsq, postorbital process of the squamosal; pt, pterygoid; ptp, posttympanic process; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; vm, vomer; za, zygomatic arch. Scale bar: 10 cm." pageId="12" pageNumber="119">Fig. 5C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), the zygomatic arches are wide and massive. The zygomatic index (maximum width at the zygomatic/maximum width at the frontals) is 1.55 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE8FF9DFD29F830026FF867" box="[721,775,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE8FF9DFF7CF811004BF807" author="Antoine" box="[132,291,1970,1996]" firstAuthor="Antoine" pageId="12" pageNumber="119" refId="ref14059" refString="ANTOINE P. - O. 2002. - Phylogenie et evolution des Elasmotheriina (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae). Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (coll. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle; 188), Paris, 369 p." type="book" year="2002">Antoine 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The sagittal crest is strong. The external occipital protuberance is straight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE8FF9CFCBBF8F000A0FC64" blockId="12.[811,1456,1874,2028]" lastBlockId="13.[130,776,885,1231]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="12" pageNumber="119">
|
||
In ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A50FFE8FF9DFC08F8F10534F8A7" box="[1008,1116,1874,1901]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[131,142,1686,1703]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,218,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-281@12.[700,1259,803,1363]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid Metamynodon planifrons Scott & Osborn, 1887, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106, Big Badlands, South Dakota, United States, early Oligocene: A, right lateral view; B, three-dimensional model, right lateral view; C, dorsal view; D, three-dimensional model, dorsal view; E, ventral view;F, three-dimensional model,ventral view;G, occipital view;H, three-dimensional model,occipital view.Abbreviations:eap, external auditory pseudomeatus; fm, foramen magnum; j, jugal; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; o, orbit; oc, occipital condyle; pgp, postglenoid process; pm, premaxilla; pocp, paraoccipital process; pof, postorbital fossa; popf, postorbital process of the frontal; popsq, postorbital process of the squamosal; pt, pterygoid; ptp, posttympanic process; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; vm, vomer; za, zygomatic arch. Scale bar: 10 cm." pageId="12" pageNumber="119">Fig. 5E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
), the zygomatic arches are complete and diverge abruptly from the maxilla. It starts above the M2 and separates above the M3. The vomer is acute. The post-glenoid apophysis (= process) is flat. The posttympanic process is fused to the postglenoid process. The posttympanic process is poorly developed but the paroccipital process is developed and fused together.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF75665DFFE9FF9CFF7EFD5C0235FCF6" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" startId="13.[134,143,767,784]" targetBox="[132,1455,193,746]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE9FF9CFF7EFD5C0235FCF6" blockId="13.[132,1457,767,829]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D53A009FFE9FF9CFF7EFD5C01F5FCC4" baselines="780,780" box="[134,157,767,784]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 6. — Upper cheek teeth of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFE9FF9CFD65FD5C0559FCDB" authority="Scott & Osborn, 1887" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[669,1073,767,784]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFD65FD5C0204FCDB" box="[669,876,767,784]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">Metamynodon planifrons</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE9FF9CFC8DFD5C0559FCDB" author="Scott & Osborn" box="[885,1073,767,784]" firstAuthor="Scott" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" pagination="151 - 171" refId="ref16472" refString="SCOTT W. B. & OSBORN H. F. 1887. - Preliminary account of the fossil mammals from the White River formation contained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 13 (5): 151 - 171." type="journal article" year="1887">Scott & Osborn, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106, Big Badlands, South Dakota, United States, early Oligocene:
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFE2AFCB500B7FCEC" bold="true" box="[466,479,790,807]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">A</emphasis>
|
||
, close-up of the right cheek teeth series, P2-M3, occlusal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFC0DFCB50570FCEC" bold="true" box="[1013,1048,790,807]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">B -D</emphasis>
|
||
, close-up of the right cheek teeth series, P2-M3, three-dimensional model, occlusal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFE55FC8F00D2FCF6" bold="true" box="[429,442,812,829]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">B</emphasis>
|
||
), lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFDFDFC8F037BFCF6" bold="true" box="[517,531,812,829]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">C</emphasis>
|
||
) and lingual views (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFD4EFC8F03ACFCF6" bold="true" box="[694,708,812,829]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">D</emphasis>
|
||
). Scale bar: 2 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE9FF9CFF63FC150260FC04" blockId="13.[130,776,885,1231]" box="[155,776,949,976]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">
|
||
In occipital view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A50FFE9FF9CFEB1FC1600DEFC04" box="[329,438,949,976]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[131,142,1686,1703]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,218,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-281@12.[700,1259,803,1363]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid Metamynodon planifrons Scott & Osborn, 1887, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106, Big Badlands, South Dakota, United States, early Oligocene: A, right lateral view; B, three-dimensional model, right lateral view; C, dorsal view; D, three-dimensional model, dorsal view; E, ventral view;F, three-dimensional model,ventral view;G, occipital view;H, three-dimensional model,occipital view.Abbreviations:eap, external auditory pseudomeatus; fm, foramen magnum; j, jugal; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; o, orbit; oc, occipital condyle; pgp, postglenoid process; pm, premaxilla; pocp, paraoccipital process; pof, postorbital fossa; popf, postorbital process of the frontal; popsq, postorbital process of the squamosal; pt, pterygoid; ptp, posttympanic process; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; vm, vomer; za, zygomatic arch. Scale bar: 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="120">Fig.5G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
),the foramen magnum is circular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE9FF9CFF63FC76030FFB05" blockId="13.[130,776,885,1231]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">
|
||
The dental formula is I 3/?, C 1/?, P 3/?, M 3/?. The alveoli of the incisors and the left canine can be observed in occlusal view. The right canine is in place, strong and cylindrical. The diastema between the canines and premolars is short.The series of premolars and molars are complete but worn. The premolar series are very short compared to the molar series (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFD84FBD603C6FB45" box="[636,686,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE9FF9CFD4AFBD701D3FB64" author="Antoine" firstAuthor="Antoine" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" refId="ref14059" refString="ANTOINE P. - O. 2002. - Phylogenie et evolution des Elasmotheriina (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae). Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (coll. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle; 188), Paris, 369 p." type="book" year="2002">Antoine 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with a LP3-4/LM1-3 ratio ≤0.42. There is no crochet and no antecrochet on the upper cheek teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE9FF9CFF7CFB5600F8FAC5" blockId="13.[130,777,1268,1900]" box="[132,400,1268,1294]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFF7CFB5600F8FAC5" box="[132,400,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">
|
||
Upper cheek teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A50FFE9FF9CFEB2FB5600EFFAC5" box="[330,391,1268,1294]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[134,143,767,784]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,193,746]" captionTargetId="figure-748@13.[131,794,245,728]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 6. — Upper cheek teeth of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid Metamynodon planifrons Scott & Osborn, 1887, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106, Big Badlands, South Dakota, United States, early Oligocene: A, close-up of the right cheek teeth series, P2-M3, occlusal view; B-D, close-up of the right cheek teeth series, P2-M3, three-dimensional model, occlusal (B), lateral (C) and lingual views (D). Scale bar: 2 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="120">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE9FF9CFF7CFAB7003CF9E6" blockId="13.[130,777,1268,1900]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">
|
||
The P3 is submolariform and the P4 is semimolariform (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFD2BFAB6026FFAE5" box="[723,775,1301,1326]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE9FF9CFF7CFA97007AFA85" author="Heissig" box="[132,274,1332,1358]" firstAuthor="Heissig" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" pagination="1 - 133" refId="ref15308" refString="HEISSIG K. 1969. - Die Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia) aus der oberoligozanen Spaltenfullung von Gaimersheim. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Neue Folge 138: 1 - 133." type="journal article" year="1969">Heissig 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The protocone and hypocone are connected by a lingual bridge. The premolars have no labial cingulum, and their lingual cingulum is continuous. The postfossette is wide. The metaloph is transverse. On P2, the protoloph is present and does not join to the ectoloph. The hypocone and protocone of P2 are fused. On P3-4, the protoloph is fused to the ectoloph. The hypocone and the metacone are linked. The P4 has a crista.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE9FF9CFF63F9900371F8A7" blockId="13.[130,777,1268,1900]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">
|
||
The upper molars have a π form (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A50FFE9FF9CFDFBF990033FF986" box="[515,599,1587,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[134,143,767,784]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,193,746]" captionTargetId="figure-748@13.[131,794,245,728]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 6. — Upper cheek teeth of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid Metamynodon planifrons Scott & Osborn, 1887, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106, Big Badlands, South Dakota, United States, early Oligocene: A, close-up of the right cheek teeth series, P2-M3, occlusal view; B-D, close-up of the right cheek teeth series, P2-M3, three-dimensional model, occlusal (B), lateral (C) and lingual views (D). Scale bar: 2 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="120">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). They have neither lingual nor labial cingula. There is no constriction of the protocone. The parastyle is reduced. There is no crista and cristella. On M1-2, the protocone and hypocone are fused. There is no paracone fold. The metaloph is continuous and long, the metacone fold is absent. The metastyle is short. The posterior part of the ectoloph is straight. The M3 has quadrangular shape. The protoloph is transverse, the ectoloph and metaloph are distinct. The paracone fold is weak. The metastyle is directed posterolingually.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE9FF9CFF7CF8310186F867" blockId="13.[132,238,1938,1964]" box="[132,238,1938,1964]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<heading id="D0FD81B9FFE9FF9CFF7CF8310186F867" box="[132,238,1938,1964]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFF7CF8310186F867" box="[132,238,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">Body mass</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE9FF9CFF7CF81105C3FC24" blockId="13.[131,775,1969,2028]" lastBlockId="13.[811,1456,885,1614]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">
|
||
The body mass of UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 was estimated to be around 1.3 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CF29B30FFE9FF9CFEB5F87100CCF827" box="[333,420,2002,2028]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" unit="t" value="1.2">1.2 tons</quantity>
|
||
with the regression equations for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFE9FF9CFCAAFCD6029CFC44" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[850,1012,885,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhinocerotidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all Ungulates respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE9FF9CFAC0FCD6028DFC64" author="Fortelius & Kappelman" firstAuthor="Fortelius" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" pagination="85 - 101" refId="ref15044" refString="FORTELIUS M. & KAPPELMAN J. 1993. - The largest land mammal ever imagined. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 108 (1): 85 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1993. tb 02560. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Fortelius & Kappelman 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They are based on several measurements, including M2 and M3 lengths, basicondylar length, or zygomatic width (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C688036EFFE9FF9CFC47FC760567FC24" box="[959,1039,981,1007]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[132,143,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 3. — Measurements (in mm) of the upper cheek teeth and skull of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid Metamynodon planifrons Scott & Osborn, 1887, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106. The width measurements of M1-3 are presented as follows: anterior/posterior orientation of the teeth. The measurements are in brackets when they are uncertain." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF75665DFFEFFF9AFF7CFF7800C9FE8C" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" tableUuid="DF75665DFFEFFF9AFF7CFF7800C9FE8C">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A50FFE9FF9CFBE5FC7605F3FC24" box="[1053,1179,981,1007]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="26.[132,144,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="APPENDIX 3. — Body masses were estimated using regression equations for perissodactyls and for ungulates of Legendre (1989) or/and regression equation for Rhinocerotidae Owen, 1845 and for all ungulates of Fortelius & Kappleman (1993)." pageId="13" pageNumber="120">Appendix 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE9FF9CFCBBFC56046FFA65" blockId="13.[811,1456,885,1614]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">
|
||
Our estimations are lower than those of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE9FF9CFAFFFC56021FFBE4" author="Averianov" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Averianov" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" pagination="927 - 945" refId="ref14348" refString="AVERIANOV A., DANILOV I., JIN J. & WANG Y. 2016. - A new amynodontid from the Eocene of South China and phylogeny of Amynodontidae (Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotoidea). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15 (11): 927 - 945. https: // doi. org / 10.1 080 / 14772019.2016.1256914" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Averianov
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFA82FC5504D8FBC4" box="[1402,1456,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFE9FF9CFC5BFBB605CDFBE4" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[931,1189,1045,1071]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFC5BFBB605CDFBE4" box="[931,1189,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">Metamynodon planifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFB4DFBB505D6FBE4" box="[1205,1214,1046,1071]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">c</emphasis>
|
||
. “
|
||
<quantity id="4CF29B30FFE9FF9CFB2EFBB6045BFBE4" box="[1238,1331,1045,1071]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.794" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" unit="kg" value="1794.0">1794 kg</quantity>
|
||
”, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE9FF9CFA96FBB6028CFB84" author="Averianov" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Averianov" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" pagination="927 - 945" refId="ref14348" refString="AVERIANOV A., DANILOV I., JIN J. & WANG Y. 2016. - A new amynodontid from the Eocene of South China and phylogeny of Amynodontidae (Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotoidea). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15 (11): 927 - 945. https: // doi. org / 10.1 080 / 14772019.2016.1256914" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Averianov
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFC9CFB9502FDFB84" box="[868,917,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: supplemental table 2) based on the occlusal surface of m1, with the regression equation for generalized ungulates of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE9FF9CFC4FFBD70505FB44" author="Legendre" box="[951,1133,1140,1167]" firstAuthor="Legendre" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" pagination="1 - 110" refId="ref15565" refString="LEGENDRE S. 1989. - Les communautes de mammiferes du Paleogene (Eocene superieur et Oligocene) d'Europe occidentale: structures, milieux et evolution. Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. Reihe A: Geologie und Palaontologie 16: 1 - 110." type="journal article" year="1989">Legendre (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This method can’t be applied to UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 because it is a skull, without mandible. As a comparison, similar results to ours were obtained estimating the body mass of VPM-9157 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE9FF9CFB03FB770210FAC5" author="Scott & Osborn" firstAuthor="Scott" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" pagination="151 - 171" refId="ref16472" refString="SCOTT W. B. & OSBORN H. F. 1887. - Preliminary account of the fossil mammals from the White River formation contained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 13 (5): 151 - 171." type="journal article" year="1887">Scott & Osborn (1887)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B18877FFE9FF9CFC7DFB57028CFAC5" box="[901,996,1268,1294]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFE9FF9CFBFFFB5605FDFAC5" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[1031,1173,1268,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFBFFFB5605FDFAC5" box="[1031,1173,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">M. planifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), with the same equation, based on M3 length, basicondylar length, and zygomatic width (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C688036EFFE9FF9CFC84FA9702A4FA85" box="[892,972,1332,1358]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[132,143,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 3. — Measurements (in mm) of the upper cheek teeth and skull of the amynodontid rhinocerotoid Metamynodon planifrons Scott & Osborn, 1887, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106. The width measurements of M1-3 are presented as follows: anterior/posterior orientation of the teeth. The measurements are in brackets when they are uncertain." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF75665DFFEFFF9AFF7CFF7800C9FE8C" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" tableUuid="DF75665DFFEFFF9AFF7CFF7800C9FE8C">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A50FFE9FF9CFC22FA97053FFA85" box="[986,1111,1332,1358]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="26.[132,144,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="APPENDIX 3. — Body masses were estimated using regression equations for perissodactyls and for ungulates of Legendre (1989) or/and regression equation for Rhinocerotidae Owen, 1845 and for all ungulates of Fortelius & Kappleman (1993)." pageId="13" pageNumber="120">Appendix 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The body mass of VPM-9157 was estimated to be around 1.5 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CF29B30FFE9FF9CFB55FAF7046CFAA5" box="[1197,1284,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.3" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" unit="t" value="1.3">1.3 tons</quantity>
|
||
with the regression equations for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFE9FF9CFBC9FAD705B5FA45" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1073,1245,1396,1422]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhinocerotidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all Ungulates respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE9FF9CFC40FA30059FFA65" author="Fortelius & Kappelman" box="[952,1271,1427,1454]" firstAuthor="Fortelius" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" pagination="85 - 101" refId="ref15044" refString="FORTELIUS M. & KAPPELMAN J. 1993. - The largest land mammal ever imagined. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 108 (1): 85 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1993. tb 02560. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Fortelius & Kappelman 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE9FF9CFCBBFA1005D5F986" blockId="13.[811,1456,885,1614]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">
|
||
Despite this, our results are certainly over-estimated because the same problems with these methods explained earlier for
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFCD5FA500289F9C6" box="[813,993,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">Zaysanamynodon</emphasis>
|
||
also apply to this genus (i.e., M2 and M3 much larger than all other cheek teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFE9FF9CFB02F9B004C4F9E6" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1883" box="[1274,1452,1555,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amynodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and retention of a metastyle on M3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C310655EFFE9FF9FFCD5F9D00308F986" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE9FF9CFCD5F9D002F9F940" blockId="13.[811,1458,1651,2028]" box="[813,913,1651,1677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D53A009FFE9FF9CFCD5F9D002F9F940" baselines="1670,1670" box="[813,913,1651,1677]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFE9FF9FFCD5F9310090FEFA" blockId="13.[811,1458,1651,2028]" lastBlockId="14.[130,777,216,1614]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">
|
||
UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 can be referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFE9FF9CFB04F93004C7F966" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1276,1455,1683,1709]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Rhinocerotoidea">Rhinocerotoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the π-shape form of upper molars (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE9FF9CFAF1F9110411F906" author="Wall" box="[1289,1401,1714,1741]" firstAuthor="Wall" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" pagination="341 - 398" refId="ref17206" refString="WALL W. P. 1989. - The phylogenetic history and adaptative radiation of the Amynodontidae, in PROTHERO D. R. & SCHOCH R. M. (eds), The Evolution of Perissodactyls. Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York: 341 - 398." type="book chapter" year="1989">Wall 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An attribution of UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFE9FF9CFB06F97104C6F927" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1883" box="[1278,1454,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amynodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reliable based on the reduced upper dental formula, with the absence of P1, which is a derived character typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFE9FF9CFCD7F891028CF887" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1883" box="[815,996,1842,1868]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amynodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE9FF9CFC0DF8910504F887" author="Wall" box="[1013,1132,1842,1868]" firstAuthor="Wall" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" pagination="341 - 398" refId="ref17206" refString="WALL W. P. 1989. - The phylogenetic history and adaptative radiation of the Amynodontidae, in PROTHERO D. R. & SCHOCH R. M. (eds), The Evolution of Perissodactyls. Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York: 341 - 398." type="book chapter" year="1989">Wall 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFE9FF9CFB83F8910420F887" author="Tissier" box="[1147,1352,1842,1868]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tissier" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref16636" refString="TISSIER J., BECKER D., CODREA V., COSTEUR L., FARCAS C., SOLOMON A., VENCZEL M. & MARIDET O. 2018. - New data on Amynodontidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Eastern Europe: Phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographic implications around the Eocene-Oligocene transition. PLoS ONE 13 (4): 1 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0193774" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Tissier
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFE9FF9CFB35F890046DF887" box="[1229,1285,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="120">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 shares other diagnostic characters of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFE9FF9CFCD6F8D1028FF847" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1883" box="[814,999,1906,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amynodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the absence of the crochet, antecrochet and crista; the reduced parastyle on the upper molars; the quadratic M3 with a large metastyle; the absence of horn; the presence of a preorbital fossa and a large sagittal crest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEAFF9FFF76FF7B006AFF39" author="Wall" box="[142,258,216,242]" firstAuthor="Wall" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" pagination="341 - 398" refId="ref17206" refString="WALL W. P. 1989. - The phylogenetic history and adaptative radiation of the Amynodontidae, in PROTHERO D. R. & SCHOCH R. M. (eds), The Evolution of Perissodactyls. Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York: 341 - 398." type="book chapter" year="1989">Wall 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEAFF9FFEE9FF7B00B2FF39" author="Tissier" box="[273,474,216,242]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tissier" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref16636" refString="TISSIER J., BECKER D., CODREA V., COSTEUR L., FARCAS C., SOLOMON A., VENCZEL M. & MARIDET O. 2018. - New data on Amynodontidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Eastern Europe: Phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographic implications around the Eocene-Oligocene transition. PLoS ONE 13 (4): 1 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0193774" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Tissier
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFE9AFF7A00F0FF39" box="[354,408,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, an attribution to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFF5EFF5B003BFED9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[166,339,248,274]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhinocerotidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFE98FF5B037AFED9" authorityName="Breuning" authorityYear="1923" box="[352,530,248,274]" class="Mammalia" family="Eggysodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Eggysodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFDD1FF5B03B7FED9" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1879" box="[553,735,248,274]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyracodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hyracodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
” or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFF7EFEB40055FEFA" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1923" box="[134,317,279,305]" class="Mammalia" family="Paraceratheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Paraceratheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be excluded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFEAFF9FFF63FE9400D0FE1A" blockId="14.[130,777,216,1614]" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">
|
||
UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 shares diagnostic characters of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFF4AFEF40017FEBA" authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityYear="1942" box="[178,383,343,369]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Metamynodontini">Metamynodontini</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the presence of the frontal-maxilla contact, a brachycephalic skull, an orbit positioned high on the skull, a reduced preorbital fossa and a wide, massive zygomatic arch (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEAFF9FFECFFE1400CFFE1A" author="Wall" box="[311,423,439,465]" firstAuthor="Wall" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" pagination="341 - 398" refId="ref17206" refString="WALL W. P. 1989. - The phylogenetic history and adaptative radiation of the Amynodontidae, in PROTHERO D. R. & SCHOCH R. M. (eds), The Evolution of Perissodactyls. Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York: 341 - 398." type="book chapter" year="1989">Wall 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFEAFF9FFF63FE740312FCBB" blockId="14.[130,777,216,1614]" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFF15FE7400DAFE3A" authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityYear="1942" box="[237,434,471,497]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Metamynodontini">Metamynodontini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFF3AFE540039FDDA" authorityName="Tissier, Becker, Codrea, Costeur, Farcas, Solomon, Venczel & Maridet" authorityYear="2018" box="[194,337,503,529]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Sellamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFF3AFE540039FDDA" box="[194,337,503,529]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">Sellamynodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having: a high zygomatic arch; a flat dorsal profile of the skull; the presence of a sagittal crest; a circular foramen magnum. UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFF46FDF50000FDBB" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1945" box="[190,360,598,624]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Megalamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFF46FDF50000FDBB" box="[190,360,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">Megalamynodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a well-developed paroccipital process. UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFD81FDD5026FFD5B" authorityName="Matthew" authorityYear="1829" box="[633,775,630,656]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Paramynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFD81FDD5026FFD5B" box="[633,775,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">Paramynodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a protoloph on P2, an upper postcanine diastema shorter than the length of the upper premolars and the orbit positioned higher on the skull. UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 can be referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFED0FD5500A9FCDB" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[296,449,758,784]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFED0FD5500A9FCDB" box="[296,449,758,784]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">Metamynodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of large and tusk-like canines, the premaxilla and the nasal reduced but still contact each other along border of external nares, a very large and massive zygomatic arch (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEAFF9FFE01FCF60301FCBB" author="Wall" box="[505,617,853,880]" firstAuthor="Wall" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" pagination="341 - 398" refId="ref17206" refString="WALL W. P. 1989. - The phylogenetic history and adaptative radiation of the Amynodontidae, in PROTHERO D. R. & SCHOCH R. M. (eds), The Evolution of Perissodactyls. Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York: 341 - 398." type="book chapter" year="1989">Wall 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536D5FFEAFF9FFF63FCD60308F986" blockId="14.[130,777,216,1614]" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFEA4FCD6009FFC44" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[348,503,885,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFEA4FCD6009FFC44" box="[348,503,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">Metamynodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are considered as valid:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFF7EFC3600D9FC64" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1937" box="[134,433,917,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chadronensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFF7EFC3600D9FC64" box="[134,433,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">Metamynodon chadronensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFE39FC3603BBFC64" authorityName="Wilson & Schiebout" authorityYear="1981" box="[449,723,917,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckinneyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFE39FC3603BBFC64" box="[449,723,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">Metamynodon mckinneyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFF7EFC1600E9FC04" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[134,385,949,975]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFF7EFC1600E9FC04" box="[134,385,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">Metamynodon planifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFE75FC1603CBFC04" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1937" box="[397,675,949,975]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chadronensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFE75FC1603CBFC04" box="[397,675,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">Metamynodon chadronensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from fragmented skulls, mandibles, and isolated teeth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEAFF9FFD3DFC7601D6FBC4" author="Wood" firstAuthor="Wood" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" pagination="93 - 94" refId="ref17742" refString="WOOD H. E. 1937. - A new, lower Oligocene, amynodont rhinoceros. Journal of Mammalogy 18 (1): 93 - 94." type="journal article" year="1937">Wood 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEAFF9FFF37FC560095FBC4" author="Wilson & Schiebout" box="[207,509,1013,1039]" firstAuthor="Wilson" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" refId="ref17698" refString="WILSON J. A. & SCHIEBOUT J. A. 1981. - Early teriary vertebrate faunas Trans-Pecos Texas: Amynodontidae. The Pearce-Sellards" type="book" year="1981">Wilson & Schiebout 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFDEFFC5601C6FBE4" authorityName="Wilson & Schiebout" authorityYear="1981" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckinneyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFDEFFC5601C6FBE4" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">Metamynodon mckinneyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from a mandible while our new material UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 to identify is a skull, so no direct comparison was possible. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B18877FFEAFF9FFE2EFBF6035EFBA4" box="[470,566,1109,1135]" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFDA5FBF60261FBA4" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1937" box="[605,777,1109,1135]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chadronensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFDA5FBF60261FBA4" box="[605,777,1109,1135]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">M. chadronensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also a lower jaw, but some incomplete skulls have been attributed to this species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEAFF9FFE3DFB37026AFB64" author="Wilson & Schiebout" box="[453,770,1172,1199]" firstAuthor="Wilson" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" refId="ref17698" refString="WILSON J. A. & SCHIEBOUT J. A. 1981. - Early teriary vertebrate faunas Trans-Pecos Texas: Amynodontidae. The Pearce-Sellards" type="book" year="1981">Wilson & Schiebout (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. These identifications are mostly based on dental measurements of the lower jaw, which are smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFD8AFB760396FB25" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[626,766,1236,1262]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFD8AFB760396FB25" box="[626,766,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">M. planifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the dimensions of the upper teeth do not really reflect this smaller dimension and sometimes fit within the observed range of measurements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFDF7FA9603F6FA85" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[527,670,1332,1358]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFDF7FA9603F6FA85" box="[527,670,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">M. planifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEAFF9FFD2FFA970013FAA5" author="Wilson & Schiebout" firstAuthor="Wilson" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" refId="ref17698" refString="WILSON J. A. & SCHIEBOUT J. A. 1981. - Early teriary vertebrate faunas Trans-Pecos Texas: Amynodontidae. The Pearce-Sellards" type="book" year="1981">Wilson & Schiebout 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: table 14). Thus, in the absence of a lower jaw and of a clearer distinction between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFD99FAD7026DFA45" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1937" box="[609,773,1396,1422]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chadronensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFD99FAD7026DFA45" box="[609,773,1396,1422]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">M. chadronensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFF49FA370054FA66" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[177,316,1427,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFF49FA370054FA66" box="[177,316,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">M. planifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we refer our specimen to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFDB4FA3703BFFA66" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[588,727,1427,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFDB4FA3703BFFA66" box="[588,727,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">M. planifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the type species of the genus, as primarily identified by Wood, in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B24FFEAFF9FFF5AFA70005BFA26" author="Gillet" box="[162,307,1491,1517]" firstAuthor="Gillet" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" pagination="165 - 168" refId="ref15095" refString="GILLET S. 1960. - A propos de l'Amynodontide des collections de l'institut de Geologie de l'Universite de Strasbourg. Bulletin du Service de la carte geologique d'Alsace et de Lorraine 13 (4): 165 - 168." type="journal article" year="1960">Gillet (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Furthermore, in our phylogenetic analysis UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 also shares with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D56FFEAFF9FFDCEFA5703A8F9C6" authorityName="Scott & Osborn" authorityYear="1887" box="[566,704,1523,1549]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Metamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAC7FFEAFF9FFDCEFA5703A8F9C6" box="[566,704,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="121">M. planifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“a low anterior base of the zygomatic process of maxilla”; “an acute vomer”; and “a weak paracone fold on M3”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |