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<document id="F30FC380721472D187DDCF3146291CB0" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2719c069-24fe-4cd6-967d-aea11f80e344" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="221852" ID-ZooBank="92C07D63-F2F5-4898-A7FE-4937F4D5A043" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460577976854" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Rapp, Hans Tore &amp; Klautau, Michelle" docDate="2013" docId="038E706DEC11744DFF172ED7C0BEFEE3" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03619p314.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3619 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Leucascus clavatus Dendy 1892" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="283" masterDocId="FFB70815EC147445FF802B45C42DFF87" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of Leucascus Dendy, 1892 (Porifera: Calcarea) with revalidation of Ascoleucetta Dendy &amp; Frederick, 1924 and description of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="314" masterPageNumber="275" pageNumber="280" updateTime="1698323617962" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="72FED1D22662CCBE0EA496077DD0B9B5">Taxonomic revision of Leucascus Dendy, 1892 (Porifera: Calcarea) with revalidation of Ascoleucetta Dendy &amp; Frederick, 1924 and description of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="81288EDD4E596A2D3A8FE9E03BF33D3D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="7A925AF712BA529E47ACC1B3BC0448B8">Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0EFE1C94B6FE1C7D7DAFC703D106E29D">Rapp, Hans Tore</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2316FA8E118DFBEB4B0425BE1069B2CE">Klautau, Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1A1233DBC70C5106A0CEC954E8105DD8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="993B5A3A666E684AB5B2058D9521B611">
<mods:date id="5F04AE7BDBC8AC9139FFDCCD490CD221">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="16EC07D632490D1771F67158C4AE4C2D">3619</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="20245C19A8EF24B3AECECE45456D43C0" type="issue">
<mods:number id="55F694723F1E72579158AF38481E5805">3</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="9645037E5B3395BACE41D1FA854F25BC" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="BC0C5621AEA2B3F3FFCACB44700D677A" type="GBIF-Dataset">2719c069-24fe-4cd6-967d-aea11f80e344</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C5D795BA9D2F0394EAC55B966A7F81A6" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4760A8CBA2EE621C0DE5D096F0017960" type="Zenodo-Dep">221852</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E446AF96AB26B4AF23568448AE83A19F" type="ZooBank">92C07D63-F2F5-4898-A7FE-4937F4D5A043</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038E706DEC11744DFF172ED7C0BEFEE3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6153180" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119560645" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6153180" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038E706DEC11744DFF172ED7C0BEFEE3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E706DEC11744DFF172ED7C0BEFEE3" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="283" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC117440FF172ED7C60DFA2B" box="[151,544,1426,1452]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC117440FF172ED7C60DFA2B" blockId="5.[151,544,1426,1452]" box="[151,544,1426,1452]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
<heading id="D0D07617EC117440FF172ED7C60DFA2B" bold="true" box="[151,544,1426,1452]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FF172ED7C60DFA2B" ID-CoL="6Q49M" authority="Dendy, 1892" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1892" box="[151,544,1426,1452]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FF172ED7C60DFA2B" bold="true" box="[151,544,1426,1452]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FF172ED7C5ADFA2B" bold="true" box="[151,384,1426,1452]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Leucascus clavatus</emphasis>
Dendy, 1892
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC117440FF172E9FC66BF9DA" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC117440FF172E9FC6BCF992" blockId="5.[151,1436,1497,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FF172E9FC524FA76" box="[151,265,1498,1521]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Diagnosis</emphasis>
: Presence of club-shaped diactines perpendicular to the sponge surface. Apical actine of tetractines with well developed spines, and a ring at the base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC117440FF472D67C66BF9DA" blockId="5.[151,1436,1497,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FF472D67C566F9BE" box="[199,331,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Synonymies</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FEDA2D67C6DFF9BE" authority="Dendy 1892: 78" authorityName="Dendy" authorityPageNumber="78" authorityYear="1892" box="[346,754,1569,1593]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FEDA2D67C61EF9BE" box="[346,563,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Leucascus clavatus</emphasis>
Dendy 1892: 78
</taxonomicName>
; Dendy &amp; Row 1913: 731; Brøndsted 1926 (?): 300; Row &amp; Hôzawa 1931: 743; Burton 1963: 241.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC117440FF472D2FC5E2F86E" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC117440FF472D2FC693F922" blockId="5.[151,1436,1497,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FF472D2FC54FF906" box="[199,354,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC117440FF472D2FC4D6F906" box="[199,251,1642,1665]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Type</typeStatus>
material
</emphasis>
: BMNH 1893.6.9.2 and NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC117440FD472D2CC731F906" box="[711,796,1641,1665]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42333" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" type="EnaNcbi">F42333</accessionNumber>
(Holotypes—two fragments of the same specimen; near Port Phillip Heads,
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FEF22DC8C5F1F922" box="[370,476,1677,1701]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Australia</collectingCountry>
; Wilson collection).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC117440FF472DF7C683F94E" blockId="5.[151,1436,1497,2025]" box="[199,686,1713,1737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FF472DF7C57BF94E" box="[199,342,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC117440FF472DF7C4D6F94E" box="[199,251,1714,1737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Type</typeStatus>
locality
</emphasis>
: Port Phillip Heads,
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FDC02DF4C687F94E" box="[576,682,1713,1737]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Australia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC117440FF472D90C5E2F86E" blockId="5.[151,1436,1497,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FF472D90C637F96A" box="[199,538,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Additional analysed material:</emphasis>
BMNH 1925.11.1.1727 (Port Phillip Heads,
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FB9F2D90C0A4F96A" box="[1055,1161,1749,1773]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Australia</collectingCountry>
; Dendy collection, R.N. 240), BMNH 1924.2.6.53 (Wilson collection), BMNH 1925.11.1.1726 (near Port Phillip Heads,
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FB6F2DBCC174F896" box="[1263,1369,1785,1809]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Australia</collectingCountry>
; R.N. 196), BMNH 1925.11.1.1728 (near Port Phillip Heads,
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FC8C2C58C75BF8B2" box="[780,886,1821,1845]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Australia</collectingCountry>
; R.N. 241), WAM Z40143 (Jack Reef, Dongara, Western
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FF7B2C04C548F8DE" box="[251,357,1857,1881]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 2918.85’S 11454.7’E; coll. J. Fromont, CS Whisson &amp; GI Moore;
<date id="FF99E7BBEC117440FBED2C04C0C2F8DE" box="[1133,1263,1857,1881]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" value="2006-03-15">15.03.2006</date>
; depth:
<quantity id="4CDF6C9EEC117440FACA2C04C1A2F8DE" box="[1354,1423,1857,1881]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" unit="m" value="6.5">6.5 m</quantity>
), WAM Z40519 (Jurien Bay, Julia Rocks, Western
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FD3F2C20C704F8FA" box="[703,809,1893,1917]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE13A7BCEC117440FCB42C20C782F8FA" box="[820,943,1893,1917]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" precision="9" value="-30.155666">30 09.34’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE13A7BCEC117440FC362C20C06FF8FA" box="[950,1090,1893,1917]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" precision="9" value="114.99717">114 59.83’E</geoCoordinate>
; coll. G. Clapin, R. Babcock &amp; A. Sampey;
<date id="FF99E7BBEC117440FEA62CCCC58FF826" box="[294,418,1929,1953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" value="2005-05-03">03/V/2005</date>
; depth: 5.6-
<quantity id="4CDF6C9EEC117440FDAB2CCCC677F826" box="[555,602,1929,1953]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
), WAM Z40521 (Jurien Bay, Julia Rocks, Western
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FB282CCCC13FF826" box="[1192,1298,1929,1953]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE13A7BCEC117440FA9F2CCCC1B1F826" box="[1311,1436,1929,1953]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" precision="9" value="-30.155666">30 09.34’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE13A7BCEC117440FF172CE8C50EF842" box="[151,291,1965,1989]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" precision="9" value="114.99717">114 59.83’E</geoCoordinate>
; coll. G. Clapin, R. Babcock &amp; A. Sampey;
<date id="FF99E7BBEC117440FC892CE8C7A8F842" box="[777,901,1965,1989]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" value="2005-05-03">03/V/2005</date>
; depth: 5.6-
<quantity id="4CDF6C9EEC117440FB892CE8C018F842" box="[1033,1077,1965,1989]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
), and NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC117440FB3F2CE8C139F842" box="[1215,1300,1965,1989]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42334" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" type="EnaNcbi">F42334</accessionNumber>
(a fragment of BMNH 1925.11.1.1728).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5891F3EC127443FF172D94C643F8C4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221855/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" targetBox="[158,1428,184,1723]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC127443FF172D94C643F8C4" blockId="6.[151,1436,1745,1859]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC127443FF172D94C535F961" bold="true" box="[151,280,1745,1768]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC127443FEA42D97C5C3F960" box="[292,494,1745,1767]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC127443FEA42D97C5C3F960" box="[292,494,1745,1767]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Leucascus clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, Preserved specimens. NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC127443FCD82D97C78BF960" box="[856,934,1746,1767]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42334" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" type="EnaNcbi">F42334</accessionNumber>
(left) and WAM Z40143 (right); B, Diactines protruding from the sponge surface of the specimens NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC127443FC902DB5C770F882" box="[784,861,1776,1797]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42334" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" type="EnaNcbi">F42334</accessionNumber>
and WAM Z40143 (in detail). C–F. NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC127443FAA82DB5C155F882" box="[1320,1400,1776,1797]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42334" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" type="EnaNcbi">F42334</accessionNumber>
. C, Diactine inserted in the choanosome; D, Cortical membrane; E, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; F, Apical actine projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC127442FF472C34C17EF8C7" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="282" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC127442FF472C34C50EFF70" blockId="6.[151,1436,1903,2036]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,500]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="282" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC127443FF472C34C579F80F" box="[199,340,1905,1928]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Description:</emphasis>
The colour of this species alive is unknown but after fixation it is beige (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC127443FB0B2C2AC0C6F800" box="[1163,1259,1903,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1745,1768]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,184,1723]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[158,1429,184,1723]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Leucascus clavatus. A, Preserved specimens. NMV F 42334 (left) and WAM Z 40143 (right); B, Diactines protruding from the sponge surface of the specimens NMV F 42334 and WAM Z 40143 (in detail). C – F. NMV F 42334. C, Diactine inserted in the choanosome; D, Cortical membrane; E, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; F, Apical actine projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221855/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Figure 3</figureCitation>
A). The cormus is massive and its consistency is firm but compressible. The cormus is formed by anastomosed tubes covered by a thin and smooth membrane. The WAM specimens have a rounded shape (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC127443FC562CF2C01BF848" box="[982,1078,1975,1999]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1745,1768]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,184,1723]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[158,1429,184,1723]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Leucascus clavatus. A, Preserved specimens. NMV F 42334 (left) and WAM Z 40143 (right); B, Diactines protruding from the sponge surface of the specimens NMV F 42334 and WAM Z 40143 (in detail). C – F. NMV F 42334. C, Diactine inserted in the choanosome; D, Cortical membrane; E, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; F, Apical actine projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221855/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Figure 3</figureCitation>
A) and their surfaces are a little ridged. The osculum is single, large (ca.
<quantity id="4CDF6C9EEC127443FD1C2C98C6CBF873" box="[668,742,2013,2036]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
in diameter in the specimens from WAM) and without ornamentation. The atrial cavity is also surrounded by a thin membrane, which was not observed in the specimen NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC137442FF642BF9C511FF53" box="[228,316,188,212]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42333" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" type="EnaNcbi">F42333</accessionNumber>
, probably due to its preservation. Reproductive structures were found in the specimen BMNH 1924.2.6.53.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC137442FF472A41C618FE73" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">
The skeleton is composed of diactines, triactines, and few tetractines. Diactines are present mainly near the osculum and their abundance varies from rich to rare among the analysed specimens. They lay mainly perpendicular to the surface (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC137442FE682A09C666FEE3" box="[488,587,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1745,1768]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,184,1723]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[158,1429,184,1723]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Leucascus clavatus. A, Preserved specimens. NMV F 42334 (left) and WAM Z 40143 (right); B, Diactines protruding from the sponge surface of the specimens NMV F 42334 and WAM Z 40143 (in detail). C – F. NMV F 42334. C, Diactine inserted in the choanosome; D, Cortical membrane; E, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; F, Apical actine projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221855/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Figure 3</figureCitation>
B), but they can also be found below the cortical membrane (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC137442FA962A09C154FEE3" box="[1302,1401,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1745,1768]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,184,1723]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[158,1429,184,1723]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Leucascus clavatus. A, Preserved specimens. NMV F 42334 (left) and WAM Z 40143 (right); B, Diactines protruding from the sponge surface of the specimens NMV F 42334 and WAM Z 40143 (in detail). C – F. NMV F 42334. C, Diactine inserted in the choanosome; D, Cortical membrane; E, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; F, Apical actine projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221855/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Figure 3</figureCitation>
C). These latter are rare and shorter than the protruding diactines. The skeleton of the cortical membrane is also composed of triactines and some rare tetractines (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC137442FD492AD1C707FE2B" box="[713,810,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1745,1768]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,184,1723]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[158,1429,184,1723]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Leucascus clavatus. A, Preserved specimens. NMV F 42334 (left) and WAM Z 40143 (right); B, Diactines protruding from the sponge surface of the specimens NMV F 42334 and WAM Z 40143 (in detail). C – F. NMV F 42334. C, Diactine inserted in the choanosome; D, Cortical membrane; E, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; F, Apical actine projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221855/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Figure 3</figureCitation>
D). These spicules are also present in the tubes (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC137442FAD12AD1C489FE48" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1745,1768]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,184,1723]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[158,1429,184,1723]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Leucascus clavatus. A, Preserved specimens. NMV F 42334 (left) and WAM Z 40143 (right); B, Diactines protruding from the sponge surface of the specimens NMV F 42334 and WAM Z 40143 (in detail). C – F. NMV F 42334. C, Diactine inserted in the choanosome; D, Cortical membrane; E, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; F, Apical actine projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221855/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Figure 3</figureCitation>
E), where the tetractines project their apical actines into the lumen (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC137442FC2A2AF2C026FE48" box="[938,1035,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1745,1768]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,184,1723]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[158,1429,184,1723]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Leucascus clavatus. A, Preserved specimens. NMV F 42334 (left) and WAM Z 40143 (right); B, Diactines protruding from the sponge surface of the specimens NMV F 42334 and WAM Z 40143 (in detail). C – F. NMV F 42334. C, Diactine inserted in the choanosome; D, Cortical membrane; E, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; F, Apical actine projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221855/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Figure 3</figureCitation>
F). The atrial skeleton is composed exclusively of triactines (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC137442FE312A99C63CFE73" box="[433,529,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1451,1474]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,411,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[158,1429,411,1430]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Leucascus clavatus. A – C. NMV F 42334. A, Atrial membrane; B, Club-shaped diactine; C, Triactine (left) and tetractine (right); D, Apical actine with spines and ring (arrow; SEM) (NMV F 42333)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221856/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Figure 4</figureCitation>
A).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5891F3EC137442FF172966C7FAFDBC" box="[151,983,547,571]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC137442FF172966C7FAFDBC" blockId="7.[151,983,547,571]" box="[151,983,547,571]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FF172966C524FDBC" bold="true" box="[151,265,547,571]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Spicules measurements (µm) of
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC137442FDEA2961C714FDBC" box="[618,825,548,571]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FDEA2961C714FDBC" box="[618,825,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Leucascus clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(H: holotype).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC137442FEAC291EC157FDF6" blockId="7.[160,1427,603,1551]" box="[300,1402,603,626]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FEAC291EC157FDF6" bold="true" box="[300,1402,603,626]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Spicules/ Specimens Actine Length (µm) Width (µm) N</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC137442FC8429CDC4D1FD4D" blockId="7.[160,1427,603,1551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Min Mean SD Max Min Mean SD Max Triactine</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC137442FF3E29A4C6CFFC21" blockId="7.[160,1427,603,1551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">
BMNH 1893.6.9.2 (H) 97.2 124.7 13.5 162.8 10.9 14.6 1.8 18.2 30 NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC137442FF7F2848C561FCA5" box="[255,332,781,802]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42333" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" type="EnaNcbi">F42333</accessionNumber>
(= BMNH 1925.11.1.1726) 85.0 117.4 15.3 138.5 9.7 13.3 1.5 15.8 30 NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC137442FF7F287CC560FCC9" box="[255,333,825,846]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42334" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" type="EnaNcbi">F42334</accessionNumber>
(= BMNH 1925.11.1.1728) 72.9 106.1 15.6 145.8 10.9 14.5 2.3 19.4 30
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FF3E2821C1BEFCFD" bold="true" box="[190,1427,868,891]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">All specimens 72.9 116.1 7.6 162.8 9.7 14.5 1.0 19.4 –</emphasis>
Tetractine Basal
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC137442FF3E28F8C1BEFBD1" blockId="7.[160,1427,603,1551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">
BMNH 1893.6.9.2 (H) 97.2 120.3 11.5 140.9 9.7 13.3 1.4 15.8 30 NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC137442FF7F28ACC561FC79" box="[255,332,1001,1022]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42333" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" type="EnaNcbi">F42333</accessionNumber>
(= BMNH 1925.11.1.1726) 72.9 110.2 12.9 133.6 9.7 11.7 1.5 14.6 30 NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC137442FF7F2F50C560FBAD" box="[255,333,1045,1066]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42334" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" type="EnaNcbi">F42334</accessionNumber>
(= BMNH 1925.11.1.1728) 85.0 107.6 9.6 131.2 9.7 12.5 1.7 14.6 30
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FF3E2F05C1BEFBD1" bold="true" box="[190,1427,1088,1111]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">All specimens 72.9 112.7 5.5 140.9 9.7 12.5 0.6 15.8 –</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC137442FD242F29C6CAFB05" blockId="7.[160,1427,603,1551]" box="[676,743,1132,1154]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Apical</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC137442FF3E2FDCC4DBFAD9" blockId="7.[160,1427,603,1551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">
BMNH 1893.6.9.2 (H) 24.3 43.2 7.1 60.7 2.4 4.6 0.9 7.3 30 NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC137442FF7F2F80C561FB5D" box="[255,332,1221,1242]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42333" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" type="EnaNcbi">F42333</accessionNumber>
(= BMNH 1925.11.1.1726) 36.4 48.1 5.9 60.7 3.6 4.7 0.8 7.3 30 NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC137442FF7F2FB4C560FA81" box="[255,333,1265,1286]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42334" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" type="EnaNcbi">F42334</accessionNumber>
(= BMNH 1925.11.1.1728) 36.4 43.3 7.0 60.7 3.6 4.4 0.6 4.9 16
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FF3E2E59C1BEFAB5" bold="true" box="[190,1427,1308,1331]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">All specimens 24.3 44.9 2.3 60.7 2.4 4.6 0.1 7.3 –</emphasis>
Diactine
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC137442FF3E2E30C5B5F9EF" blockId="7.[160,1427,603,1551]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,1616,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">
BMNH 1893.6.9.2 (H) – – – – – – – – 0 NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC137442FF7F2EE4C561FA31" box="[255,332,1441,1462]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42333" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" type="EnaNcbi">F42333</accessionNumber>
(= BMNH 1925.11.1.1726) 500.0 663.6 156.0 850.0 70.0 101.8 14.0 120.0 11 NMV
<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC137442FF7F2E88C560FA65" box="[255,333,1485,1506]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42334" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" type="EnaNcbi">F42334</accessionNumber>
(= BMNH 1925.11.1.1728) 350.0 614.0 144.0 850.0 50.0 96.7 27.4 140.0 15
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FF3E2EBCC1BEF989" bold="true" box="[190,1427,1528,1551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">All specimens 350.0 638.8 24.8 850.0 50.0 99.2 2.6 140.0 –</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FF472D15C509F9EF" box="[199,292,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Spicules</emphasis>
(
<tableCitation id="C6A5F4C0EC137442FEB32D15C5A7F9EF" box="[307,394,1616,1640]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,239,547,571]" captionText="TABLE 2. Spicules measurements (µm) of Leucascus clavatus (H: holotype)." pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Table 2</tableCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC137442FF472D31C5DDF937" blockId="7.[151,1436,1616,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">
(
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FF502D30C4F5F90B" box="[208,216,1653,1676]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">i</emphasis>
) Diactines (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC137442FEE32D31C5EBF90B" box="[355,454,1652,1676]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1451,1474]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,411,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[158,1429,411,1430]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Leucascus clavatus. A – C. NMV F 42334. A, Atrial membrane; B, Club-shaped diactine; C, Triactine (left) and tetractine (right); D, Apical actine with spines and ring (arrow; SEM) (NMV F 42333)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221856/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Figure 4</figureCitation>
B): Variable in size. They are club-shaped, with the sharp tip inside the sponge and the rounded one projected outside;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC137442FF472DF9C4CEF97F" blockId="7.[151,1436,1616,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">
(
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FF502DF8C4CDF953" box="[208,224,1725,1748]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">ii</emphasis>
) Triactines (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC137442FEEF2DF9C5FFF953" box="[367,466,1724,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1451,1474]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,411,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[158,1429,411,1430]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Leucascus clavatus. A – C. NMV F 42334. A, Atrial membrane; B, Club-shaped diactine; C, Triactine (left) and tetractine (right); D, Apical actine with spines and ring (arrow; SEM) (NMV F 42333)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221856/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Figure 4</figureCitation>
C): Regular, with conical actines and sharp tips. Some rare triactines have an elevated centre;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC137442FF472C41C17EF8C7" blockId="7.[151,1436,1616,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">
(
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FF502C40C4CAF89B" box="[208,231,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">iii</emphasis>
) Tetractines (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC137442FE052C41C5C4F89B" box="[389,489,1796,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1451,1474]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,411,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[158,1429,411,1430]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Leucascus clavatus. A – C. NMV F 42334. A, Atrial membrane; B, Club-shaped diactine; C, Triactine (left) and tetractine (right); D, Apical actine with spines and ring (arrow; SEM) (NMV F 42333)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221856/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Figure 4</figureCitation>
C): Similar to the triactines, but with an apical actine, which is shorter and thinner than the basal ones. It presents well developed spines, and has a characteristic ring at their base (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC137442FB4E2C6DC11DF8C7" box="[1230,1328,1832,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1451,1474]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,411,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[158,1429,411,1430]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Leucascus clavatus. A – C. NMV F 42334. A, Atrial membrane; B, Club-shaped diactine; C, Triactine (left) and tetractine (right); D, Apical actine with spines and ring (arrow; SEM) (NMV F 42333)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221856/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Figure 4</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC13744DFF472C09C109FF70" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="283" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC13744DFF472C09C109FF70" blockId="7.[151,1436,1616,2036]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,356]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="283" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FF472C09C51CF8E3" box="[199,305,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Remarks:</emphasis>
Spines on the apical actines have never been observed in
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FC4F2C08C09DF8E3" box="[975,1200,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC137442FC4F2C08C086F8E3" box="[975,1195,1868,1892]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">Leucascus clavatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Neither has the ring present at the base of the apical actine. The spines of the apical actine showed no special pattern. The ring and the club-shaped diactines are diagnostic characters of
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC137442FD402CD0C714F82B" box="[704,825,1940,1964]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FD402CD0C714F82B" box="[704,825,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">L. clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In fact, up to date
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC137442FB8E2CD0C0AAF82B" box="[1038,1159,1940,1964]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FB8E2CD0C0AAF82B" box="[1038,1159,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">L. clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only species of the genus with diactines (the species
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC137442FD882CFCC693F857" box="[520,702,1976,2000]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="albus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FD882CFCC693F857" box="[520,702,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Leucascus albus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A260A012EC137442FD452CFCC736F857" box="[709,795,1977,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
has microdiactines). It is possible, however, that there are other
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC137442FF572C98C567F873" box="[215,330,2013,2036]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="282" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC137442FF572C98C567F873" box="[215,330,2013,2036]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">Leucascus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species with diactines in their skeletons. Brøndsted (1926) identified specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC137442FA872C98C1B1F873" box="[1287,1436,2012,2036]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="282">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1C744DFF372BDCC51EFF37" box="[183,307,152,176]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFF372BDCC51EFF37" box="[183,307,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">L. clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the presence of diactines where both tips were sharp. These specimens are clearly not
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1C744DFA052BDCC4DEFF53" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFA052BDCC4DEFF53" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">L. clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as the diactines were not club-shaped. Brøndsted’s specimens most likely represent a new species of
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1C744DFF172BA4C527FF7F" box="[151,266,225,248]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFF172BA4C527FF7F" box="[151,266,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Leucascus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Unfortunately, in the present work these specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC1C744DFC122BA5C00BFF70" box="[914,1062,223,247]" name="New Zealand" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
could not be analysed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC1C744DFF472A41C0BEFEE3" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1C744DFF472A41C0BEFEE3" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,356]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFF472A41C574FE9B" box="[199,345,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Distribution:</emphasis>
Indian and Pacific Oceans: Port Phillip Heads (Dendy 1892), Geraldton District (Row &amp; Hôzawa 1931), and Jurien Bay and Dongara—Australia; Halfmoon Bay, Stewart Island—New Zealand (Brøndsted 1926). Spalding
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFE812A08C51FFEE3" box="[257,306,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">et al</emphasis>
. (2007) correponding ecoregions are: Bassian, Houtman, and Snares Islands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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