256 lines
32 KiB
XML
256 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="D059024996215E61CB5B2A8E26DAE2A4" ID-CLB-Dataset="38930" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4118.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a4e408c4-2575-4b5c-878b-e1b9010ec619" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="264597" ID-ZooBank="CFA586DA-10EE-468B-80EE-35351E3845FD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1465242077321" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="C, Lees David" docDate="2016" docId="038747324C7BC6591EB728FCFDFA2509" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4118.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4118 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Heteropsis antahala" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="FFBE3F4A4C76C6571E202D2DFFD32174" masterDocTitle="Heteropsis (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini: Mycalesina): 19 new species from Madagascar and interim revision" masterLastPageNumber="97" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1698662715872" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="59BBF3558881CAAF9B667E42AEBA128E">Heteropsis (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini: Mycalesina): 19 new species from Madagascar and interim revision</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5167977915EF5A0FFCD559C3B450D217">C, Lees David</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="341B2EA9CC223BC5612A6D93D846422B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B1D429A043158E4CA6B57109204B47C7">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9DE2A65DC25C59AA90203BB0D2279CC8">4118</mods:number>
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<treatment id="038747324C7BC6591EB728FCFDFA2509" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6086410" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120817095" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6086410" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038747324C7BC6591EB728FCFDFA2509" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038747324C7BC6591EB728FCFDFA2509" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C7BC6591EB728FCFB8B2349" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B91F6244C7BC65A1EB728FCFBBC249F" blockId="13.[151,1135,1489,1515]" box="[151,1135,1489,1515]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<heading id="D0D941484C7BC65A1EB728FCFBBC249F" bold="true" box="[151,1135,1489,1515]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1EB728FCFBBC249F" bold="true" box="[151,1135,1489,1515]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1EB728FCFE59249F" box="[151,394,1489,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antahala">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1EB728FCFE59249F" bold="true" box="[151,394,1489,1515]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heteropsis antahala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group (subgenera
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1C5428FCFD32249F" box="[628,737,1489,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masoura">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1C5428FCFD32249F" bold="true" box="[628,737,1489,1515]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Masoura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1D3F28FCFBB4249F" authority="Hemming, 1964" authorityName="Hemming" authorityYear="1964" box="[799,1127,1489,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Admiratio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1D3F28FCFC4A249F" bold="true" box="[799,921,1489,1515]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Admiratio</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C7BC65A1D8128FCFBB4249F" author="Hemming" box="[929,1127,1489,1515]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Hemming, F. (1964) Annotationes Lepidopterologicae. Part 4. Hepburn & Sons, London, 180 pp." type="book" year="1964">Hemming, 1964</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B91F6244C7BC6591EB72B34FB8B2349" blockId="13.[151,1437,1560,2017]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,1149]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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A new species is described here in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1C472B34FD2A2745" box="[615,761,1560,1585]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antahala">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1C472B34FD2A2745" box="[615,761,1560,1585]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ht. antahala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group, and so it is convenient to characterise its nominal species. The LT ♂ of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1FB52B11FCD32721" authority="Ward, 1872" authorityName="Ward" authorityYear="1872" box="[405,768,1596,1621]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antahala">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1FB52B11FDA02721" box="[405,627,1596,1621]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mycalesis antahala</emphasis>
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Ward, 1872
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</taxonomicName>
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is here designated as the specimen (
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<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C7BC65A1A892B11FB3E2721" box="[1193,1261,1596,1621]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[266,1318,198,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[254,1332,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Adults in DV (left), VV (right). A: HT ♂ of Heteropsis mimetica Lees & Kremen, sp. nov. (Anjanaharibe Sud; BMNH (E) 1717105), B: PT ♀ of Ht. mimetica (Anjanaharibe Sud; BMNH (E) 1717113). C: HT ♂ of Pseudonympha cowani Butler, 1880 (‘ Fianarantsoa’). D: LT ♂ of Culapa houlbertiana Oberthür, 1923 (‘ Tamatave’, BMNH (E) # 674789). F. LT ♂ of Mycalesis antahala Ward, 1872 ([Madagascar], BMNH (E) 672567). Scale bar: 30 mm. The figure shows apparent contrasting mimicry on the two surfaces across three different Heteropsis clades." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264599/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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F) bearing data “
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<typeStatus id="549548864C7BC65A1E812B4DFEC6270D" box="[161,277,1632,1657]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1F372B4DFE6E270D" authority="Ward" authorityName="Ward" box="[279,445,1632,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antahala">antahala Ward</taxonomicName>
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[in pencil]|Plate 12 Upperside Underside|Ex Coll. CHRIS WARD| Ex Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3.|P.E.L. Viette det. 1968
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1CAA2BA9FCB727E9" box="[650,868,1668,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antahala">Mycalesis antahala</taxonomicName>
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<typeStatus id="549548864C7BC65A1D502BA8FBC027E9" box="[880,1043,1669,1693]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="lectotype">LECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
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<typeStatus id="549548864C7BC65A1A352BA8FB4027E9" box="[1045,1171,1669,1693]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="syntype">SYNTYPE</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1AE22BA9FF0B27B5" authority="Ward" authorityName="Ward" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antahala">Mycalesis antahala Ward</taxonomicName>
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|BMNH(E) # 672567”; a second ♂ becomes PLT (neither bear a locality label, but the
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<typeStatus id="549548864C7BC65A1ACC2B84FACF27B5" box="[1260,1308,1705,1729]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
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locality is
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<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C7BC65A1EB72BE1FEF12791" box="[151,290,1740,1765]" name="Madagascar" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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; the LT measures
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<quantity id="4CD65BC14C7BC65A1FCF2BE1FD872790" box="[495,596,1740,1765]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.65" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="46.5">46.5 mm</quantity>
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total span, not quite “two inches”). This group of mycalesines endemic to
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<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C7BC65A1EB72BDDFECD267D" box="[151,286,1776,1801]" name="Madagascar" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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now should include the crenate-HW
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1CF32BDDFBDB267D" authority="Hemming, 1964" authorityName="Hemming" authorityYear="1964" box="[723,1032,1776,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Admiratio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1CF32BDDFC96267D" box="[723,837,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Admiratio</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C7BC65A1D6F2BDDFBDB267D" author="Hemming" box="[847,1032,1776,1801]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Hemming, F. (1964) Annotationes Lepidopterologicae. Part 4. Hepburn & Sons, London, 180 pp." type="book" year="1964">Hemming, 1964</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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as well as the more strongly HWtailed mycalesines traditionally placed in the subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1D2F2A38FBFD2659" authority="Hemming 1964" authorityName="Hemming" authorityYear="1964" box="[783,1070,1812,1837]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Masoura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1D2F2A38FCA72658" box="[783,884,1813,1836]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Masoura</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C7BC65A1D5D2A39FBFD2659" author="Hemming" box="[893,1070,1812,1837]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Hemming, F. (1964) Annotationes Lepidopterologicae. Part 4. Hepburn & Sons, London, 180 pp." type="book" year="1964">Hemming 1964</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see below). Here, the status of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1EB72A14FE362625" authority="Oberthur, 1916" authorityName="Oberthur" authorityYear="1916" box="[151,485,1848,1873]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gallienia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alaokola">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1EB72A14FEF12625" box="[151,290,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ht. alaokola</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C7BC65A1F102A15FE0E2625" author="Oberthur" box="[304,477,1848,1873]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür, 1916</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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is reassessed, and this is germane to new descriptions. A few of the species in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1B592A14FF282601" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antahala">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1B592A14FF282601" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ht. antahala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group (
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1F752A70FD402601" authority="Mabille, 1878" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1878" box="[341,659,1884,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ankoma">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1F752A70FE092601" box="[341,474,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ht. ankoma</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C7BC65A1FC92A71FD592601" author="Mabille" box="[489,650,1884,1909]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Mabille, P. (1878) Lepidoptera Africana. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 3, 81 - 95." type="journal article" year="1878">Mabille, 1878</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1C822A70FCE52601" box="[674,822,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1C822A70FCE12601" box="[674,818,1884,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gallienia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alaokola">Ht. alaokola</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1D1F2A70FBBC2601" authority="Butler, 1879" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1879" box="[831,1135,1884,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mabillei">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1D1F2A70FC152601" box="[831,966,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ht. mabillei</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C7BC65A1DF62A71FBBB2601" author="Butler" box="[982,1128,1884,1909]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Butler, A. G. (1879) Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera from Madagascar, with notes on some of the forms already described. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 4, 227 - 246. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937908679820" type="journal article" year="1879">Butler, 1879</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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, and the species described below) are hard to distinguish on the basis of wing pattern alone, while their genitalia are quite distinctive in most cases, but they are nevertheless extremely different in appearance to that of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C7BC65A1DC12A88FBA526C9" box="[993,1142,1956,1981]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Smithia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C7BC65A1DC12A88FBA526C9" box="[993,1142,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ht. paradoxa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The last species might be inferred to exhibit miniaturisation and possibly simplification of the ♂ genitalia. The saccus tip to valve tip distance is about
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<quantity id="4CD65BC14C78C6591F7A2DB5FE6321DB" box="[346,432,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
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as opposed to
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<quantity id="4CD65BC14C78C6591C782DB5FD6621DB" box="[600,693,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
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in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591CF92DB4FCBB21C4" box="[729,872,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antahala">
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<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591CF92DB4FCBB21C4" box="[729,872,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. antahala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group; see also
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591A3F2DB4FB6921C4" box="[1055,1210,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subsimilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591A3F2DB4FB6921C4" box="[1055,1210,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. subsimilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, in respect of possible breakdown in pre-mating isolating system. It may be necessary to inspect androconial features of ♂♂ closely to assist in identification. This group are canopy specialists attracted to ripe fruit as adults (sometimes feeding on fruit
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591F6E2C28FE472068" box="[334,404,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
, sometimes descending to the ground) and probably all are associated with forest bamboos and include at least one species with gregarious larvae (C. Kremen, pers. comm.) and another (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591B212C04FA412034" box="[1281,1426,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antahala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591B212C04FA412034" box="[1281,1426,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. antahala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) observed to roost gregariously as adults (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C78C6591CA12C61FCD52010" author="Lees" box="[641,774,332,356]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ♂♂ indulge in vigorous hilltopping behaviour on ridgetops, sitting atop bushes just like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591C6E2C5CFD0520FC" box="[590,726,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591C6E2C5CFD0520FC" box="[590,726,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. drepana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and making canopy chases. Unfortunately there are as yet no biological observations on the large and obvious monomorphic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591D412CB9FC1D20D9" box="[865,974,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Mylothris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591D412CB9FC1D20D9" box="[865,974,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mylothris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mimic,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591A0B2CB8FB6420D8" box="[1067,1207,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masoura">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591A0B2CB8FB6420D8" box="[1067,1207,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. masoura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; its female is one of the largest mycalesines globally (around
|
||
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C78C6591C492C95FD6A20BB" box="[617,697,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="37.0">37 mm</quantity>
|
||
fwl). ♂♂ and ♀♀ are generally phenotypically similar except in size, but the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591FA12CF0FDC32081" box="[385,528,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antahala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591FA12CF0FDC32081" box="[385,528,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. antahala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits a great deal of polymorphism in both sexes and on both wing surfaces. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591EEC2F2CFE8F236C" box="[204,348,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antahala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591EEC2F2CFE8F236C" box="[204,348,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. antahala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group occurs from sea level up to montane elevations of around
|
||
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C78C6591A752CD2FB7D2363" box="[1109,1198,511,536]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="2050.0">2050 m</quantity>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591ACF2F2CFA53236C" box="[1263,1408,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antahala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591ACF2F2CFA53236C" box="[1263,1408,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. antahala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed also in the west and southwest as far as the ‘sacred’ forest of Analavelona.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C78C6591EE72F6AFDFA2509" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C78C6591EE72F6AFDFA2509" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Molecular data now provide good support for monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591D5E2F64FBC62314" box="[894,1045,583,608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Smithia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591D5E2F64FBC62314" box="[894,1045,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. paradoxa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and four sampled members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591EB72F40FEF423F1" box="[151,295,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antahala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591EB72F40FEF423F1" box="[151,295,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. antahala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group: Aduse-Poku
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591C372F40FD8123F1" box="[535,594,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C78C6591C8A2F41FD3C23F0" box="[682,751,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1711,1733]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,492,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[150,1437,481,1690]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Venation and wing patterning diagram of a fairly typical species of Heteropsis from Madagascar (Heteropis antahala group; ♂), DV. Sdbp = Supra-discocellular brush and patch. Cub = Cubital brush. Ventral banding: Cb = Costal bars. Mf = Median fleck (pale highlight). Mb = Median band. PMb = Premedian band. Ore = Ocellus ring extension. Pml = Premarginal line. Sml = Submarginal line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264598/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
; which was submarginally supported (pp=0.91) for the two exemplars in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C78C6591F122FA2FD5223DC" author="Kodandaramaiah" box="[306,641,655,680]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Kodandaramaiah, U., Lees, D. C., Muller, C. J., Torres, E., Karanth, C. P. & Wahlberg, N. (2010) Phylogenetics and biogeography of a spectacular Old World radiation of butterflies: the subtribe Mycalesina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrini). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 172. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 172" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Kodandaramaiah
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591FDA2FBCFDE823DC" box="[506,571,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A few morphological characters also supported this, notably (1) the presence of a brush emanating from near the base of space CuA
|
||
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C78C6591D4F2F99FC4823B9" box="[879,923,692,717]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
the ♂ HW (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C78C6591A092F99FB0023B9" author="Lees" box="[1065,1235,692,717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997: 76</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and overlying at least, vein 1A, a character which is only sporadically seen elsewhere, e.g. in the African ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591A5D2FF4FB262384" box="[1149,1269,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591A5D2FF4FB262384" box="[1149,1269,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heteropsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591B252FFAFA982384" box="[1285,1355,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">peitho</emphasis>
|
||
(Plötz, 1880) group and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591F512FD0FE242261" box="[369,503,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591F512FD0FE242261" box="[369,503,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. drepana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and (2) the ocelli in hwv space M2, CuA1 and particularly CuA2, where the ventral pattern is pronounced (i.e. not in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591C2B2E0CFD44224C" box="[523,663,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masoura">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591C2B2E0CFD44224C" box="[523,663,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. masoura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591CCC2E0CFCA9224C" box="[748,890,799,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Smithia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591CCC2E0CFCA9224C" box="[748,890,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. paradoxa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), are usually shifted markedly inward relative to brown Sml, along with a weak to strong proximad inflection of the HWV Mb, particularly in space-CuA2 towards the base of the cell. HW strongly crenate to tailed. The FWD tends to be much darker costad, extremely so in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591B592E44FED122D1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Smithia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591B592E44FED122D1" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. paradoxa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591FA22EA0FDC322D0" box="[386,528,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masoura">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591FA22EA0FDC322D0" box="[386,528,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. masoura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has the upper surface suffused with white. This FWD trend can also be seen in ♀♀ of some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591FA02E9CFE2B22BC" box="[384,504,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591FA02E9CFE2B22BC" box="[384,504,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heteropsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591C192E9CFD2B22BC" box="[569,760,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana" status="stat. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591C192E9CFD2B22BC" box="[569,760,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. andravahana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C78C6591D202E82FCB522BC" box="[768,870,943,968]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591D202E82FCB522BC" bold="true" box="[768,870,943,968]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">stat. rev.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
), but not in the ♂♂; in some other species, darker suffusion is concentrated towards the apex in either sex, rather than the costa. The wing pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C78C6591AFA2EF8FABC2299" box="[1242,1391,980,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Smithia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C78C6591AFA2EF8FABC2299" box="[1242,1391,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ht. paradoxa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be interpreted as an extreme ocellus reduction/loss in space CuA1, combined with loss of melanism in the tergad area of the FW (rather than expansion of the white pupil), and adaptation to resting on lichen covered tree trunks and a mid-high canopy lifestyle. It is stated that this clade is specialised to feed on bamboos (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C78C6591A91296DFAB0252C" author="Lees" box="[1201,1379,1088,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees 1997: 137</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but there are no published life histories.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |