1044 lines
142 KiB
XML
1044 lines
142 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6DC16F9A4F2A4B995000E640EBDAA6D4">Systematics, revisionary taxonomy, and biodiversity of Afrotropical Lithocolletinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="37B26CB57D2C6ECAD66CE4E256DF1FBC">Prins, Jurate De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="155C2931F7A737373919B32F06C78744">Kawahara, Akito Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="239233926E56B17B2D61905AA96245FC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D80944CC1EE14D45ECCBA29E7F3288CE">2012</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03ADE350B131FFAFF1CFFBE58A19CA80" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6308530" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193331724" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6308530" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ADE350B131FFAFF1CFFBE58A19CA80" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ADE350B131FFAFF1CFFBE58A19CA80" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<paragraph id="8BBB5246B131FFA8F1CFFBE589ACC8F5" blockId="34.[151,486,1142,1168]" box="[151,486,1142,1168]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F1CFFBE589ACC8F5" ID-CoL="4HH" authority="Chapman, 1902" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,486,1142,1168]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F1CFFBE589ACC8F5" bold="true" box="[151,486,1142,1168]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F1CFFBE58953C8F5" bold="true" box="[151,281,1142,1168]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cameraria</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F078FBE589ACC8F5" author="Chapman" box="[288,486,1142,1168]" firstAuthor="Chapman" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="159 - 164" refId="ref191150" refString="Chapman, T. A. (1902) The classification of Gracilaria [sic] and allied genera. Entomologist, an Illustrated Journal of British Entomology, 35, 81 - 88, 138 - 142, 159 - 164." type="journal article" year="1902">Chapman, 1902</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB131FFA8F1CFFB2E89AAC8B6" box="[151,480,1213,1235]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB5246B131FFA8F1CFFB2E89AAC8B6" blockId="34.[151,1292,1213,1235]" box="[151,480,1213,1235]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB147568B131FFA8F1CFFB2E89AAC8B6" box="[151,480,1213,1235]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA57457B131FFA8F1CFFB2E8991C8B6" author="Chapman, T. A." box="[151,475,1213,1235]" page="141" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" year="1902">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F1CFFB2E8991C8B6" ID-CoL="4HH" authority="Chapman 1902: 141" authorityName="Chapman" authorityPageNumber="141" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,475,1213,1235]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F1CFFB2E894CC8B6" box="[151,262,1213,1235]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cameraria</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F054FB2E8991C8B6" author="Chapman" box="[268,475,1213,1235]" firstAuthor="Chapman" page="141" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="159 - 164" refId="ref191150" refString="Chapman, T. A. (1902) The classification of Gracilaria [sic] and allied genera. Entomologist, an Illustrated Journal of British Entomology, 35, 81 - 88, 138 - 142, 159 - 164." type="journal article" year="1902">Chapman 1902: 141</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB131FFA8F0BEFB2D8D46C8B6" box="[486,1292,1213,1235]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BBB5246B131FFA8F0BEFB2D8D46C8B6" blockId="34.[151,1292,1213,1235]" box="[486,1292,1213,1235]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Type species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F32DFB2E8C5CC8B6" authority="Clemens, 1859" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1859" box="[629,1046,1213,1235]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guttifinitella">
|
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F32DFB2E8B3DC8B6" box="[629,887,1213,1235]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lithocolletis guttifinitella</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F225FB2E8C5CC8B6" author="Clemens" box="[893,1046,1213,1235]" firstAuthor="Clemens" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="317 - 328" refId="ref191339" refString="Clemens, B. (1859) Contribution to American Lepidopterology. - No. 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1859), 317 - 328." type="book chapter" year="1859">Clemens, 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by original designation.
|
||
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB131FFA9F1CFFB6C8C74CB29" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB5246B131FFA9F1CFFB6C8954CA35" blockId="34.[151,1436,1279,2024]" lastBlockId="35.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F1CFFB6C892DC972" box="[151,359,1279,1304]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" reason="1">
|
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F1CFFB6C8915C97D" bold="true" box="[151,351,1279,1304]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Historic account</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F0AEFA938A3BC97D" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[502,625,1280,1304]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F0AEFA938A3BC97D" box="[502,625,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was proposed by the British author T. A.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F536FB6C8D65C972" author="Chapman" box="[1134,1327,1279,1303]" firstAuthor="Chapman" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="159 - 164" refId="ref191150" refString="Chapman, T. A. (1902) The classification of Gracilaria [sic] and allied genera. Entomologist, an Illustrated Journal of British Entomology, 35, 81 - 88, 138 - 142, 159 - 164." type="journal article" year="1902">Chapman (1902)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
during a presentation at the Entomological Society of the City of London. However, as pointed out in his talk, Chapman did not study the species himself, but relied on Chambers’ observations and named the genus after him (chamber =
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F1CFFAFE88A1C9E1" box="[151,235,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">camera</emphasis>
|
||
in Latin). The designation of the new genus was based solely on larval morphology: Chambers divided mining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F1B6FA1C89C2C9C2" authorityName="Stainton" authorityYear="1854" box="[238,392,1423,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gracillariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae into two groups: ‘cylindrical-larva group’ (group I), and ‘flat-larva group’ (group II). Annette F.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F04BFA2789E3C9A9" author="Braun" box="[275,425,1460,1484]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
still called ‘flat’ mining larvae
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F257FA278BD1C9A9" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[783,923,1460,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F257FA278BD1C9A9" box="[783,923,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lithocolletis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but she assigned them to Group II following Chambers’ observations. She added another character which diagnoses this
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F55EFA4B8CD8C995" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[1030,1170,1496,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F55EFA4B8CD8C995" box="[1030,1170,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lithocolletis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group II—the apically edged white markings of the forewing. The year after Braun’s publication,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F2ACFA6F8CC4CA71" author="Busck" box="[1012,1166,1532,1556]" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="87 - 103" refId="ref191031" refString="Busck, A. (1909) Notes on Microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11, 87 - 103." type="journal article" year="1909">Busck (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
praised
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F5A9FA6F8DD6CA71" author="Braun's" box="[1265,1436,1532,1556]" firstAuthor="Braun's" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun’s (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
work and corrected the generic arrangement she had proposed. He pointed out that “these two [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F59CF9B38D26CA5D" box="[1220,1388,1568,1592]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F59CF9B38D26CA5D" box="[1220,1388,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F1CFF9D78958CA39" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,274,1604,1628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F1CFF9D78958CA39" box="[151,274,1604,1628]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] branches developed parallel… there can clearly not have been any crossings between [them] ... neither could one have been developed from the other.” Therefore,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F208F9F48BA0CA1A" author="Busck" box="[848,1002,1639,1663]" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="87 - 103" refId="ref191031" refString="Busck, A. (1909) Notes on Microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11, 87 - 103." type="journal article" year="1909">Busck (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested the recognition of the two groups or branches of mining moths as separate genera -
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F27AF91F8B80CAC1" box="[802,970,1676,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F27AF91F8B80CAC1" box="[802,970,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F55BF91F8C34CAC1" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1027,1150,1676,1700]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F55BF91F8C34CAC1" box="[1027,1150,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the same year,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F40FF91F88ABCAAD" author="Braun" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="419 - 423" refId="ref190466" refString="Braun, A. F. (1909) Phylogeny of the Lithocolletid group. Canadian Entomologist, 41, 419 - 423." type="journal article" year="1909">Braun (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a detailed account on the morphological structures of the larval heads of both cylindrical and flattened forms, and assigned the latter group as
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F3E9F9478B79CA89" box="[689,819,1748,1772]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F3E9F9478B65CA89" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[689,815,1748,1772]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cameraria</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Furthermore,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F28AF9478C2DCA89" author="Braun" box="[978,1127,1748,1772]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="419 - 423" refId="ref190466" refString="Braun, A. F. (1909) Phylogeny of the Lithocolletid group. Canadian Entomologist, 41, 419 - 423." type="journal article" year="1909">Braun (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented her own diagram illustrating the probable relationship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F32BF96B8AA4CB75" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[627,750,1784,1808]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F32BF96B8AA4CB75" box="[627,750,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F269F96B8B9DCB75" box="[817,983,1784,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F269F96B8B9DCB75" box="[817,983,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The flat nature of the larva and the persistence of a sap-feeding habit throughout the entire feeding period in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F568F88F8CE1CB51" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1072,1195,1820,1844]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F568F88F8CE1CB51" box="[1072,1195,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remained a unique characteristic that was recognized by some North American microlepidopterists at the beginning of the 20th century, and the usage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F0E1F8F78A7ECB19" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[441,564,1892,1916]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F0E1F8F78A7ECB19" box="[441,564,1892,1916]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was firmly established in their publications (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F56AF8F78CF0CB19" author="Braun" box="[1074,1210,1892,1916]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="419 - 423" refId="ref190466" refString="Braun, A. F. (1909) Phylogeny of the Lithocolletid group. Canadian Entomologist, 41, 419 - 423." type="journal article" year="1909">Braun 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F59FF8F78D48CB19" author="Braun" box="[1223,1282,1892,1916]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="103 - 168" refId="ref190490" refString="Braun, A. F. (1914) Evolution of the color pattern in the microlepidopterous genus Lithocolletis. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 16, 103 - 168, iii - iv pls." type="journal article" year="1914">1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F456F8F78DDDCB19" author="Busck" box="[1294,1431,1892,1916]" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="87 - 103" refId="ref191031" refString="Busck, A. (1909) Notes on Microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11, 87 - 103." type="journal article" year="1909">Busck 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F1CFF81B890ECBC5" author="DeGryse" box="[151,324,1928,1952]" firstAuthor="DeGryse" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="164 - 168" refId="ref191938" refString="DeGryse, J. J. (1916) The hypermetamorphism of the lepidopterous sapfeeders. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 18, 164 - 168." type="journal article" year="1916">DeGryse 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F007F81B8A46CBC5" author="Mosher" box="[351,524,1928,1952]" firstAuthor="Mosher" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref198169" refString="Mosher, E. (1916) A classification of the Lepidoptera based on characters of the pupa. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 12, 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="1916">Mosher (1916)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized another unique feature of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F2B8F81B8C39CBC5" box="[992,1139,1928,1952]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F2B8F81B8C1DCBC5" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[992,1111,1928,1952]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cameraria</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the absence of a distinct cremaster at the caudal end of the pupa. C. R.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B131FFA8F3C3F83F8B59CBA1" author="Ely" box="[667,787,1964,1988]" firstAuthor="Ely" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="29 - 77" refId="ref192715" refString="Ely, C. R. (1918) A revision of the North-American Gracilariidae [sic] from the standpoint of venation. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 19 B (1917), 29 - 77." type="journal article" year="1918">Ely (1918)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revised the North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F501F83F8CB9CBA1" authorityName="Stainton" authorityYear="1854" box="[1113,1267,1964,1988]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gracillariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of wing venation, pointing out that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F34AF8438AF0CB8D" box="[530,698,2000,2024]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F34AF8438AF0CB8D" box="[530,698,2000,2024]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B131FFA8F3AEF8438B3BCB8D" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[758,881,2000,2024]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B131FFA8F3AEF8438B3BCB8D" box="[758,881,2000,2024]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both possess 7 veins [remark: Ely excluded the rudimentary CuP in his counting] and rough head. Following the above-mentioned lepidopterists, he defined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F1CFFF2F8958CCB1" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,274,188,212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F1CFFF2F8958CCB1" box="[151,274,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of the flat larva and mines -“always on the upper side of the leaf of the food plant.” Despite the frequent publications on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F0B9FF738A16CC9D" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[481,604,224,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F0B9FF738A16CC9D" box="[481,604,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in North American entomological;literature at the beginning of the last century, the genus was not recognized as distinct by other lepidopterists of that time. For instance,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F5B6FE978DD6CD79" author="Fletcher" box="[1262,1436,260,284]" firstAuthor="Fletcher" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref193219" refString="Fletcher, T. B. (1929) A list of the generic names used for Microlepidoptera. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. Entomological Series, 11, 1 - 244." type="journal article" year="1929">Fletcher (1929)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F1B2FEBB892FCD25" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[234,357,296,320]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F1B2FEBB892FCD25" box="[234,357,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F373FEBB8AFDCD25" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[555,695,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F373FEBB8AFDCD25" box="[555,695,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Lithocolletis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the debate continued until the 1960s. In 1961, two important publications appeared concerning
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F34DFEDF8AF4CD01" baseAuthorityName="De Prins & De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[533,702,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera: one by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F237FEDF8BB8CD01" author="Vari" box="[879,1010,332,356]" firstAuthor="Vari" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref201509" refString="Vari, L. (1961) South African Lepidoptera. Vol. I. Lithocolletidae. Transvaal Museum Memoir, 12, 238 pp. 112 pls." type="book" year="1961">Vári (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the other by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F5EBFEDF8D2ACD01" author="Kumata" box="[1203,1376,332,356]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="52 - 56" refId="ref195530" refString="Kumata, T. (1961) Descriptions of a new genus and a new species of Gracillariidae from Japan (Lepidoptera). Insecta Matsumurana, 24 (1), 52 - 56." type="journal article" year="1961">Kumata (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F433FEDF8950CDE2" author="Vari" firstAuthor="Vari" page="206" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref201509" refString="Vari, L. (1961) South African Lepidoptera. Vol. I. Lithocolletidae. Transvaal Museum Memoir, 12, 238 pp. 112 pls." type="book" year="1961">Vári (1961: 206)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
followed Fletcher and treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F328FEE38AA1CDED" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[624,747,368,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F328FEE38AA1CDED" box="[624,747,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F2F7FEE38C71CDED" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[943,1083,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F2F7FEE38C71CDED" box="[943,1083,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Lithocolletis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, much later, he (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F430FEFC890FCDC9" author="Vari" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Vari" page="26" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref201604" refString="Vari, L., Kroon, D. M. & Kruger, M. (2002) Classification and checklist of the species of Lepidoptera recorded in Southern Africa. Simple Solutions, Chatswood, xxi + 385 pp." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Vári
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F1CFFE068886CDC9" box="[151,204,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002: 26
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) excluded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F090FE078A09CDC9" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[456,579,404,428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F090FE078A09CDC9" box="[456,579,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F206FE078C4ECDC9" box="[862,1028,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F206FE078C4ECDC9" box="[862,1028,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We highly value the note of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F432FE07896BCDAA" author="Vari" firstAuthor="Vari" page="207" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref201509" refString="Vari, L. (1961) South African Lepidoptera. Vol. I. Lithocolletidae. Transvaal Museum Memoir, 12, 238 pp. 112 pls." type="book" year="1961">Vári (1961: 207)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: “I do not attempt at the present stage to erect new genera for these species [presented by him as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F1CFFE4F8969CD91" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,291,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F1CFFE4F8969CD91" box="[151,291,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Lithocolletis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] as the male genitalia cannot be arranged in corresponding groups.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F514FE4F8CB3CD91" author="Kumata" box="[1100,1273,476,500]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="52 - 56" refId="ref195530" refString="Kumata, T. (1961) Descriptions of a new genus and a new species of Gracillariidae from Japan (Lepidoptera). Insecta Matsumurana, 24 (1), 52 - 56." type="journal article" year="1961">Kumata (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F1B0FD938929CE7D" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[232,355,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F1B0FD938929CE7D" box="[232,355,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Chrysaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in his differential diagnosis compared it with two separate genera:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F5B1FD938D2ECE7D" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1257,1380,512,536]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F5B1FD938D2ECE7D" box="[1257,1380,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F1CFFDB78969CE59" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,291,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F1CFFDB78969CE59" box="[151,291,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Lithocolletis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A robust treatment of East Palaearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F3B7FDB78B20CE59" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[751,874,548,572]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F3B7FDB78B20CE59" box="[751,874,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
followed a couple of years later (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F5A8FDB78DDACE59" author="Kumata" box="[1264,1424,548,572]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Until recently
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F062FDDB89FFCE05" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[314,437,584,608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F062FDDB89FFCE05" box="[314,437,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was considered as a North American genus found in Asia as well. Papers on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F479FDDB8DD6CE05" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1313,1436,584,608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F479FDDB8DD6CE05" box="[1313,1436,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
biodiversity, ecology, biology and evolutional relationships were published by North American microlepidopterists (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F1C6FD1C8900CEC2" author="Hinckley" box="[158,330,655,679]" firstAuthor="Hinckley" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1094 - 1098" refId="ref194314" refString="Hinckley, A. D. (1971) Infestation of irradiated white oaks by the solitary oak leafminer Cameraria hamadryadella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 64, 1094 - 1098." type="journal article" year="1971">Hinckley 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F00FFD1C89D8CEC2" author="Hinckley" box="[343,402,655,679]" firstAuthor="Hinckley" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="358 - 361" refId="ref194355" refString="Hinckley, A. D. (1972) Comparative ecology of two leafminers on white oak. Environmental Entomology 1, 358 - 361." type="journal article" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F0F8FD1C8A68CEC2" author="Opler" box="[416,546,655,679]" firstAuthor="Opler" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="194 - 211" refId="ref198524" refString="Opler, P. A. (1971) Seven new lepidopterous leaf-miners associated with Quercus agrifolia (Heliozelidae, Gracilariidae [sic]). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 25, 194 - 211, 7 pls." type="journal article" year="1971">Opler 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F368FD1C8A21CEC2" author="Opler" box="[560,619,655,679]" firstAuthor="Opler" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref198565" refString="Opler, P. A. (1974) Biology, ecology, and host specificity of Microlepidoptera associated with Quercus agrifolia (Fagaceae). University of California Press, 83 pp, 7 pls." type="book" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F321FD1C8B2CCEC2" author="Opler & Davis" box="[633,870,655,679]" firstAuthor="Opler" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref198602" refString="Opler, P. A. & Davis D. R. (1981) The leafmining moths of the genus Cameraria associated with Fagaceae in California (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 333, i - iii, 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="1981">Opler & Davis 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F22BFD1C8C49CEC2" author="Faeth" box="[883,1027,655,679]" firstAuthor="Faeth" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="57 - 63" refId="ref193002" refString="Faeth, S. H. (1990 a) Structural damage to oak leaves alters natural enemy attack on a leafminer. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 57, 57 - 63." type="journal article" year="1990" yearSuffix="a">Faeth 1990a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F57CFD1C8C26CEC2" author="Faeth" box="[1060,1132,655,679]" firstAuthor="Faeth" journalOrPublisher="Environmental Entomology" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="196 - 204" part="20" refId="ref193075" refString="Faeth, S. H. (1991 a) Effect of oak leaf size on abundance, dispersion, and survival of the leafminer Cameraria sp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Environmental Entomology, 20, 196 - 204." title="Effect of oak leaf size on abundance, dispersion, and survival of the leafminer Cameraria sp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)" type="journal article" year="1991" yearSuffix="a">1991a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F5D6FD1C8DDDCEC2" author="Bultman & Faeth" box="[1166,1431,655,679]" firstAuthor="Bultman" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="121 - 129" refId="ref190767" refString="Bultman, T. L. & Faeth, S. H. (1985) Patterns of intra- and interspecific association of leaf-mining insects on three oak hosts species. Ecological Entomology, 10, 121 - 129." type="journal article" year="1985">Bultman & Faeth 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F1CFFD2788ABCEA9" author="Bultman & Faeth" box="[151,225,692,716]" firstAuthor="Bultman" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="442 - 448" refId="ref190807" refString="Bultman, T. L. & Faeth, S. H. (1986 a) Experimental evidence for intraspecific competition in a lepidopteran leaf miner. Ecology, 67, 442 - 448." type="journal article" year="1986" yearSuffix="a">1986a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b,c, 1987, 1988;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F0FEFD278ADFCEA9" author="Maier & Davis" box="[422,661,692,716]" firstAuthor="Maier" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref197209" refString="Maier, C. T. & Davis, D. R. (1989) Southern New England host and distributional records of Lithocolletinae Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera), with comparison of host specificity in temporate regions. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America, 70, i - v, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1989">Maier & Davis 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
etc.).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F3B8FD278B11CEA9" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[736,859,692,716]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F3B8FD278B11CEA9" box="[736,859,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also recorded from the Russian Far East and Central Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F018FD4489B2CE8A" author="Ermolaev" box="[320,504,727,751]" firstAuthor="Ermolaev" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="23 - 27" refId="ref192858" refString="Ermolaev, V. P. (1979) On the study of mining moths, family Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) from the south of the Far East. In: Ler, P. A. (Ed.), Terrestrial arthropods of the Far East. Akademija Nauk SSSR, Vladivostok, pp. 23 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1979">Ermolaev 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F353FD448B77CE8A" author="Noreika & Puplesis" box="[523,829,727,751]" firstAuthor="Noreika" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="27 - 41" refId="ref198448" refString="Noreika, R. & Puplesis, R. (1992) Salicaceae feeding Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) of Central Asia. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 135, 27 - 41." type="journal article" year="1992">Noreika & Puplesis 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F208FD448BB9CE8A" author="Noreika" box="[848,1011,727,751]" firstAuthor="Noreika" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="105 - 113" refId="ref198362" refString="Noreika, R. (1994) Two new species of Phyllonorycter Hubner, 1822 from the Far East area (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Phegea, 22, 105 - 113." type="journal article" year="1994">Noreika 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F55EFD448C08CE8A" author="Noreika" box="[1030,1090,727,751]" firstAuthor="Noreika" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="373 - 429" refId="ref198396" refString="Noreika, R. (1997) Gracillariidae. In: Ler, P. A. (Ed.), Key to the insects of Russian Far East. Vol. V. Trichoptera and Lepidoptera. Part 1. Dal'nauka, Vladivostok, pp. 373 - 429." type="book chapter" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Europe, little work was conducted on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F06BFD6F89E4CF71" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[307,430,764,788]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F06BFD6F89E4CF71" box="[307,430,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F0B6FD6F8B42CF71" author="Deschka & Dimic" box="[494,776,764,788]" firstAuthor="Deschka" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="11 - 23" refId="ref192376" refString="Deschka, G. & Dimic, N. (1986) Cameraria ohridella sp. n. (Lep., Lithocolletidae) aus Mazedonien, Jugoslawien. Acta Entomologica Jugoslavica, 22, 11 - 23." type="journal article" year="1986">Deschka & Dimić (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F2D9FD6F8C23CF71" authorityName="Deschka & Dimic" authorityYear="1986" box="[897,1129,764,788]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ohridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F2D9FD6F8C23CF71" box="[897,1129,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria ohridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding on Horse-Chestnut (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F1F8FCB389F1CF5D" box="[160,443,800,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hippocastanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F1F8FCB389F1CF5D" box="[160,443,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Aesculus hippocastanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from Macedonia. This species quickly became a highly invasive pest in West and Central Europe. In response to the invasion of this species into Europe, a plethora of publications on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F479FCD788B4CFE5" authorityName="Deschka & Dimic" authorityYear="1986" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ohridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F479FCD788B4CFE5" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria ohridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(no less than 25 papers per year) appeared in the European entomological literature during the period of 1990–2008. The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F0C7FC1F8A50CFC1" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[415,538,908,932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F0C7FC1F8A50CFC1" box="[415,538,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was even taken over as a common word by the mass media, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F44AFC1F8DD6CFC1" authorityName="Deschka & Dimic" authorityYear="1986" box="[1298,1436,908,932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ohridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F44AFC1F8DD6CFC1" box="[1298,1436,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. ohridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
became the most studied lepidopteran species ever (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F3BAFC3C8BD6CFA2" author="Lees" box="[738,924,943,968]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lees" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref196583" refString="Lees, D. C., Lopez-Vaamonde, C. & Augustin, S. (2011) Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic 1986. Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http: // www. eol. org / pages / 306084 (accessed 24 February, 2011)." type="url" year="2011">
|
||
Lees
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F279FC228B19CFAD" box="[801,851,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite the attention that was drawn to this species, the diagnostic characters of tropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F3EFFC478B78CF89" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[695,818,980,1004]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F3EFFC478B78CF89" box="[695,818,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the phylogenetic position of the genus within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F1CFFC64890AC86A" baseAuthorityName="De Prins & De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[151,320,1015,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
remained unclear. There were significant attempts made to review the ecology, host-use evolution, and biogeography of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F0DEFB8F8A13C851" box="[390,601,1052,1076]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F0DEFB8F8A4BC851" box="[390,513,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F3E4FB8F8BEFC851" author="Opler & Davis" box="[700,933,1052,1076]" firstAuthor="Opler" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref198602" refString="Opler, P. A. & Davis D. R. (1981) The leafmining moths of the genus Cameraria associated with Fagaceae in California (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 333, i - iii, 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="1981">Opler & Davis 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the morphology of adults and larval instars (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F1C6FBAC8970C832" author="Kumata" box="[158,314,1087,1111]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="52 - 56" refId="ref195530" refString="Kumata, T. (1961) Descriptions of a new genus and a new species of Gracillariidae from Japan (Lepidoptera). Insecta Matsumurana, 24 (1), 52 - 56." type="journal article" year="1961">Kumata 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F01FFBAC89CBC832" author="Kumata" box="[327,385,1087,1111]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F0D5FBAC898DC832" author="Kumata" box="[397,455,1087,1111]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F08CFBAC8A45C832" author="Kumata" box="[468,527,1087,1111]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="105 - 131" refId="ref195812" refString="Kumata, T. (1995) Some species of the subfamily Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera) collected in the Philippines. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 52, 105 - 131." type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and some general observations on morphological characters for taxonomic and diagnostic purposes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F0D5FBF78A5DC819" author="Davis" box="[397,535,1124,1148]" firstAuthor="Davis" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="459 - 460" refId="ref191549" refString="Davis, D. R. (1987) Micropterigidae, Eriocraniidae, Acanthopteroctetidae, Nepticulidae, Opostegidae, Tischeriidae, Heliozelidae, Adelidae, Incurvariidae, Prodoxidae, Tineidae, Psychidae, Ochsenheimeriidae, Lyonetiidae, Gracillariidae. In: Stehr, F. W. (Ed.) Immature insects. Kendall / Hunt Publ. Co., Dubuque, Iowa, 341 - 378, 456, 459 - 460 pp." type="book chapter" year="1987">Davis 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F370FBF78A91C819" author="Skuhravy" box="[552,731,1124,1148]" firstAuthor="Skuhravy" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="81 - 84" refId="ref199602" refString="Skuhravy, V. (1998) Zur Kenntnis der Blattminen-Motte Cameraria ohridella Desch. & Dim. (Lep., Lithocolletidae) an Aesculus hippocastanum L. in der Tschechischen Republik. Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde (und Pflanzenschutz), 71, 81 - 84." type="journal article" year="1998">Skuhravý 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F3B3FBF78BA8C819" author="De Prins" box="[747,994,1124,1148]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="De Prins" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="145 - 150" refId="ref192195" refString="De Prins, J., De Prins, W. & De Coninck, E. (2003) The pupal morphology of Cameraria ohridella compared with that of the genus Phyllonorycter (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Journal of Pest Science, 76, 145 - 150." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
De Prins
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F206FBF68BDEC819" box="[862,916,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F2ABFBF78C8FC819" author="Johne" box="[1011,1221,1124,1148]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Johne" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="137 - 146" refId="ref194708" refString="Johne, B., Schuetz, S. & Fuldner, K. (2005) Hinweise zur Morphologie und Entwicklung der Kastanienminiermotte Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) im sudlichem Niedersachsen (NW-Deutschland). Philippia, 12, 137 - 146." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Johne
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F518FBF68C3CC819" box="[1088,1142,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as some cytogenetical peculiarities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F093FB148B4DC8FA" author="Puplesiene & Noreika" box="[459,775,1159,1183]" firstAuthor="Puplesiene" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="55 - 63" refId="ref198940" refString="Puplesiene, J. & Noreika, R. (1993) A brief karyological review of the Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera). Phegea, 21, 55 - 63." type="journal article" year="1993">Puplesiene & Noreika 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F24BFB1B8BB3C8FA" author="De Prins" box="[787,1017,1159,1184]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="De Prins" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="5 - 10" refId="ref192157" refString="De Prins, J., De Prins, W. & Dall'Asta, U. (2002) The karyotype of Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Phegea, 30, 5 - 10." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
De Prins
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F224FB1A8BE4C8C5" box="[892,942,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F5BEFB1B8D24C8C5" authorityName="Deschka & Dimic" authorityYear="1986" box="[1254,1390,1160,1184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ohridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F5BEFB1B8D24C8C5" box="[1254,1390,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. ohridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a devastating pest on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F027FB3F8A07C8A1" box="[383,589,1196,1220]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hippocastanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F027FB3F8A07C8A1" box="[383,589,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">A. hippocastanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a very popular ornamental plant in parks and avenues in Europe, many studies focused on understanding the chemical communication (pheromones) of this species in order to control it (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F1C7FB678932C969" author="Szocs & Toth" box="[159,376,1268,1292]" firstAuthor="Szocs" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="187 - 189" refId="ref200532" refString="Szocs, G. & Toth, M. (1998) Vigyazat! Almalevel-Aknazomolyok az almalevel-aknuazomoly feromoncsapdaban! Novenyvedelem, 34, 187 - 189." type="journal article" year="1998">Szöcs & Toth 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F0DBFB678A06C969" author="Svatos" box="[387,588,1268,1292]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Svatos" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="7011 - 7014" refId="ref200136" refString="Svatos, A., Kalinova, B., Hoskovec, M. Kindl, J., Hovorka, O. & Hrdy, I. (1999) Identification of a new lepidopteran sexpheromone in picogram quantities using an antennal biodetector - (8 E, 10 Z) - tetradeca- 8,10 - dienal from Cameraria ohridella. Tetrahedron Letters, 40, 7011 - 7014." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Svatoš
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F08CFB668A4FC969" box="[468,517,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F30FFB678AD8C969" author="Svatos" box="[599,658,1268,1292]" firstAuthor="Svatos" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="5 - 12" refId="ref200206" refString="Svatos, A., Kalinova, B., Hoskovec, M., Kindl, J., Hovorka, O. & Hrdy, I. (2001) Identification of Cameraria ohridella sex pheromone and its possible use in horse chestnut protection. IOBC / WPRS Bulletin, 24, 5 - 12." type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F3C5FB678A92C969" author="Svatos" box="[669,728,1268,1292]" firstAuthor="Svatos" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="319 - 327" refId="ref200264" refString="Svatos, A., Kalinova, B. & Hrdy, I. (2009) Cameraria ohridella: 10 years of sex pheromone and kaitomone research. Journal of Applied Entomology, 133, 319 - 327." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F3BBFB678BE9C969" author="Szocs" box="[739,931,1268,1292]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Szocs" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="429 - 430" refId="ref200559" refString="Szocs, G., Karpati, Z., Toth, M. & Francke, W. (2000) About the identification of the synthetic sex-phoromone of horsechestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella). Novenyvedelem, 36, 429 - 430." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Szöcs
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F273FB668B11C969" box="[811,859,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F2F6FB678BA3C969" author="Szocs" box="[942,1001,1268,1292]" firstAuthor="Szocs" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="263 - 268" refId="ref200605" refString="Szocs, G., Otvos, I. S., Schiller, A. J., Bergmann, J. & Francke, W. (2006) Cameraria gaultheriella and C. lobatiella attracted in Canada to (E, Z) - 8, 10 tetradecadienal, the sex pheromone of the European C. ohridella. Canadian Entomologist, 138, 263 - 268." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F2ACFB678C87C969" author="Francke" box="[1012,1229,1268,1292]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Francke" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="739 - 752" refId="ref193349" refString="Francke, W., Franke, S., Bergmann, J., Tolasch, T., Subchev, M., Mircheva, A., Toshova, T., Svatos, A., Kalinova, B., Karpati, Z., Szocs, G. & Toth, M. (2002) Female sex pheromone of Cameraria ohridella Desch. and Dim. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): Structure confirmation, synthesis and biological activity of (8 E, 10 Z) - 8, 10 - tetradecadienal and some analogues. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C, 57, 739 - 752." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Francke
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F50CFB668CCFC969" box="[1108,1157,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F580FB678DDDC969" author="Kindl" box="[1240,1431,1268,1292]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kindl" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="131 - 138" refId="ref195226" refString="Kindl, J., Kalinova, B., Freise, J. F., Heitland, W., Augustin, S., Guichard, S., Avtzis, N. & Svatos, A. (2002) Monitoring the population dynamics of the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella with a synthetic pheromone in Europe. Plant Protection Science, 38, 131 - 138." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Kindl
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F446FB668D05C969" box="[1310,1359,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F1CFFA8B8985C955" author="Mircheva & Subchev" box="[151,463,1304,1328]" firstAuthor="Mircheva" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="10 - 15" refId="ref198074" refString="Mircheva, A. & Subchev, M. (2002) Investigations on the diurnal and seasonal flight of the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimic, 1986 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) by sex pheromone traps. Acta Entomologica Bulgarica, 8, 10 - 15." type="journal article" year="2002">Mircheva & Subchev 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F085FA8B8A52C955" author="Mircheva & Subchev" box="[477,536,1304,1328]" firstAuthor="Mircheva" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="30 - 34" refId="ref198127" refString="Mircheva, A. & Subchev, M. (2003) Seasonal monitoring of Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimic (Lep., Gracillariidae) by pheromone traps in Bulgaria. Acta Entomologica Bulgarica, 9, 30 - 34." type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F37EFA8B8B5EC955" author="Kalinova" box="[550,788,1304,1328]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kalinova" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="387 - 404" refId="ref194800" refString="Kalinova, B., Svatos, A., Kindl, J., Hovorka, O., Hrdy, I., Kuldova, J. & Hoskovec, M. (2003) Sex pheromone of horsechestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella and its use in a pheromone-based monitoring system. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29, 387 - 404." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Kalinová
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F3CEFA8A8A83C955" box="[662,713,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F27AFA8B8C56C955" author="Raspotnig" box="[802,1052,1304,1328]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Raspotnig" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="121 - 126" refId="ref199015" refString="Raspotnig, G., Schicho, R., Stabentheiner, E., Magnes, C. & Stelzl, M. (2003) Morphology of female sex pheromone gland in the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella (Lep., Gracillariidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 127, 121 - 126." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Raspotnig
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F2C5FA8A8B9BC955" box="[925,977,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F572FA8B8D51C955" author="Augustin" box="[1066,1307,1304,1328]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Augustin" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1584 - 1592" refId="ref189686" refString="Augustin, S. Guichard, S. Svatos & Gilbert, M. (2004) Monitoring the regional spread of the invasive leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) by damage assesssment and pheromone traps. Environmental Entomology, 33, 1584 - 1592." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Augustin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F5C2FA8A8C87C955" box="[1178,1229,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, these specialized studies were not focused on other species in the genus. The authors of the present study made several unsuccessful attempts to attract Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F3B5FAF38B22C91D" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[749,872,1376,1400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F3B5FAF38B22C91D" box="[749,872,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using sex attractants synthesized for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F44BFAF38DD6C91D" authorityName="Deschka & Dimic" authorityYear="1986" box="[1299,1436,1376,1400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ohridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F44BFAF38DD6C91D" box="[1299,1436,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. ohridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(product number 008524, Biobest
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A243332FB130FFA9F37AFA178A1FC9FE" box="[546,597,1412,1435]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="variety">N.V.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Belgium) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F25CFA178CFFC9F9" authority="(De Prins et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[772,1205,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F25CFA178BE6C9F9" box="[772,940,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F2E6FA178CE7C9F9" author="De Prins" box="[958,1197,1412,1436]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="De Prins" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="53 - 67" refId="ref192245" refString="De Prins, J., Mozuraitis, R., Lopez-Vaamonde, C. & Rougerie, R. (2009) Sex attractant, distribution and DNA barcodes for the Afrotropical leaf-mining moth Phyllonorycter melanosparta (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Zootaxa, 2281, 53 - 67." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
De Prins
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F575FA168C2BC9F9" box="[1069,1121,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and concluded that Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F072FA3B89B4C9A5" box="[298,510,1448,1472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F072FA3B89EFC9A5" box="[298,421,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not attracted to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F3BCFA3B8B26C9A5" authorityName="Deschka & Dimic" authorityYear="1986" box="[740,876,1448,1472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ohridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F3BCFA3B8B26C9A5" box="[740,876,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. ohridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lures, which are highly effective in Europe. This presumably indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F09BFA5F8A07C981" authorityName="Deschka & Dimic" authorityYear="1986" box="[451,589,1484,1508]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ohridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F09BFA5F8A07C981" box="[451,589,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. ohridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its Afrotropical congeners are distantly related. Molecular studies on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F1CFFA638958CA6D" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,274,1520,1544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F1CFFA638958CA6D" box="[151,274,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mainly aimed to demonstrate the invasive aspect of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F2D9FA638C46CA6D" authorityName="Deschka & Dimic" authorityYear="1986" box="[897,1036,1520,1544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ohridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F2D9FA638C46CA6D" box="[897,1036,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. ohridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F546FA638CEDCA6D" author="Perny" box="[1054,1191,1520,1544]" firstAuthor="Perny" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="13 - 15" refId="ref198884" refString="Perny, B. (1997) Erste Ergebnisse populationsgenetischer Untersuchungen von Cameraria ohridella. Forstschutz Aktuell, 21, 13 - 15." type="journal article" year="1997">Perny 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F5EFFA638DDDCA6D" author="Kovacs" box="[1207,1431,1520,1544]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kovacs" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="288 - 290" refId="ref195347" refString="Kovacs, Z., Stauffer, Ch. & Lakatos, F. (2000) A vadgesztenyelevel-aknazomoly (Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimic 1986, Lep. Lithocolletidae) Europai elterjedesenek genetikai vizsgalata. Novenyvedelem, 36, 288 - 290." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Kovács
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F44DFA628D00CA6D" box="[1301,1354,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F1CFF987893ACA49" author="Lakatos" box="[151,368,1556,1580]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lakatos" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="67 - 71" refId="ref196307" refString="Lakatos, F., Kovacs, Z., Stauffer, C., Kenis, M., Tomov, R. & Davis, D. R. (2003) The genetic background of three introduced leaf miner moth species - Parectopa robiniella Clemens 1863, Phyllonorycter robiniella Clemens 1859 and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimic 1986. Proceedings: IUFRO Kanazawa 2003 " Forest Population Dynamics and Host Influences ", 67 - 71." type="book chapter" year="2003">
|
||
Lakatos
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F1AEF9868962CA49" box="[246,296,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F024F9878A8CCA49" author="Hernandez-Lopez" box="[380,710,1556,1580]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hernandez-Lopez" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref194136" refString="Hernandez-Lopez, A., Rougerie, R., Tomov, R., Kenis, M., Grabenwegen, G., Augustin, S., Roques, A. & Lopez-Vaamonde, C. (2009) Host tracking, cryptic adaptation? A barcode study of a parasitoid of the horse chesnut leafminer. Abstracts Volume of the Third International Barcode of Life Conference, 7 - 12 November 2009, Mexico City, pp. 65." type="proceedings paper" year="2009">
|
||
Hernandez-Lopez
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F314F9868A36CA49" box="[588,636,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F389F9878BC8CA49" author="Pere" box="[721,898,1556,1580]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pere" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="151 - 159" refId="ref198829" refString="Pere, C., Augustin, S., Turling, T. C. J. & Kenis, M. (2010) The invasive alien leaf miner Cameraria ohridella and the native tree Acer pseudoplatanus: a fatal attraction? Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 12, 151 - 159." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Péré
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F252F9868B08CA49" box="[778,834,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and to clarify the origin of this species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F415F9878959CA35" author="Valade" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Valade" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="3458 - 3470" refId="ref200925" refString="Valade, R., Kenis, M., Hernandez-Lopez, A., Augustin, S., Mari Mena, N., Magnoux, E., Rougerie, R., Lakatos, F., Roques, A. & Lopez-Vaamonde, C. (2009) Mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers reveal a Balkan origin for the highly invasive hores-chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). Molecular Ecology, 18, 3458 - 3470." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Valade
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F1CFF9AA8882CA35" box="[151,200,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B130FFA9F19FF9CF8C74CB29" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F19FF9CF8908CA11" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[199,322,1628,1652]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F19FF9CF8908CA11" box="[199,322,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed worldwide, but has thus far been presumed to be localized to temperate regions: the greatest species richness of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F08AF9138A07CAFD" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[466,589,1664,1688]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F08AF9138A07CAFD" box="[466,589,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in the Nearctic region (53 species), then followed by the Oriental (12 species) and Palaearctic (7 species) regions.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F39DF9378B0ACAD9" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[709,832,1700,1724]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F39DF9378B0ACAD9" box="[709,832,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not recorded from the Neotropical and Australian regions. It was not known from the Afrotropical region either until the assumption (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F503F954889ACB61" author="van Nieukerken & De Prins" firstAuthor="van Nieukerken" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref201096" refString="van Nieukerken, E. J. & De Prins, J. (2007) A new Cameraria on Annonaceae in Vietnam and the genus in the Afrotropical region. Abstracts of 1 fifth European Congress of Lepidopterology, 8 - 12 September 2007, Erkner, [no pagination]." type="book" year="2007">van Nieukerken & De Prins 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that an Annonaceae-feeding species in southern Africa “in fact also belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F515F97F8C82CB61" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1101,1224,1772,1796]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F515F97F8C82CB61" box="[1101,1224,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, thus constituting the first record of this genus for the Afrotropical region. Here we present eight Afrotropical species accommodated into the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F063F8A789FCCB29" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[315,438,1844,1868]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F063F8A789FCCB29" box="[315,438,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, confirming the presence of this genus in the Afrotropics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB130FFAFF19FF8C48C7AC974" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B130FFAEF19FF8C48B24C957" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="36.[151,1436,151,2020]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F19FF8C48909CB0A" box="[199,323,1879,1904]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F19FF8C48976CB15" bold="true" box="[199,316,1879,1904]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F00CF8CB899BCB15" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[340,465,1880,1904]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F00CF8CB899BCB15" box="[340,465,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F2C7F8CB8C00CB15" box="[927,1098,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F2C7F8CB8C00CB15" box="[927,1098,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in adult external features, particularly in wing venation (except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F308F8EF8A84CBF1" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1993" box="[592,718,1916,1940]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F308F8EF8A84CBF1" box="[592,718,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and general external structure (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B130FFA9F514F8EF8CA4CBF1" author="Kumata" box="[1100,1262,1916,1940]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Vertex tufted like in most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F068F8338997CBDD" baseAuthorityName="De Prins & De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[304,477,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species but different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F27CF8338BEACBDD" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[804,928,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F27CF8338BEACBDD" box="[804,928,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Chrysaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F2EAF8338C30CBDD" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[946,1146,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F2EAF8338C30CBDD" box="[946,1146,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B130FFA9F5E7F8338D00CBDD" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1859" box="[1215,1354,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Leucanthiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B130FFA9F5E7F8338D00CBDD" box="[1215,1354,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Leucanthiza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where vertex is smooth. The rough appearance of vertex is due to the neck plumes which are long and project forwards above the vertex between antennae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B137FFAEF363FF048AFFCCCA" author="Vari" box="[571,693,151,175]" firstAuthor="Vari" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref201509" refString="Vari, L. (1961) South African Lepidoptera. Vol. I. Lithocolletidae. Transvaal Museum Memoir, 12, 238 pp. 112 pls." type="book" year="1961">Vári 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF392FF0B8B0DCCD5" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[714,839,152,176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF392FF0B8B0DCCD5" box="[714,839,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF2BAFF0B8CC4CCD5" box="[994,1166,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF2BAFF0B8CC4CCD5" box="[994,1166,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the usually apically black margined white markings of forewing (except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF25BFF2F8BC8CCB1" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1993" box="[771,898,188,212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF25BFF2F8BC8CCB1" box="[771,898,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a character shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF5EFFF2F8DDECCB1" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[1207,1428,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF5EFFF2F8DDECCB1" box="[1207,1428,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Wing venation is identical to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF0B3FF738ADCCC9D" box="[491,662,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF0B3FF738ADCCC9D" box="[491,662,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having 5 apical veins in forewing. Hindwing venation is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF1EDFE97892ACD79" box="[181,352,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF1EDFE97892ACD79" box="[181,352,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF0F9FE978A54CD79" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[417,542,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF0F9FE978A54CD79" box="[417,542,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Chrysaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the absence of vein M
|
||
<subScript id="17805003B137FFAEF21DFE808B07CD44" attach="left" box="[837,845,275,289]" fontSize="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">2</subScript>
|
||
. Sternum VIII in males forms a characteristic flap, often bifid caudally, laying under valvae like in many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF243FEB98B82CD27" baseAuthorityName="De Prins & De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[795,968,298,322]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera except
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF525FEB88DDFCD26" box="[1149,1429,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF525FEB88CB0CD26" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[1149,1274,299,323]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF451FEB88DDFCD26" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1859" box="[1289,1429,299,323]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Leucanthiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucanthiza</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF1CFFEC38964CD02" authorityName="Davis & De Prins" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,302,336,359]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF1CFFEC38964CD02" box="[151,302,336,359]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Macrosaccus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF032FEDC8A78CD02" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[362,562,335,359]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF032FEDC8A78CD02" box="[362,562,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The conspicuous adult characters separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF508FEDC8C87CD02" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1104,1229,335,359]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF508FEDC8C87CD02" box="[1104,1229,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from many other closely related genera are found in the apical part of tegumen in male genitalia. It can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF1CFFE048909CDCA" box="[151,323,407,431]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF1CFFE048909CDCA" box="[151,323,407,431]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of a pair of setae on the apex of tegumen, which are absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF5B2FE048DDECDCA" box="[1258,1428,407,431]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF5B2FE048DDECDCA" box="[1258,1428,407,431]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The apex of the tegumen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF08EFE288A19CDB6" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[470,595,443,467]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF08EFE288A19CDB6" box="[470,595,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may bear appendages. A pair of apical setae present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF597FE288D06CDB6" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1231,1356,443,467]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF597FE288D06CDB6" box="[1231,1356,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF04AFE4C89C4CD92" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[274,398,479,503]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF04AFE4C89C4CD92" box="[274,398,479,503]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Chrysaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF0C7FE738A7CCD92" authorityName="Davis & De Prins" authorityYear="2011" box="[415,566,480,503]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF0C7FE738A7CCD92" box="[415,566,480,503]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Macrosaccus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF321FE4C8B59CD92" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[633,787,479,503]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Porphyrosela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF321FE4C8B59CD92" box="[633,787,479,503]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Porphyrosela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and may represent an apomorphy uniting these genera. However, many other morphological characters of adults including wing venation and male/female genital morphology inhibit making a confusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF3CEFDB48B59CE5A" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[662,787,551,575]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF3CEFDB48B59CE5A" box="[662,787,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with these genera.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF2A6FDB48C31CE5A" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1022,1147,551,575]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF2A6FDB48C31CE5A" box="[1022,1147,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described based on larval morphology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B137FFAEF0DFFDD98A0BCE07" author="Chapman" box="[391,577,586,610]" firstAuthor="Chapman" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="159 - 164" refId="ref191150" refString="Chapman, T. A. (1902) The classification of Gracilaria [sic] and allied genera. Entomologist, an Illustrated Journal of British Entomology, 35, 81 - 88, 138 - 142, 159 - 164." type="journal article" year="1902">Chapman 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the larval characters still remain the most significant diagnostic characters of this genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B137FFAEF09FFDFC8A26CEE2" author="Kumata" box="[455,620,623,647]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF3DDFDFC8B48CEE2" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[645,770,623,647]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF3DDFDFC8B48CEE2" box="[645,770,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
makes rather flat upperside mines in contrast with the tentiform mines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF02CFD008A54CECE" box="[372,542,659,683]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF02CFD008A54CECE" box="[372,542,659,683]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF3FCFD008B6BCECE" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[676,801,659,683]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF3FCFD008B6BCECE" box="[676,801,659,683]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are hypermethamorphic, where the body
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF45AFD018DD1CECF" box="[1282,1435,658,682]" form="remains" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="form">form remains</taxonomicName>
|
||
flattened throughout most of larval life, only to become cylindrical in the final instar (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B137FFAEF5CAFD248D02CEAA" author="Chapman" box="[1170,1352,695,719]" firstAuthor="Chapman" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="159 - 164" refId="ref191150" refString="Chapman, T. A. (1902) The classification of Gracilaria [sic] and allied genera. Entomologist, an Illustrated Journal of British Entomology, 35, 81 - 88, 138 - 142, 159 - 164." type="journal article" year="1902">Chapman 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B137FFAEF40EFD248899CE97" author="Braun" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="103 - 168" refId="ref190490" refString="Braun, A. F. (1914) Evolution of the color pattern in the microlepidopterous genus Lithocolletis. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 16, 103 - 168, iii - iv pls." type="journal article" year="1914">Braun 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B137FFAEF187FD498981CE97" author="Opler & Davis" box="[223,459,730,754]" firstAuthor="Opler" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref198602" refString="Opler, P. A. & Davis D. R. (1981) The leafmining moths of the genus Cameraria associated with Fagaceae in California (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 333, i - iii, 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="1981">Opler & Davis 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the contrary, larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF254FD488BFDCE96" box="[780,951,731,755]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF254FD488BFDCE96" box="[780,951,731,755]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are flat for only the first three sap feeding instars, and the following tissue feeding instars are cylindrical. Abdomen of the last instar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF594FD6C8D03CF72" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1228,1353,767,791]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF594FD6C8D03CF72" box="[1228,1353,767,791]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a series of sclerotized shields both on dorsal and ventral surfaces, prominently different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF592FCB08D3ECF5E" box="[1226,1396,803,827]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF592FCB08D3ECF5E" box="[1226,1396,803,827]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In body chaetotaxy, the lateral group is bisetose on body segments (except on the segments IX and X) and the subventral group bisetose (SV1 and SV2) on ventral prolegs. Thoracic legs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF566FCF88CF1CFE6" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1086,1211,875,899]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF566FCF88CF1CFE6" box="[1086,1211,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reduced to ventral protuberances (except in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF0E6FC1C8A3ECFC2" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[446,628,911,935]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hikosanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF0E6FC1C8A3ECFC2" box="[446,628,911,935]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. hikosanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but in tropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF265FC1C8BF0CFC2" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[829,954,911,935]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF265FC1C8BF0CFC2" box="[829,954,911,935]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they are well-developed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B137FFAEF5B4FC1C8DC5CFC2" author="Kumata" box="[1260,1423,911,935]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B137FFAEF065FC2089A4CFAF" author="Kumata" box="[317,494,946,970]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
there are other slight morphological differences separating tropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF446FC2088A0CF8A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF446FC208DD1CFAE" box="[1310,1435,947,971]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Holarctic congeners, such as the three subventral setae on the ventral prolegs (except in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF4DAFC448943C876" baseAuthorityName="Stainton" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bauhiniae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF4DAFC448943C876" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. bauhiniae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the complete transtilla in male genitalia (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF211FC688BFBC876" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1993" box="[841,945,1019,1043]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virgulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF211FC688BFBC876" box="[841,945,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">virgulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group). Pupa without cremaster in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF1CFFB8C895EC852" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,276,1055,1079]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF1CFFB8C895EC852" box="[151,276,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but with cremaster in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF343FB8C8A8CC852" box="[539,710,1055,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF343FB8C8A8CC852" box="[539,710,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pupation occurs under a flat circular cocoon within the mine, the character also differentiating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF34FFBD08ADEC83E" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[535,660,1091,1115]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF34FFBD08ADEC83E" box="[535,660,1091,1115]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the other genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF299FBD18C38C83F" baseAuthorityName="De Prins & De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[961,1138,1090,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Exuvium protrudes from mine as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF04CFBF4898EC81A" box="[276,452,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF04CFBF4898BC81A" box="[276,449,1127,1151]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The vast majority of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF3E3FBF48BD8C81A" box="[699,914,1127,1151]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF3E3FBF48B72C81A" box="[699,824,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are restricted to a single host (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B137FFAEF5AAFBF48899C8C7" author="Opler & Davis" firstAuthor="Opler" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref198602" refString="Opler, P. A. & Davis D. R. (1981) The leafmining moths of the genus Cameraria associated with Fagaceae in California (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 333, i - iii, 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="1981">Opler & Davis 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B137FFAEF1BCFB188A66C8C7" author="De Prins & De Prins" box="[228,556,1162,1186]" firstAuthor="De Prins" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="41 - 62" refId="ref192110" refString="De Prins, J. & Sruoga, V. (2012) A review of the taxonomic history and biodiversity of the genus Urodeta (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae: Elachistinae), with description of new species. Zootaxa, 3488, 41 - 62." type="journal article" year="2012">De Prins & De Prins 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF31CFB188A8BC8C6" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[580,705,1163,1187]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF31CFB188A8BC8C6" box="[580,705,1163,1187]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF212FB198BB2C8C7" baseAuthorityName="De Prins & De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[842,1016,1162,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
mostly utilize the same host plant families, except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF034FB3C89B6C8A2" box="[364,508,1199,1223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Annonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF34CFB3C8AA8C8A2" box="[532,738,1199,1223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hippocastanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Hippocastanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF26AFB3C8BE1C8A3" box="[818,939,1199,1222]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No other lithocolletine genera except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF1CFFB40895EC88E" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,276,1235,1259]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF1CFFB40895EC88E" box="[151,276,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are recorded feeding on these latter plant families (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B137FFAEF2D3FB418C85C88F" author="De Prins & De Prins" box="[907,1231,1234,1258]" firstAuthor="De Prins" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="41 - 62" refId="ref192110" refString="De Prins, J. & Sruoga, V. (2012) A review of the taxonomic history and biodiversity of the genus Urodeta (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae: Elachistinae), with description of new species. Zootaxa, 3488, 41 - 62." type="journal article" year="2012">De Prins & De Prins 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF5BDFB408D28C88E" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1253,1378,1235,1259]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF5BDFB408D28C88E" box="[1253,1378,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF075FB648993C96A" box="[301,473,1271,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF075FB648993C96A" box="[301,473,1271,1295]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in COI sequence data. These two groups are separated by at least 10% sequence divergence for the taxa that were sampled in this study (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B137FFAEF241FA898B15C957" box="[793,863,1306,1330]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1424,1447]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,341,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-268@22.[151,1436,337,1403]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 3. Maximum-likelihood tree of Cameraria + Phyllonorycter based on 40 taxa, for the COI data set alone. African species are genetically distinct, as shown by the long internal branch lengths among taxa boxed in grey. ML bootstrap values show above branches. Scale bar = 0.08 substitutions/site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052136/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B137FFAEF19FFAAD8CB9CA37" blockId="36.[151,1436,151,2020]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF19FFAAD8ACEC932" bold="true" box="[199,644,1342,1367]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Diagnosis of Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF350FAAD8ACEC932" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[520,644,1342,1367]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF350FAAD8ACEC932" bold="true" box="[520,644,1342,1367]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF275FAAC8BE2C932" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[813,936,1343,1367]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF275FAAC8BE2C932" box="[813,936,1343,1367]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are generally small moths, having a wing length of 1.7–2.9 mm. In the Afrotropical region there are eight
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF2C9FAF08C22C91F" box="[913,1128,1378,1403]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF2C9FAF08C46C91E" box="[913,1036,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in five species groups: 1)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF1CFFA148959C9FA" authorityName="Prins & Kawahara" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Vari" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[151,275,1415,1439]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexalobina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF1CFFA148959C9FA" box="[151,275,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">hexalobina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group; 2)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF0B9FA148A78C9FA" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[481,562,1415,1439]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="landryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF0B9FA148A78C9FA" box="[481,562,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">landryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group; 3)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF259FA148B07C9FA" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[769,845,1415,1439]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sokoke">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF259FA148B07C9FA" box="[769,845,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">sokoke</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group; 4)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF29BFA148C79C9FA" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[963,1075,1415,1439]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perodeaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF29BFA148C79C9FA" box="[963,1075,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">perodeaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, and 5)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF580FA148D09C9FA" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1240,1347,1415,1439]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF580FA148D09C9FA" box="[1240,1347,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">torridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. The species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF0A0FA388A0EC9A6" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[504,580,1451,1475]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sokoke">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF0A0FA388A0EC9A6" box="[504,580,1451,1475]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">sokoke</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF3DAFA388A99C9A6" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[642,723,1451,1475]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="landryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF3DAFA388A99C9A6" box="[642,723,1451,1475]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">landryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups are differ greatly in their genital morphology, but are nearly indistinguishable in their external habitus. We tentatively place these two species into two informal species groups for convenience in their taxonomic treatment until additional data can clarify their phylogenetic relationships. Some Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF342F9848ABBCA4A" box="[538,753,1559,1583]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF342F9848ADFCA4A" box="[538,661,1559,1583]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B137FFAEF206F9848CD0CA4A" authority="(Vari, 1961)" authorityName="Prins & Kawahara" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Vari" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[862,1178,1559,1583]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexalobina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF206F9848C4ACA4A" box="[862,1024,1559,1583]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. hexalobina</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B137FFAEF54BF9848CD8CA4A" author="Vari" box="[1043,1170,1559,1583]" firstAuthor="Vari" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref201509" refString="Vari, L. (1961) South African Lepidoptera. Vol. I. Lithocolletidae. Transvaal Museum Memoir, 12, 238 pp. 112 pls." type="book" year="1961">Vári, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are highly distinctive externally due to the absence of white markings on forewings, or there might be just traces of them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B137FFAEF19FF9CC8986CB2A" blockId="36.[151,1436,151,2020]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF19FF9CC8947CA12" box="[199,269,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Vertex plate jointed with frontoclypeus, head tufted with erect long piliform scales, whitish or light ochreous; frons covered with appressed smooth scales, shiny white or golden; eyes large, ocular index ca. 0.6–0.8, interocular index ca. 1.2–1.4 Antenna from ca. as long as forewing to ca. 20% shorter, smooth scaled, filiform; scape short thickened, bearing pecten of different length. Proboscis developed, naked, of medium length, ca. 2.0–2.5× length of labial palpus. Maxillary palpus small, rudimental, bi-segmented, apical maxillary palpomere almost globular. Labial palpus moderate, porrect, filiform, drooping, straight, with ratio of segments from base 0.5–1.0:1:1.25–2.2 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B137FFAEF022F8A489F4CB2A" box="[378,446,1847,1871]" captionStart="FIGURES 5–10" captionStartId="189.[151,263,1659,1682]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-78@189.[151,1436,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="189" captionText="FIGURES 5–10. Adult head morphology of the Afrotropical Lithocolletinae genera. 5, Neolithocolletis nsengai, descaled head prep. MRAC/KMMA 00537. 6, Cameraria landryi, descaled head prep. MRAC/KMMA 00529. 7, Phyllonorycter grewiaecola, descaled head prep. MRAC/KMMA 00532. 8, Phyllonorycter hibiscina, descaled head prep. MRAC/KMMA 00531. 9, Cremastobombycia solidaginis, descaled head prep. De Prins 3791. 10, Porphyrosela teramni, descaled head prep. MRAC/KMMA 00433." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052145/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B137FFAFF19FF8C88B2ACDE8" blockId="36.[151,1436,151,2020]" lastBlockId="37.[151,1437,151,1981]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B137FFAEF19FF8C88952CB16" box="[199,280,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: Forewing ground colour orange-ochreous or beige-ochreous or dark brown-ochreous with white and black or only black markings; white markings are edged apically; fringe long, particularly near tornus and dorsum, reaching width of wing in forewing and ca. 3× width of wing in hindwing. Descaled forewing lanceolate, slender, and pointed. Venation with 8 veins, apical part with 5 veins R
|
||
<subScript id="17805003B137FFAEF21CF8458B06CB81" attach="left" box="[836,844,2006,2020]" fontSize="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">3</subScript>
|
||
, R
|
||
<subScript id="17805003B137FFAEF234F8458B3ECB81" attach="left" box="[876,884,2006,2020]" fontSize="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">4</subScript>
|
||
, R
|
||
<subScript id="17805003B137FFAEF2CCF8458BD6CB81" attach="left" box="[916,924,2006,2020]" fontSize="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">5</subScript>
|
||
, M
|
||
<subScript id="17805003B137FFAEF29AF8458B80CB81" attach="left" box="[962,970,2006,2020]" fontSize="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
|
||
, Cu
|
||
<subScript id="17805003B137FFAEF2A0F8458C4ACB81" attach="left" box="[1016,1024,2006,2020]" fontSize="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
|
||
; M
|
||
<subScript id="17805003B137FFAEF57FF8458C65CB81" attach="left" box="[1063,1071,2006,2020]" fontSize="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
|
||
and Cu
|
||
<subScript id="17805003B137FFAEF5DDF8458CC7CB81" attach="left" box="[1157,1165,2006,2020]" fontSize="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
|
||
separate, CuP indistinct (fold) over entire length, 1A strong, separate. Hindwing lanceolate, maximum width/hind wing length is 0.13, venation reduced 4 veined: Sc very short terminating near base of costa, Rs very long, extedning almost to apex of hindwing, M
|
||
<subScript id="17805003B136FFAFF071FF7C897BCC98" attach="left" box="[297,305,239,253]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
|
||
single branched, basal 2/3 of M
|
||
<subScript id="17805003B136FFAFF3FCFF7C8AE6CC98" attach="left" box="[676,684,239,253]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
|
||
indistinct, parallel to Rs, distal part of M
|
||
<subScript id="17805003B136FFAFF5D1FF7C8CDBCC98" attach="left" box="[1161,1169,239,253]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
|
||
extending along dorsal margin, Cu
|
||
<subScript id="17805003B136FFAFF04CFE858956CD41" attach="left" box="[276,284,278,292]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
|
||
strong, ending slightly before 1/2 of dorsum; A
|
||
<subScript id="17805003B136FFAFF276FE858B7CCD41" attach="left" box="[814,822,278,292]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
|
||
vestigial (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B136FFAFF2F1FE948C60CD7A" box="[937,1066,263,287]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–20" captionStartId="190.[151,263,1566,1589]" captionTargetBox="[194,1379,196,1535]" captionTargetId="figure-112@190.[180,1407,193,1545]" captionTargetPageId="190" captionText="FIGURES 11–20. Wing morphology of the Afrotropical Lithocolletinae genera. 11, Hyloconis luki, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00454. 12, Neolithocolletis mayumbe, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00535. 13, Neolithocolletis nsengai, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00427. 14, Cameraria perodeaui, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00453. 15, Cameraria torridella, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00490. 16, Phyllonorycter grewiaecola, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00528. 17, Phyllonorycter melanosparta, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00497. 18, Cremastobombycia kipepeo, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00494. 19, Cremastobombycia morogorene, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00667. 20, Porphyrosela teramni, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00434." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052149/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figs 14, 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Frenulum in male a single stout bristle, frenula in female 2 tightly appressed bristles. Legs slender, with darker rings; epiphysis on foreleg absent, mid-tibia bearing a pair of tibial spurs; hind tibia thickened, with long fine loose hairs, long medial and short apical spurs, hind tarsus smooth, slender, ca. 1.1–1.3× as long as tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B136FFAFF19FFE0A89F4CE24" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,1981]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF19FFE0A897BCDD4" box="[199,305,409,433]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
. Margins of abdomen opening narrowly sclerotized slightly broader towards S2, the sclerotized margination of abdomen opening well connected on T2 and unconnected on S2; S2 apodemes of median length, ending just beyond the opening, slender, with barbed bases, slender distally, a pair of tiny spicules present on each abdominal sternum sublatero-anteriorly. Sternum VIII in adult males well developed, flap-like, extended, in many species bifurcate caudally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B136FFAFF19FFDDE890FCF04" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,1981]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF19FFDDE8939CE00" box="[199,371,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Male genitalia.</emphasis>
|
||
Tegumen rather long, with a pair of setae on conical apex. Valvae symmetrical, slender, long, narrow, weakly curved, gently attenuated, or enlarged at cucullus area, haired and /or covered with tubercles. Transtilla incomplete in majority of species, however complete in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF2F7FD068C40CEC8" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[943,1034,661,685]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="varii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF2F7FD068C40CEC8" box="[943,1034,661,685]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. varii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF514FD068C97CEC8" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1100,1245,661,685]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF514FD068C97CEC8" box="[1100,1245,661,685]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. torridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Vinculum well developed, V- or W-shaped (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF0AEFD2A8A06CEB4" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[502,588,697,721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="varii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF0AEFD2A8A06CEB4" box="[502,588,697,721]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. varii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with prominent saccus or with long vincular ventral appendage (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF469FD2A8DC1CEB4" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1329,1419,697,721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zaira">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF469FD2A8DC1CEB4" box="[1329,1419,697,721]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. zaira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Anellus well developed, strongly sclerotized, tubular (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF249FD4E8BF8CE90" authorityName="Prins & Kawahara" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Vari" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[785,946,733,757]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexalobina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF249FD4E8BF8CE90" box="[785,946,733,757]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. hexalobina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF2A9FD4E8C2DCE90" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1009,1127,733,757]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="landryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF2A9FD4E8C2DCE90" box="[1009,1127,733,757]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. landryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or weakly developed (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF4DAFD4E8886CF7C" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="varii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF4DAFD4E8886CF7C" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. varii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), can carry well developed fultura superior (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF388FC928B66CF7C" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[720,812,769,793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zaira">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF388FC928B66CF7C" box="[720,812,769,793]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. zaira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Aedoeagus relatively simple, with enlarged coecum, gradually tapering towards slender apex; cornuti present or absent, some exogenous folds, invaginations might be present as well.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B136FFAFF19FFCFE8C7AC974" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,1981]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF19FFCFE89CCCFE0" box="[199,390,877,901]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
. Papillae anales flat caudally, fused. Segment VIII short, weakly connected to segment VII. Posterior apophyses without enlarged bases, slender; anterior apophyses originating at middle of segment VIII, slender or absent (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF03FFC2589F4CFA8" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[359,446,950,974]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="varii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF03FFC2589F4CFA8" box="[359,446,950,974]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. varii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Segment VIII in most Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF23DFC258C73CFA8" box="[869,1081,949,974]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF23DFC258BAACFAB" box="[869,992,950,974]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
well connected to segment VII except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF1B0FC4A8930CF94" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[232,378,985,1009]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perodeaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF1B0FC4A8930CF94" box="[232,378,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. perodeaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where segment VIII retains only week lateral connections with segment VII. Ostium bursae opens at the posterior margin of segment VII near the connection with segment VIII either at depth of trapeziform sclerotized posterior extention of segment VII, or at emargination of posterior margin of segment VII, except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF4DAFBB28948C83B" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF4DAFBB28948C83B" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. torridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(where ostium bursae opens in median part of segment VII) and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF569FBD58CEBC83B" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1073,1185,1094,1118]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perodeaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF569FBD58CEBC83B" box="[1073,1185,1094,1118]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">perodeaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (where ostium bursae opens in subposterior part of segment VII). Ductus bursae long, with triangular sclerotized plate crossing ductus bursae at subproximal part, near antrum (except
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF25AFB1D8C59C8C3" box="[770,1043,1166,1190]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF25AFB1D8BDAC8C3" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[770,912,1166,1190]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torridella">C. torridella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF2C3FB1D8C5AC8C3" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[923,1040,1166,1190]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="landryi">C. landryi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF511FB1D8C90C8C3" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1097,1242,1166,1190]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perodeaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF511FB1D8C90C8C3" box="[1097,1242,1166,1190]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. perodeaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); antrum slightly wider and melanized or very broad sac-shaped (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF39AFB228B51C8AC" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[706,795,1201,1225]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="varii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF39AFB228B51C8AC" box="[706,795,1201,1225]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. varii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Corpus bursae oval, conspicuous distinct from ductus bursae, elongate sac-shaped, or with slight dilation of ductus bursae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF2F8FB458C7BC88B" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[928,1073,1238,1262]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perodeaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF2F8FB458C7BC88B" box="[928,1073,1238,1262]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. perodeaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), with one or two signa areas or without signum (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF00EFB6A89ADC974" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[342,487,1273,1297]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perodeaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF00EFB6A89ADC974" box="[342,487,1273,1297]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. perodeaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). One signum usually crossed by fine median ridge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB136FFAFF19FFA8E8A5DC9C4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B136FFAFF19FFA8E8A5DC9C4" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,1981]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF19FFA8E896CC950" box="[199,294,1309,1334]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF19FFA8E8955C953" bold="true" box="[199,287,1309,1334]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Biology</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In most cases a large, oblong, or tentiform mine on upperside of leaf, with one fold; no loose frass; pupation in a disc, in a very flat, oval white cocoon which is constructed on lower surface of mine; pupa protrudes through upper epidermis before adult emerges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B136FFAFF39DFAF68BF8C918" author="Vari" box="[709,946,1381,1405]" firstAuthor="Vari" page="211 - 212" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref201509" refString="Vari, L. (1961) South African Lepidoptera. Vol. I. Lithocolletidae. Transvaal Museum Memoir, 12, 238 pp. 112 pls." type="book" year="1961">Vari 1961: 211–212</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, it might construct a tentiform underside mine (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF00BFA1A89F4C9C4" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[339,446,1417,1441]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF00BFA1A89F4C9C4" box="[339,446,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">torridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB136FFAFF19FFA3E8D33C9A0" box="[199,1401,1453,1478]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B136FFAFF19FFA3E8D33C9A0" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,1981]" box="[199,1401,1453,1478]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF19FFA3E892AC9A0" box="[199,352,1453,1478]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF19FFA3E8913C9A3" bold="true" box="[199,345,1453,1478]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF0A0FA3E8A39C9A0" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[504,627,1453,1477]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF0A0FA3E8A39C9A0" box="[504,627,1453,1477]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur in primary rain forests and/or mixed forest/savannah biotopes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB136FFAFF19FFA428A19CA80" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B136FFAFF19FFA428A19CA80" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,1981]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF19FFA428A7AC98C" bold="true" box="[199,560,1489,1514]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="1">Relationships to other genera.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF360FA428AF9C98C" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[568,691,1489,1513]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF360FA428AF9C98C" box="[568,691,1489,1513]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears ancestral to a clade that constitutes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF5F3FA428DCEC98C" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[1195,1412,1489,1513]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF5F3FA428DCEC98C" box="[1195,1412,1489,1513]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF1CFFA668975CA68" box="[151,319,1525,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF1CFFA668975CA68" box="[151,319,1525,1549]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BP = 70%, PP = 1.0;
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B136FFAFF301FA668AEBCA68" box="[601,673,1525,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1105,1128]" captionTargetBox="[153,1420,183,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-326@23.[107,1481,143,1086]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Molecular phylogeny of Gracillariidae, showing relationships among the Lithocolletinae species sampled for eight nuclear genes in this study. ML bootstrap values are shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities shown below. African taxa are indicated with an asterisk. Scale bar = 0.09 substitutions/site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052143/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although our taxon sampling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF562FA668CFFCA68" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1082,1205,1525,1549]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF562FA668CFFCA68" box="[1082,1205,1525,1549]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was limited to five species, those taxa formed a weakly supported monophyletic group (BP = 64%;
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B136FFAFF574F98A8C3BCA54" box="[1068,1137,1561,1585]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1105,1128]" captionTargetBox="[153,1420,183,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-326@23.[107,1481,143,1086]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Molecular phylogeny of Gracillariidae, showing relationships among the Lithocolletinae species sampled for eight nuclear genes in this study. ML bootstrap values are shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities shown below. African taxa are indicated with an asterisk. Scale bar = 0.09 substitutions/site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052143/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The two African species sampled in this study are ancestral to those from Europe (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF26BF9AD8BF7CA33" authorityName="Deschka & Dimic" authorityYear="1986" box="[819,957,1598,1622]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ohridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF26BF9AD8BF7CA33" box="[819,957,1598,1622]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. ohridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and North America (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF5E6F9AD896BCA1C" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF5E6F9AD8D3FCA33" baseAuthorityName="Walsingham" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1214,1397,1598,1622]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gaultheriella">C. gaultheriella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF4DAF9AD896BCA1C" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guttifinitella">C. guttifinitella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). These three genera share a modified male eighth abdominal sternite, extending caudally to form a flap under the valvae; and forewing veins R3, R4, and R5 extending to the costa. The valvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF5ADF9158D3ACAFB" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1269,1392,1670,1694]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF5ADF9158D3ACAFB" box="[1269,1392,1670,1694]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are symmetrical, slender, long, narrow, usually haired, but the morphology of the valva is highly variable in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF1CFF95D893ACA83" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,368,1742,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF1CFF95D893ACA83" box="[151,368,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B136FFAFF0FEF95D8A06CA83" box="[422,588,1742,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708E54B136FFAFF0FEF95D8A06CA83" box="[422,588,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |