739 lines
101 KiB
XML
739 lines
101 KiB
XML
<document id="209220CB8108BB3577151157A4C2B820" ID-CLB-Dataset="21912" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4780.1.9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c96d8e67-fec9-4cca-8948-96980073660a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3839673" ID-ZooBank="F35ACEFE-02C9-4B3F-AD23-8FD1D299129A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1590138470086" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Nazir, Numreen & Tahseen, Qudsia" docDate="2020" docId="D51A8797FFDCFFFFFF7DFCF9FEA29A65" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4780.1.9.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4780 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Aspidonema kashmirensis Nazir & Tahseen 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="189" masterDocId="2923FFEFFFDDFFF6FFEAFF90FFD79D55" masterDocTitle="Description of a new species of Aspidonema (Sachs, 1949) Andrássy, 1958 (Nematoda: Bunonematidae) associated with mint leaf beetle Chrysolina herbacea (Duftschmid, 1825) from India" masterLastPageNumber="190" masterPageNumber="180" pageNumber="181" updateTime="1698840909335" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="CA190908EFCED234BFCBECCF09A677A0">Description of a new species of Aspidonema (Sachs, 1949) Andrássy, 1958 (Nematoda: Bunonematidae) associated with mint leaf beetle Chrysolina herbacea (Duftschmid, 1825) from India</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9005040D6E7EAA72468E13A3666B9685">Nazir, Numreen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8301F29FB98C3146DCC8A6423F68E328">Tahseen, Qudsia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D19EF806CAE586240BDCA7AD0988A4B1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BE5341B45459A7795F2D1B4D97D94A62">
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<mods:date id="1B7C0F47C03E290A8545A1935762D775">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0A9B312D6FA6093B7BEA5152A4893872">2020-05-22</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1CAA4A1761545D376141FB12A397E1A3">4780</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="2CA6454402F667C7CC72CB23E9305464" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4780.1.9</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D51A8797FFDCFFFFFF7DFCF9FEA29A65" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3853007" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164248848" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3853007" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D51A8797FFDCFFFFFF7DFCF9FEA29A65" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D51A8797FFDCFFFFFF7DFCF9FEA29A65" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="189" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
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<subSubSection id="15A9650AFFDCFFF7FF7DFCF9FDEE9ED6" box="[151,569,873,900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDCFFF7FF7DFCF9FDEE9ED6" blockId="1.[151,569,873,935]" box="[151,569,873,900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
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<heading id="064481EDFFDCFFF7FF7DFCF9FDEE9ED6" bold="true" box="[151,569,873,900]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDCFFF7FF7DFCF9FDEE9ED6" bold="true" box="[151,569,873,900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
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<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDCFFF7FF7DFCF9FE039ED1" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,468,873,900]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDCFFF7FF7DFCF9FE039ED1" bold="true" box="[151,468,873,900]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Aspidonema kashmirensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFDCFFF7FE36FCF9FDEE9ED6" box="[476,569,873,899]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="15A9650AFFDCFFF4FF7DFC1DFC459BF0" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDCFFF7FF7DFC1DFEC59EF2" blockId="1.[151,569,873,935]" box="[151,274,908,935]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
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(
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||
<figureCitation id="C5882A04FFDCFFF7FF75FC1DFEDE9EF2" box="[159,265,908,935]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1901,1926]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,250,1898,1923]" captionStartId-4="8.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionTargetBox-0="[154,1383,175,1876]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1447,151,1879]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[151,1393,166,1882]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[151,1447,151,1879]" captionTargetId-4="figure@8.[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Aspidonema kashmirensis sp. nov. A: Entire female. B: Entire male. C, D: Female anterior end. E, F: Schematic drawings of lip region and body ornamentation (shields, warts and network) from ventral (V), dorsal (D), left lateral (LL) and right lateral (RL) sides, respectively, indicated. G: Female pharyngeal region. H: Female reproductive system. I: Female posterior region. J: Male posterior region." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. SEM micrographs of A. kashmirensis sp. nov. A: Body region with ornamentations. B: En face view. C–E:Anterior end. F, H: Anterior region with shields. G: Anterior region without shields. I: Body region showing ridges as well as shields. J: Vulval region (Scale bars = 5 μm)." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. SEM micrographs of A. kashmirensis sp. nov. A, B: Body region showing warts, shields and network. C: Body region with few shields sloughed off. D–G: Body region with warts; shields removed leaving fish bone-like or peg-like remnants of attachment with underlying cuticle. H: Body region showing warts and ridges. I: Vulval region showing obliterated outermost ridge. J–K: Left side of body with longitudinal ridges (Scale bars = 5 μm)." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Light micrograph of A. kashmirensis sp. nov. female A–C: Anterior body region showing shields and warts. C, D: Body region showing warts and network. E, F: Body region showing striated ridge. G–I: Body region showing ridges; J, K: Anterior end. L: Pharyngeal region. M: Female reproductive system. N: Mid body region showing warts and vulval opening. O, P: Posterior body region (Scale bars= 5 μm)." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Light micrograph of A. kashmirensis sp. nov. male A: Pharyngeal region. B, C: Posterior body region showing arrangement of bursal papillae. D: Bifid tail end. E, F: Cloacal region showing spicules and gubernaculum (Scale bars= 5 μm)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918412" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918414" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918416" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918418" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918420" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5918412/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5918414/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5918416/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5918418/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5918420/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Figs. 1–5</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDCFFF7FF7DFC45FE799EBA" blockId="1.[151,1437,981,2015]" box="[151,430,981,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDCFFF7FF7DFC45FE999EBA" bold="true" box="[151,334,981,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Measurements.</emphasis>
|
||
<tableCitation id="1031033AFFDCFFF7FEBEFC45FE7F9EBA" box="[340,424,981,1007]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,262,286]" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric characteristics of Aspidonema kashmirensis sp. nov. Measurements are in µm and in the form: mean±standard deviation (range)." pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDCFFF7FF2DFC68FBE09A1A" blockId="1.[151,1437,981,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDCFFF7FF2DFC68FE7F9946" bold="true" box="[199,424,1016,1043]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
|
||
Description.
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDCFFF7FEB5FC68FE7F9946" bold="true" box="[351,424,1016,1043]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Adult:</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Small stout nematodes, body slightly curved upon fixation. Body asymmetrical, with right side strongly ornamented and left side provided with longitudinal ridges. Right side provided with transversely elongated-ovoid shields of
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDCFFF7FE26FBD1FD96990E" box="[460,577,1089,1115]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="14.0">14–16 µm</quantity>
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDCFFF7FD8AFBD0FD6F990E" box="[608,696,1088,1115]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 µm</quantity>
|
||
dimension, interspersed with a reticulate cuticular network. Network provided with small polygonal cavities, bordering the shields along ventro-sublateral and dorso-sublateral sides. Shields porous with numerous fine pores present on surface. Pre-equatorial shields display anterior margins slightly overlapping the preceding shield while those post-equatorial in position show posterior margins overlapping the proceeding one. Each shield with a pair of elliptical grooves/sockets to accommodate cuticular warts emerging from cuticle underneath. Warts in 32–47 pairs, arranged in two rows starting from anterior part to the posterior part of the nematode. Warts
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDCFFF7FE93FA89FE1B9866" box="[377,460,1305,1331]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 µm</quantity>
|
||
high; placed
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDCFFF7FDB6FA88FD679866" box="[604,688,1304,1331]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 µm</quantity>
|
||
apart from each other; a few anterior and posterior warts smaller than those on rest of the body; anteriorly placed warts with a slightly bent anterior edge while the posteriorly placed warts with a slightly bent posterior edge. Cuticular shields porous with strongly sclerotized borders; adhering to 6–7 underlying cuticular annules which show peg-like remnants after shedding of shields; reticulate network surrounding the shields from all sides. Left side of body with fine transverse striations and 5 conspicuous elevated longitudinal ridges. Each ridge in turn formed of two closely placed thinner ridges giving an impression of three lines under LM. Both outer ridges on mid-dorsal and mid-ventral sides appearing relatively strongly radiated or ribbed under LM. Lips offset, asymmetrical. Right lips slightly larger, raised forming a small flap-like structure with large, thick, seta. Two small, thin setiform extensions present on left lips. Labial papillae obscure.Amphids small elliptical pores indiscernible under LM. Stoma long, tubular, 3–4 times lip region diameter in length. Cheilostom weakly cuticularised, gymnostom with parallel walls, slightly curved in a few specimens in posterior region; metastegostom with fine, nearly indiscernible denticles. Pharynx muscular, with prominent,
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDCFFF7FD77F934FCC79BEA" box="[669,784,1700,1727]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="5.7" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" unit="mm" value="50.0" valueMax="57.0" valueMin="43.0">43–57 µm</quantity>
|
||
long, swollen metacorpus,
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDCFFF7FBA2F935FB6B9BEA" box="[1096,1212,1701,1727]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="10.0">10–16 µm</quantity>
|
||
long isthmus and a rounded to pyriform basal bulb,
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDCFFF7FE11F959FDBC9BB6" box="[507,619,1737,1763]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" unit="mm" value="15.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="12.0">12–19 µm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDCFFF7FD33F958FCEA9BB6" box="[729,829,1736,1763]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="8.0">8–15 µm</quantity>
|
||
wide with a grinder and single-chambered haustrulum. Pharyngeal sleeve weakly developed, covering base of the stegostom. Nerve ring thick, obliquely surrounding the isthmus at
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDCFFF7FEE5F882FEFE9A7E" box="[271,297,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">ca</emphasis>
|
||
45%–70% of the pharyngeal length from anterior end. Secretory-excretory pore inconspicuous. Cardia
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDCFFF7FF7DF8A4FF3B9A1A" box="[151,236,1844,1871]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 µm</quantity>
|
||
long. Intestine granular with wide lumen. Rectum narrow with rectal glands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDCFFF4FF2DF8C8FE8B9D82" blockId="1.[151,1437,981,2015]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,153,215]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDCFFF7FF2DF8C8FEF09A26" bold="true" box="[199,295,1880,1907]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Female:</emphasis>
|
||
Reproductive system amphidelphic. Ovaries reflexed, with flexures nearly reaching vulva; oocytes arranged in one to two rows at distal end and in single row proximally. Spermatheca ovoid to rounded bearing round to amoeboid sperms. Occasionally a single intra-uterine egg measuring
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDCFFF7FC3FF831FB9C9AEE" box="[981,1099,1953,1979]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" unit="mm" value="30.0" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="28.0">28–32 µm</quantity>
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDCFFF7FB87F831FB349AEE" box="[1133,1251,1953,1979]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="12.0">12–14 µm</quantity>
|
||
present. Vagina about one-third of the corresponding body width in length; vulva a transverse slit, equatorial to post-equatorial in position; vulval lips protruding; obliterating sublatero-ventral or outermost ridge of the left half. Tail conoid with pointed terminus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="09CC6609FFDFFFF4FF7DFE96FE289C16" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDFFFF4FF7DFE96FE289C16" blockId="2.[151,1437,262,323]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDFFFF4FF7DFE96FEDD9C4B" bold="true" box="[151,266,262,286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDFFFF4FD84FE97FC559C4A" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[622,898,263,287]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDFFFF4FD84FE97FC559C4A" box="[622,898,263,287]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Aspidonema kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFDFFFF4FC63FE97FC0B9C4B" box="[905,988,263,286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Measurements are in µm and in the form: mean±standard deviation (range).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDFFFF4FF4CFEDEFBAA98D7" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<table id="2FB3C421FFDF0009FF4CFEDEFA8498D6" box="[166,1363,334,1411]" gridcols="4" gridrows="29" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
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<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFEDEFA849C32" box="[166,1363,334,359]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
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<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFEDEFE7C9C32" box="[166,427,334,359]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Characters</th>
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FEDEFD129C32" box="[539,709,334,359]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Holotype female</th>
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FEDEFC2A9C32" box="[793,1021,334,359]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Paratype female</th>
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFEDEFA849C32" box="[1136,1363,334,359]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Paratype male</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFEE3FA849CDE" box="[166,1363,371,395]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FEE3FC2A9CDE" box="[793,1021,371,395]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">(n=10)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFEE3FA849CDE" box="[1136,1363,371,395]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">(n=3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFE03FA849CF9" box="[166,1363,403,428]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFE03FE7C9CF9" box="[166,427,403,428]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Body length</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FE03FD129CF9" box="[539,709,403,428]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">332</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FE03FC2A9CF9" box="[793,1021,403,428]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">294/0±26.1 (224–337)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFE03FA849CF9" box="[1136,1363,403,428]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">271.0±48.7 (235–304)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFE29FA849C87" box="[166,1363,441,466]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFE29FE7C9C87" box="[166,427,441,466]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Body diam.</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FE29FD129C87" box="[539,709,441,466]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">22</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FE29FC2A9C87" box="[793,1021,441,466]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">19.7±0 (15–24)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFE29FA849C87" box="[1136,1363,441,466]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">15.6±0 (15–17)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFE4FFA849CAD" box="[166,1363,479,504]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFE4FFE7C9CAD" box="[166,427,479,504]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">a</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FE4FFD129CAD" box="[539,709,479,504]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">15.1</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FE4FFC2A9CAD" box="[793,1021,479,504]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">15.2±1.2 (13.1–20.3)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFE4FFA849CAD" box="[1136,1363,479,504]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">17.3±3.2 (15.6–20.2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFD94FA849F48" box="[166,1363,516,541]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFD94FE7C9F48" box="[166,427,516,541]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">b</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FD94FD129F48" box="[539,709,516,541]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">3.5</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FD94FC2A9F48" box="[793,1021,516,541]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">3.8±0.6 (3.2–4.2)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFD94FA849F48" box="[1136,1363,516,541]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">3.7±0.8 (3.0–4.3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFDBAFA849F16" box="[166,1363,554,579]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFDBAFE7C9F16" box="[166,427,554,579]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">c</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FDBAFD129F16" box="[539,709,554,579]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">10.4</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FDBAFC2A9F16" box="[793,1021,554,579]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">7.6±8.3 (7.2–10.7)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFDBAFA849F16" box="[1136,1363,554,579]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">6.9±1.1 (6.3–8.0)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFDC0FA849F3C" box="[166,1363,592,617]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFDC0FE7C9F3C" box="[166,427,592,617]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">c′</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FDC0FD129F3C" box="[539,709,592,617]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">5.3</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FDC0FC2A9F3C" box="[793,1021,592,617]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">5.5±4.9 (4.0–5.7)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFDC0FA849F3C" box="[1136,1363,592,617]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">3.0±0.3 (2.6–3.2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFDE6FA849FDA" box="[166,1363,630,655]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFDE6FE7C9FDA" box="[166,427,630,655]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">V/T</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FDE6FD129FDA" box="[539,709,630,655]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">57.2</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FDE6FC2A9FDA" box="[793,1021,630,655]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">56.2±0.4 (53.3–60.0)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFDE6FA849FDA" box="[1136,1363,630,655]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">50.6±7.6 (43.3–54.2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFD0CFA849FE0" box="[166,1363,668,693]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFD0CFE7C9FE0" box="[166,427,668,693]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">G1</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FD0CFD129FE0" box="[539,709,668,693]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">39.4</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FD0CFC2A9FE0" box="[793,1021,668,693]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">31.3±6.1 (26.6–44.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFD0CFA849FE0" box="[1136,1363,668,693]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFD51FA849F8F" box="[166,1363,705,730]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFD51FE7C9F8F" box="[166,427,705,730]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">G2</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FD51FD129F8F" box="[539,709,705,730]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">32.5</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FD51FC2A9F8F" box="[793,1021,705,730]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">34.2±4.2 (28.1–44.7)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFD51FA849F8F" box="[1136,1363,705,730]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFD77FA849E55" box="[166,1363,743,768]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFD77FE7C9E55" box="[166,427,743,768]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Lip region height</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FD77FD129E55" box="[539,709,743,768]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">4</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FD77FC2A9E55" box="[793,1021,743,768]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">4.2±0 (3–5)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFD77FA849E55" box="[1136,1363,743,768]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">2.6±0.7 (2–3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFC9DFA849E73" box="[166,1363,781,806]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFC9DFE7C9E73" box="[166,427,781,806]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Lip region diam.</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FC9DFD129E73" box="[539,709,781,806]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">4</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FC9DFC2A9E73" box="[793,1021,781,806]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">4.3±1.4 (4–6)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFC9DFA849E73" box="[1136,1363,781,806]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">2±0 (2–2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFCA3FA849E19" box="[166,1363,819,844]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFCA3FE7C9E19" box="[166,427,819,844]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Cardia length</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FCA3FD129E19" box="[539,709,819,844]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">6</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FCA3FC2A9E19" box="[793,1021,819,844]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">5.7±0.8 (5–7)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFCA3FA849E19" box="[1136,1363,819,844]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">3.0±0.7 (3–4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFCC9FA849E27" box="[166,1363,857,882]" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFCC9FE7C9E27" box="[166,427,857,882]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Stoma length</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FCC9FD129E27" box="[539,709,857,882]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">16</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FCC9FC2A9E27" box="[793,1021,857,882]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">16.0±4.2 (12–23)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFCC9FA849E27" box="[1136,1363,857,882]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">14.6±0.7 (14–15)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFCEEFA849EC2" box="[166,1363,894,919]" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFCEEFE7C9EC2" box="[166,427,894,919]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Stoma diam.</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FCEEFD129EC2" box="[539,709,894,919]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">3</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FCEEFC2A9EC2" box="[793,1021,894,919]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">2.5±0.7 (2–3)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFCEEFA849EC2" box="[1136,1363,894,919]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">2.3±0.7 (2–3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFC34FA849EE8" box="[166,1363,932,957]" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFC34FE7C9EE8" box="[166,427,932,957]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Pharynx length</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FC34FD129EE8" box="[539,709,932,957]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">93</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FC34FC2A9EE8" box="[793,1021,932,957]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">78.2±8.4 (66–93)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFC34FA849EE8" box="[1136,1363,932,957]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">72.6±4.2 (70–76)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFC5AFA849EB6" box="[166,1363,970,995]" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFC5AFE7C9EB6" box="[166,427,970,995]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Basal bulb length</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FC5AFD129EB6" box="[539,709,970,995]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">17</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FC5AFC2A9EB6" box="[793,1021,970,995]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">15.6±2.8 (12–19)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFC5AFA849EB6" box="[1136,1363,970,995]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">13.6±0.7 (11–18)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFC60FA84995C" box="[166,1363,1008,1033]" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFC60FE7C995C" box="[166,427,1008,1033]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Basal bulb diam.</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FC60FD12995C" box="[539,709,1008,1033]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">11</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FC60FC2A995C" box="[793,1021,1008,1033]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">10.7±1.4 (8–15)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFC60FA84995C" box="[1136,1363,1008,1033]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">12.6±0.7 (12–13)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFB85FA84997B" box="[166,1363,1045,1070]" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFB85FE7C997B" box="[166,427,1045,1070]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Nerve ring from ant. end</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FB85FD12997B" box="[539,709,1045,1070]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">63</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FB85FC2A997B" box="[793,1021,1045,1070]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">55.2±10.6 (45–70)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFB85FA84997B" box="[1136,1363,1045,1070]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">49.3±4.2 (45–52)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFBABFA849901" box="[166,1363,1083,1108]" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFBABFE7C9901" box="[166,427,1083,1108]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Rectum length</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FBABFD129901" box="[539,709,1083,1108]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">16</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FBABFC2A9901" box="[793,1021,1083,1108]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">17.1±4.2 (14–20)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFBABFA849901" box="[1136,1363,1083,1108]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">14.6±1.0 (14–15)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFBF1FA84992F" box="[166,1363,1121,1146]" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFBF1FE7C992F" box="[166,427,1121,1146]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Anal body diam.</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FBF1FD12992F" box="[539,709,1121,1146]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">6</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FBF1FC2A992F" box="[793,1021,1121,1146]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">8.0±7.4 (6–9)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFBF1FA84992F" box="[1136,1363,1121,1146]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">13.0±1.4 (12–14)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFB17FA8499F5" box="[166,1363,1159,1184]" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFB17FE7C99F5" box="[166,427,1159,1184]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Basal bulb-vulva distance</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FB17FD1299F5" box="[539,709,1159,1184]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">97</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FB17FC2A99F5" box="[793,1021,1159,1184]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">89.0±24.7 (72–110)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFB17FA8499F5" box="[1136,1363,1159,1184]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFB3DFA849993" box="[166,1363,1197,1222]" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFB3DFE7C9993" box="[166,427,1197,1222]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Vulva-anus distance</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FB3DFD129993" box="[539,709,1197,1222]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">110</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FB3DFC2A9993" box="[793,1021,1197,1222]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">94.0±1.4 (55–110)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFB3DFA849993" box="[1136,1363,1197,1222]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFB42FA8499BE" box="[166,1363,1234,1259]" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFB42FE7C99BE" box="[166,427,1234,1259]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Tail length</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FB42FD1299BE" box="[539,709,1234,1259]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">32</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FB42FC2A99BE" box="[793,1021,1234,1259]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">36.5±11.3 (28–45)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFB42FA8499BE" box="[1136,1363,1234,1259]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">39.07±0.7 (37–42)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFB68FA849844" box="[166,1363,1272,1297]" gridrow="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFB68FE7C9844" box="[166,427,1272,1297]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Spicule length</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FB68FD129844" box="[539,709,1272,1297]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">–</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FB68FC2A9844" box="[793,1021,1272,1297]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">–</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFB68FA849844" box="[1136,1363,1272,1297]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">46.0±8.4 (40–52)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFA8EFA849862" box="[166,1363,1310,1335]" gridrow="26" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFA8EFE7C9862" box="[166,427,1310,1335]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Gubernaculum length</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FA8EFD129862" box="[539,709,1310,1335]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">–</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FA8EFC2A9862" box="[793,1021,1310,1335]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">–</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFA8EFA849862" box="[1136,1363,1310,1335]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">18.0±2.8 (16–20)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFAD4FA849808" box="[166,1363,1348,1373]" gridrow="27" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFAD4FE7C9808" box="[166,427,1348,1373]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Egg length</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FAD4FD129808" box="[539,709,1348,1373]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">–</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FAD4FC2A9808" box="[793,1021,1348,1373]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">30.0±2.8 (28–32)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFAD4FA849808" box="[1136,1363,1348,1373]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E38334C3FFDF0009FF4CFAFAFA8498D6" box="[166,1363,1386,1411]" gridrow="28" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<th id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FF4CFAFAFE7C98D6" box="[166,427,1386,1411]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Egg diam.</th>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FDF1FAFAFD1298D6" box="[539,709,1386,1411]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">–</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FCF3FAFAFC2A98D6" box="[793,1021,1386,1411]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">13.0±1.4 (12–14)</td>
|
||
<td id="A0525DBFFFDF0009FB9AFAFAFA8498D6" box="[1136,1363,1386,1411]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDFFFF4FF2DFA23FC459BF0" blockId="2.[151,1437,1459,2026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDFFFF4FF2DFA23FEDB989B" bold="true" box="[199,268,1459,1486]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Male:</emphasis>
|
||
Small-sized body; similar to female in morphology except for bifid tail. Testis monorchic, reflexed. Spicules long, extremely slender, thin and free. Capitulum knob-shaped. Gubernaculum one fourth of the total spicule length, with distal end beak-like or flanged. Tail conoid and terminally bifid. Bifid tail showing asymmetry in bursal flaps. Genital papillae arranged in eight pairs comprising 2 pre-cloacal and 6 post-cloacal pairs. Pre-cloacals relatively larger and more strongly developed than post-cloacals. Unlike the other conical genital papillae, GP4, GP5, and GP6 are tubular and open at the edge of the right bursal flap.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9F77F863FFDFFFF4FC8CF9F8FC709BD7" box="[870,935,1640,1666]" country="Turkey" name="Bursa" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Bursa</collectingRegion>
|
||
on left side rudimentary or nearly absent and genital papillae relatively smaller. Phasmids between GP5 and GP6.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="15A9650AFFDFFFF4FF2DF920FE3C9A28" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDFFFF4FF2DF920FEA99A47" blockId="2.[151,1437,1459,2026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="EDDB3CDCFFDFFFF4FF2DF920FEAC9A47" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2622608301" country="India" county="July" latitude="34.298676" location="Sopore" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="74.470146" municipality="Kashmir" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDFFFF4FF2DF920FE229B9F" bold="true" box="[199,501,1711,1738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<typeStatus id="82088823FFDFFFF4FF2DF920FED59B9F" box="[199,258,1712,1738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
habitat and locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Mint beetles bearing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDFFFF4FD02F93FFBDD9B9C" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[744,1034,1711,1737]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDFFFF4FD02F93FFBDD9B9C" box="[744,1034,1711,1737]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Aspidonema kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDFFFF4FBFAF920FBBD9B9F" bold="true" box="[1040,1130,1712,1738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFDFFFF4FBFAF920FBBD9B9F" box="[1040,1130,1712,1738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
were collected from a hilly area with geographic coordinates
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="38875046FFDFFFF4FDF6F944FCD79BBB" box="[540,768,1747,1774]" degrees="34" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" precision="1" seconds="55.2336" value="34.298676">34° 17’ 55.2336’’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
and
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="38875046FFDFFFF4FCD6F944FBC99BBB" box="[828,1054,1747,1774]" degrees="74" direction="east" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" precision="1" seconds="12.5256" value="74.470146">74° 28’ 12.5256’’ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
in
|
||
<location id="586C605AFFDFFFF4FBADF944FB4E9BBB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D51A8797FFDCFFFFFF7DFCF9FEA29A65:586C605AFFDFFFF4FBADF944FB4E9BBB" box="[1095,1177,1748,1774]" country="India" county="July" latitude="34.298676" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="74.470146" municipality="Kashmir" name="Sopore" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Sopore</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="BD68ACFBFFDFFFF4FB4DF943FADE9BB8" box="[1191,1289,1747,1773]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Kashmir</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="25A47611FFDFFFF4FAFDF943FA869BB8" box="[1303,1361,1747,1773]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the month of
|
||
<collectingCounty id="B46D4E0DFFDFFFF4FEEEF967FEE39A44" box="[260,308,1783,1809]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">July</collectingCounty>
|
||
, 2018
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDFFFF4FF2DF88CFE3C9A28" blockId="2.[151,1437,1459,2026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDFFFF4FF2DF88CFE5C9A63" bold="true" box="[199,395,1819,1846]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Type specimens.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="EDDB3CDCFFDFFFF4FE79F88BFE3C9A28" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2622608302" collectionCode="UP" country="India" county="Aligarh" location="Department of Zoology" municipality="Aligarh Muslim University" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" specimenCount="3" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="82088823FFDFFFF4FE79F88BFE2C9A60" box="[403,507,1819,1845]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
female, ten
|
||
<typeStatus id="82088823FFDFFFF4FD61F88CFD3C9A63" box="[651,747,1820,1846]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
females and three
|
||
<typeStatus id="82088823FFDFFFF4FC2FF88CFBF29A63" box="[965,1061,1820,1846]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
males on the slide “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDFFFF4FAF8F88BFEFF9A0C" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDFFFF4FAF8F88BFEFF9A0C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Aspidonema kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFDFFFF4FEC5F8D0FE5D9A0F" box="[303,394,1856,1882]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDFFFF4FEC5F8D0FE549A0F" bold="true" box="[303,387,1856,1882]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
no. NIK/1–8” deposited in the nematode collection,
|
||
<location id="586C605AFFDFFFF4FC3DF8D0FB379A0C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D51A8797FFDCFFFFFF7DFCF9FEA29A65:586C605AFFDFFFF4FC3DF8D0FB379A0C" box="[983,1248,1855,1882]" country="India" county="Aligarh" municipality="Aligarh Muslim University" name="Department of Zoology" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Department of Zoology</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="BD68ACFBFFDFFFF4FB03F8AFFED99A28" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Aligarh Muslim University</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="B46D4E0DFFDFFFF4FEF2F8F3FEA79A28" box="[280,368,1891,1917]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Aligarh</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="3BA2AE44FFDFFFF4FE96F8F4FE779A2B" box="[380,416,1892,1918]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="University of Papua and New Guinea" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">UP</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="25A47611FFDFFFF4FE40F8F3FE309A28" box="[426,487,1891,1917]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="15A9650AFFDFFFF5FF2DF817FDAD98CA" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDFFFF5FF2DF817FD309C32" blockId="2.[151,1437,1459,2026]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDFFFF4FF2DF817FDDD9AF7" bold="true" box="[199,522,1927,1954]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Diagnosis and relationship.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDFFFF4FDFAF817FCE59AF4" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[528,818,1927,1953]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDFFFF4FDFAF817FCE59AF4" box="[528,818,1927,1953]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Aspidonema kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFDFFFF4FCD3F818FC449AF7" box="[825,915,1928,1954]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDFFFF4FCD3F818FC5A9AF7" bold="true" box="[825,909,1928,1954]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is characterised by having its body covered on the right side with a row of transversely-ovoid, porous, cuticular shields with strongly cuticularized margins, bordered by a reticulate network and bearing 32–47 pairs of warts in elliptical grooves; the left side of body is provided with five longitudinal ridges each marked by three lines under LM; stoma occasionally curved; pharyngeal collar surrounding the base of stoma; vulva usually post-equatorial; spermatheca ovoid; uterus occasionally with single intra-uterine egg; males with dorsally reflexed testis; long, very slender and free spicules; gubernaculum distally beak-like or flanged, tail bifid with bursa relatively well developed on right half and reduced on left one and eight pairs of genital papillae comprising 2 pre-cloacal, 6 post-cloacal pairs. Pre-cloacals relatively larger and stronger than post-cloacals. Phasmids between GP5 and GP6.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDEFFF5FF2DFEE1FB3D9FD2" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FF2DFEE1FE3D9CDE" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[199,490,369,395]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FF2DFEE1FE3D9CDE" box="[199,490,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Aspidonema kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FE1BFEE1FD9D9CDE" bold="true" box="[497,586,369,395]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFDEFFF5FE1BFEE1FD9D9CDE" box="[497,586,369,395]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FCF4FEE1FC3A9CDE" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1958" baseAuthorityName="Sachs" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[798,1005,369,395]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="weingaertnerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FCF4FEE1FC3A9CDE" box="[798,1005,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. weingaertnerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in most morphometric values, but differs in morphological details, although comparisons could not be made on the basis of SEM details due to the lack of SEM data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FEB0FE29FDFC9C86" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1958" baseAuthorityName="Sachs" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[346,555,441,467]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="weingaertnerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FEB0FE29FDFC9C86" box="[346,555,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. weingaertnerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The new species differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FC65FE29FBB79C86" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1958" baseAuthorityName="Sachs" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[911,1120,441,467]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="weingaertnerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FC65FE29FBB79C86" box="[911,1120,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. weingaertnerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a relatively more slender body (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FEDCFE4EFE899CA2" box="[310,350,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">a =</emphasis>
|
||
13.1–20.3
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FE31FE4EFE259CA2" box="[475,498,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
11.2–12.9) and lower
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FD07FE4DFD2C9CA2" box="[749,763,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">b</emphasis>
|
||
(3.2–4.2
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FC8FFE4EFCAB9CA2" box="[869,892,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
4.1–5.9).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FC04FE4DFB4A9CA2" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[1006,1181,477,503]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FC04FE4DFB4A9CA2" box="[1006,1181,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FB4EFE4DFB2A9CA2" bold="true" box="[1188,1277,477,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFDEFFF5FB4EFE4DFB2A9CA2" box="[1188,1277,477,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
also differs in having relatively smaller number (32–47
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FD89FD92FDAD9F4E" box="[611,634,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
40–45) of wart pairs; shields horizontally ovoid with smooth outline (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FA6FFD92FA4B9F4E" box="[1413,1436,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
squarish to rectangular with angular outline); each shield having anteriorly-located paired elliptical grooves (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FAA5FDB6FAB19F6A" box="[1359,1382,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
posteriorly-located paired rectangular indentations) to accommodate warts; presence (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FBD2FDDAFB989F36" box="[1080,1103,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
absence) of metastegostomal denticles and males with relatively longer spicules (
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDEFFF5FD30FDFCFC989FD2" box="[730,847,620,647]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="46.0" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="40.0">40–52 µm</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FCBCFDFEFCBA9FD2" box="[854,877,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDEFFF5FC9EFDFDFC309FD2" box="[884,999,621,647]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="41.0" valueMax="44.0" valueMin="38.0">38–44 µm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FBE1FDFDFB0D9FD2" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1958" baseAuthorityName="Sachs" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[1035,1242,621,647]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="weingaertnerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FBE1FDFDFB0D9FD2" box="[1035,1242,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. weingaertnerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDEFFF5FF24FD01FB539E6E" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FF24FD01FEA89FFE" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[206,383,657,683]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FF24FD01FEA89FFE" box="[206,383,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FE6CFD01FE379FFE" bold="true" box="[390,480,657,683]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFDEFFF5FE6CFD01FE379FFE" box="[390,480,657,683]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FD9EFD01FD2C9FFE" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1958" baseAuthorityName="Sachs" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[628,763,657,683]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="stammeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FD9EFD01FD2C9FFE" box="[628,763,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. stammeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having relatively shorter body (L =
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDEFFF5FB5AFD01FAE89FFE" box="[1200,1343,657,683]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.805" metricValueMax="3.37" metricValueMin="2.2399999999999998" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="280.5" valueMax="337.0" valueMin="224.0">224–337 µm</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FAACFD02FA8A9FFE" box="[1350,1373,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDEFFF5FA8EFD01FF269F9A" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.59" metricValueMax="4.29" metricValueMin="2.8899999999999997" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="359.0" valueMax="429.0" valueMin="289.0">289– 429 µm</quantity>
|
||
); relatively lower
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FE52FD25FE119F9A" box="[440,454,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">b</emphasis>
|
||
(3.2–4.2
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FDC5FD26FD919F9A" box="[559,582,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
4.1–6.0) value; horizontally extended ovoid shields nearly covering the body diameter (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FEE3FD4AFEF79FA6" box="[265,288,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
short ovoid shields covering about 1/2–1/3 of body diameter), shields showing sockets or indentations to accommodate paired warts (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FE1EFD6EFDDC9E42" box="[500,523,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
warts independently placed alternate to shields; fewer pairs (32–47
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FAE5FD6EFAF19E42" box="[1295,1318,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
50–59) of warts; and males with relatively longer spicules (
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDEFFF5FD51FCB0FCE79E6E" box="[699,816,800,827]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="46.0" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="40.0">40–52 µm</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FCDDFCB2FC999E6E" box="[823,846,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDEFFF5FCBFFCB1FC1F9E6E" box="[853,968,801,827]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="3.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="40.5" valueMax="42.0" valueMin="39.0">39–42 µm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FC06FCB1FBA49E6E" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1958" baseAuthorityName="Sachs" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[1004,1139,801,827]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="stammeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FC06FCB1FBA49E6E" box="[1004,1139,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. stammeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDEFFF5FF2DFCD5FD399946" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
The new species differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FDF4FCD5FD599E0A" authorityName="Goodey" authorityYear="1963" baseAuthorityName="Sachs" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[542,654,837,863]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ruehmi">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FDF4FCD5FD599E0A" box="[542,654,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. ruehmi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having relatively lower
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FC2CFCD5FC039E0A" box="[966,980,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">b</emphasis>
|
||
(3.2–4.2
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FBA9FCD6FB8D9E0A" box="[1091,1114,838,863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
4.4–6.4) and
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FB11FCD6FAD09E0A" box="[1275,1287,838,863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">c</emphasis>
|
||
(7.2–10.7
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FA6FFCD6FA4B9E0A" box="[1413,1436,838,863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
10.7–12.9) values; horizontally extended ovoid shields nearly covering the body diameter (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FB6FFCFAFB4B9ED6" box="[1157,1180,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
short rounded to ovoid shields covering about 1/3–1/4 of body diameter), shields showing sockets or indentations to accommodate paired warts (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FF0EFC22FF2C9E9E" box="[228,251,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
warts independently placed alternate to shields; more pairs of warts (32–47
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FBB2FC22FBB89E9E" box="[1112,1135,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
30–34); males with longer spicules (
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDEFFF5FF15FC44FEA59EBA" box="[255,370,980,1007]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="46.0" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="40.0">40–52 µm</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FE92FC46FE589EBA" box="[376,399,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDEFFF5FE7FFC45FDD09EBA" box="[405,519,981,1007]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="32.0" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="30.0">30–34 µm</quantity>
|
||
and a greater number of genital papillae [16 genital papillae (excluding phasmids),
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FF7DFC6AFF799946" box="[151,174,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
13 genital papillae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FE42FC69FD349946" authority="Meyl, 1961" authorityName="Meyl" authorityYear="1961" box="[424,739,1016,1043]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ruehmi" subSpecies="apud">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FE42FC69FD819946" box="[424,598,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. ruehmi apud</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFDEFFF5FDB7FC69FD349946" author="Meyl, A. H." box="[605,739,1016,1043]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" pagination="1 - 164" refId="ref4987" refString="Meyl, A. H. (1961) Die freilebenden Erd- und Susswassernematoden (Fadenwurmer). Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, Leipzig, 1 / 5 a, 1 - 164." type="journal article" year="1961">Meyl, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDEFFF5FF2DFB8DFD8999BE" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FF2DFB8DFE5F9962" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[199,392,1053,1079]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FF2DFB8DFE5F9962" box="[199,392,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FE78FB8DFE389962" bold="true" box="[402,495,1053,1079]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFDEFFF5FE78FB8DFE389962" box="[402,495,1053,1079]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FD61FB8DFCEE9962" authorityName="Goodey" authorityYear="1963" baseAuthorityName="Sachs" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[651,825,1053,1079]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="scheucherae">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FD61FB8DFCEE9962" box="[651,825,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. scheucherae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a relatively smaller
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FB75FB8DFB7A9962" box="[1183,1197,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">b</emphasis>
|
||
(3.2–4.2
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FAF4FB8EFAE29962" box="[1310,1333,1054,1079]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
4.3–4.7) value; horizontally extended ovoid shields nearly covering the body diameter (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FBE0FBD2FBF6990E" box="[1034,1057,1090,1115]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
oblong to ellipsoidal shields covering about 1/3–1/4 of body diameter), shields showing sockets or indentations to accommodate paired warts (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FA6FFBF6FA4B992A" box="[1413,1436,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
warts independently placed alternate to shields; more pairs of warts (32–47
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FC1BFB1AFBDF99F6" box="[1009,1032,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
21–26); males with longer spicules (
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDEFFF5FF75FB3CFEC59992" box="[159,274,1196,1223]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="46.0" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="40.0">40–52 µm</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FEF2FB3EFEF89992" box="[280,303,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFDEFFF5FEDFFB3DFE709992" box="[309,423,1197,1223]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="38.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="36.0">36–40 µm</quantity>
|
||
and greater number of genital papillae [16 or eight pairs (excluding phasmids)
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FAFBFB3EFAFF9992" box="[1297,1320,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
10 genital papillae or five pairs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FE48FB41FD9A99BE" authorityName="Goodey" authorityYear="1963" baseAuthorityName="Sachs" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[418,589,1233,1259]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="scheucherae">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FE48FB41FD9A99BE" box="[418,589,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. scheucherae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDEFFF5FF2DFB65FDAD98CA" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
The new species differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FDF0FB65FD40985A" box="[538,663,1269,1295]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="formosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FDF0FB65FD40985A" box="[538,663,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. formosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having relatively lower
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FC21FB65FC0E985A" box="[971,985,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">b</emphasis>
|
||
(3.2–4.2
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FBADFB66FB89985A" box="[1095,1118,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
4.2–4.6) and
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FB17FB66FADE985A" box="[1277,1289,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">c</emphasis>
|
||
(7.2–10.7
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FA6FFB66FA4B985A" box="[1413,1436,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
12.3–17.9) values; horizontally extended ovoid shields nearly covering the body diameter (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FB4CFA8AFB6A9866" box="[1190,1213,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
short ovoid shields covering about 1/3–1/4 of body diameter), shields showing sockets or indentations to accommodate paired warts (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FF4BFAF2FF6F982E" box="[161,184,1378,1403]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
warts independently placed alternate to shields); metastegostom with minute denticles (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FB62FAF2FB48982E" box="[1160,1183,1378,1403]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
without denticles) and males present (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FEABFA16FE8F98CA" box="[321,344,1414,1439]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">vs</emphasis>
|
||
not found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FE05FA15FDBD98CA" box="[495,618,1413,1439]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="formosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FE05FA15FDBD98CA" box="[495,618,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">A. formosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="15A9650AFFDEFFF5FF2DFA39FED398B2" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDEFFF5FF2DFA39FED398B2" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FF2DFA39FE999896" bold="true" box="[199,334,1449,1475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species name ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FDD8FA39FD149896" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[562,707,1449,1475]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FDD8FA39FD149896" box="[562,707,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ is derived from the region, Kashmir, where the host insect was collected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="15A9650AFFDEFFFFFF2DFA61FEA29A65" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="189" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDEFFF5FF2DFA61FC989BCE" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FF2DFA61FEEC9B5E" bold="true" box="[199,315,1521,1547]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Nematodes associated with insects show complex life history traits. Phoretic nematodes use insect hosts as a means of transport to a new environments for better food opportunities. Bark beetles and scarab beetles have been found to be common insect associates for phoretic rhabditids and diplogastrids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFDEFFF5FB77F9A9FA949B06" author="Sudhaus, W." box="[1181,1347,1593,1619]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" pagination="143 - 161" refId="ref5389" refString="Sudhaus, W. (2008) Evolution of insect parasitism in rhabditid and diplogastrid nematodes. In: Makarov, S. E. & Dimitrijevic, R. N. (Eds.), Advances in arachnology and developmental biology. Papers dedicated to Professor Bozidar P. M. Curcic. Institute of Zoology, Belgrade, pp. 143 - 161." type="book chapter" year="2008">Sudhaus 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Bunonematids, like other bacteriophagous rhabditids, have been reported from habitats rich in organic matter including moss, decaying wood, humus-rich soil, dung and beetle frass.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDEFFFFFF2DF935FB149E49" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,698,1841]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="189" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
The new species
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FE61F935FD939BEA" box="[395,580,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FE61F935FD979BEA" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[395,576,1701,1727]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis">A. kashmirensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
isolated from the mint leaf beetle (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDEFFF5FC32F935FB129BEA" baseAuthorityName="Duftschmid" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[984,1221,1701,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chrysolina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="herbacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FC32F935FB129BEA" box="[984,1221,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Chrysolina herbacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), is the first report of a bunonematid isolated directly from any beetle in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="25A47611FFDEFFF5FD1AF959FCFA9BB6" box="[752,813,1737,1763]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The eggs of mint beetles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C5882A04FFDEFFF5FBB3F959FB4C9BB6" box="[1113,1179,1737,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,627,652]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,164,606]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,164,606]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Mint leaf beetle (Chrysolina herbacea). A, B: Dorsal view. C: Ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918422" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918422/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C) hatch in April to May, with the larvae feeding on and tunnelling into the mint roots. They pupate in late May or early June and the adults emerge during early July. The adults also feed on mint leaves and cause extensive damage. The association of nematodes with beetles is likely not by sheer chance but rather may involve some cues or chemoreception. Bunonematids are bacteriophagous nematodes and were observed in the present study emerging from the excised guts of mint leaf beetles. These beetles have been reported to harbour a special gut microbial flora that helps detoxify the monoterpenes produced by the mint plant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFDEFFF5FD9FF831FCA39AEE" author="Pizzolante, G. & Cordero, C. & Tredici, S. M. & Vergara, D. & Pontieri, P. & Del Giudice, L. & Capuzzo, A. & Rubiolo, P. & Kanchiswamy, C. N. & Zebelo, C. N. & Bicchi, C. & Maffei, M. E." box="[629,884,1953,1979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" pagination="30" refId="ref5066" refString="Pizzolante, G., Cordero, C., Tredici, S. M., Vergara, D., Pontieri, P., Del Giudice, L., Capuzzo, A., Rubiolo, P., Kanchiswamy, C. N., Zebelo, C. N., Bicchi, C. & Maffei, M. E. (2017) Cultivable gut bacteria provide a pathway for adaptation of Chrysolina herbacea to Mentha aquatica volatiles. BMC Plant Biology, BMC Series, 17, 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12870 - 017 - 0986 - 6" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Pizzolante
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDEFFF5FD19F832FCF49AEE" box="[755,803,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the nematodes are probably attracted to this microbial population. It is also possible, however, that the nematodes may transport those special bacteria. The late emergence of nematodes (
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD4FFFFFE55FD2BFE0C9F81" box="[447,475,699,724]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">i.e</emphasis>
|
||
., nearly 8 days after the plating of beetles) suggests a state of advanced endophoresy leading to conditions of necromeny. Endophoresy usually involves the presence of dauer forms inside the body of the host insect (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFD4FFFFFEACFC92FE3D9E49" author="Sudhaus, W." box="[326,490,770,796]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" pagination="143 - 161" refId="ref5389" refString="Sudhaus, W. (2008) Evolution of insect parasitism in rhabditid and diplogastrid nematodes. In: Makarov, S. E. & Dimitrijevic, R. N. (Eds.), Advances in arachnology and developmental biology. Papers dedicated to Professor Bozidar P. M. Curcic. Institute of Zoology, Belgrade, pp. 143 - 161." type="book chapter" year="2008">Sudhaus 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which were indeed found in large numbers in the present study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="09CC6609FFD9FFF2FF7DF8FDFDCB9AA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918412" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5918412" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918412/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" startId="4.[151,250,1901,1926]" targetBox="[154,1383,175,1876]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFD9FFF2FF7DF8FDFDCB9AA7" blockId="4.[151,1437,1901,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD9FFF2FF7DF8FDFEC39AD3" bold="true" box="[151,276,1901,1926]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFD9FFF2FEF1F8FEFDF49AD3" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[283,547,1902,1926]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD9FFF2FEF1F8FEFDF49AD3" box="[283,547,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Aspidonema kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD9FFF2FDC1F8FEFDAB9AD3" bold="true" box="[555,636,1902,1926]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFD9FFF2FDC1F8FEFDAB9AD3" box="[555,636,1902,1926]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A: Entire female. B: Entire male. C, D: Female anterior end. E, F: Schematic drawings of lip region and body ornamentation (shields, warts and network) from ventral (V), dorsal (D), left lateral (LL) and right lateral (RL) sides, respectively, indicated. G: Female pharyngeal region. H: Female reproductive system. I: Female posterior region. J: Male posterior region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="09CC6609FFD8FFF3FF7DF8FBFE209A99" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918414" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5918414" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918414/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="185" startId="5.[151,250,1899,1924]" targetBox="[151,1436,166,1879]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFD8FFF3FF7DF8FBFE209A99" blockId="5.[151,1436,1899,1996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD8FFF3FF7DF8FBFEDB9AD1" bold="true" box="[151,268,1899,1924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="185">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
. SEM micrographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFD8FFF3FE1AF8FCFD599AD6" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[496,654,1899,1923]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="185" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD8FFF3FE1AF8FCFD599AD6" box="[496,654,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="185">A. kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD8FFF3FD7EF8FCFD339AD1" bold="true" box="[660,740,1900,1924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFD8FFF3FD7EF8FCFD339AD1" box="[660,740,1900,1924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="185" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A: Body region with ornamentations. B:
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD8FFF3FB68F8FCFB1A9AD1" box="[1154,1229,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="185">En face</emphasis>
|
||
view. C–E: Anterior end. F, H: Anterior region with shields. G: Anterior region without shields. I: Body region showing ridges as well as shields. J: Vulval region (Scale bars = 5 μm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="09CC6609FFDBFFF0FF7DF8FBFC5E9AA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918416" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5918416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918416/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="186" startId="6.[151,250,1899,1924]" targetBox="[151,1436,166,1879]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDBFFF0FF7DF8FBFC5E9AA5" blockId="6.[151,1436,1899,2032]" pageId="6" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDBFFF0FF7DF8FBFED89AD1" bold="true" box="[151,271,1899,1924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="186">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
. SEM micrographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDBFFF0FE16F8FCFD4A9AD6" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[508,669,1899,1923]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="186" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDBFFF0FE16F8FCFD4A9AD6" box="[508,669,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="186">A. kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDBFFF0FD4FF8FCFD209AD1" bold="true" box="[677,759,1900,1924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFDBFFF0FD4FF8FCFD209AD1" box="[677,759,1900,1924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="186" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A, B: Body region showing warts, shields and network. C: Body region with few shields sloughed off. D–G: Body region with warts; shields removed leaving fish bone-like or peg-like remnants of attachment with underlying cuticle. H: Body region showing warts and ridges. I: Vulval region showing obliterated outermost ridge. J–K: Left side of body with longitudinal ridges (Scale bars = 5 μm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="09CC6609FFDAFFF1FF7DF8FAFD8A9ABA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918418" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5918418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918418/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="187" startId="7.[151,250,1898,1923]" targetBox="[151,1447,151,1879]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFDAFFF1FF7DF8FAFD8A9ABA" blockId="7.[151,1437,1898,2031]" pageId="7" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDAFFF1FF7DF8FAFEC29AD6" bold="true" box="[151,277,1898,1923]" pageId="7" pageNumber="187">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Light micrograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFDAFFF1FE1CF8FBFD409AD6" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[502,663,1899,1923]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="187" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDAFFF1FE1CF8FBFD409AD6" box="[502,663,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="187">A. kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFDAFFF1FD4AF8FBFD259AD6" bold="true" box="[672,754,1899,1923]" pageId="7" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFDAFFF1FD4AF8FBFD259AD6" box="[672,754,1899,1923]" pageId="7" pageNumber="187" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
female A–C: Anterior body region showing shields and warts. C, D: Body region showing warts and network. E, F: Body region showing striated ridge. G–I: Body region showing ridges; J, K: Anterior end. L: Pharyngeal region. M: Female reproductive system. N: Mid body region showing warts and vulval opening. O, P: Posterior body region (Scale bars= 5 μm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="09CC6609FFD5FFFEFF7DF8FBFA5F9AFD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918420" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5918420" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918420/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="188" startId="8.[151,250,1899,1924]" targetBox="[151,1436,166,1879]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFD5FFFEFF7DF8FBFA5F9AFD" blockId="8.[151,1437,1899,1960]" pageId="8" pageNumber="188">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD5FFFEFF7DF8FBFEC49AD1" bold="true" box="[151,275,1899,1924]" pageId="8" pageNumber="188">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Light micrograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFD5FFFEFE07F8FCFD5A9AD6" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[493,653,1899,1923]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="188" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD5FFFEFE07F8FCFD5A9AD6" box="[493,653,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="188">A. kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD5FFFEFD79F8FCFD339AD1" bold="true" box="[659,740,1900,1924]" pageId="8" pageNumber="188">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFD5FFFEFD79F8FCFD339AD1" box="[659,740,1900,1924]" pageId="8" pageNumber="188" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
male A: Pharyngeal region. B, C: Posterior body region showing arrangement of bursal papillae. D: Bifid tail end. E, F: Cloacal region showing spicules and gubernaculum (Scale bars= 5 μm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="09CC6609FFD4FFFFFF7DFDE3FBCE9FD9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918422" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5918422" box="[151,1049,627,652]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918422/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" startId="9.[151,250,627,652]" targetBox="[151,1436,164,606]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFD4FFFFFF7DFDE3FBCE9FD9" blockId="9.[151,1049,627,652]" box="[151,1049,627,652]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD4FFFFFF7DFDE3FEC49FD9" bold="true" box="[151,275,627,652]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Mint leaf beetle (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFD4FFFFFE23FDE4FD4A9FD9" baseAuthorityName="Duftschmid" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[457,669,628,652]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chrysolina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="herbacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD4FFFFFE23FDE4FD4A9FD9" box="[457,669,628,652]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">Chrysolina herbacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). A, B: Dorsal view. C: Ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFD4FFFFFF2DFCB6FAA09BF5" blockId="9.[151,1437,698,1841]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">
|
||
Bunonematids have mostly been reported from unusual locations including the crevices and tree holes, away from the soil environment and show ornamented bodies studded with conspicuous warts, and complex networks. SEM studies of bunonematid body surfaces have revealed intricate details of these ornamentations. The new species described here possesses porous, transversely ovoid cuticularised shields with strongly cuticularized margins surrounded by a reticulate network on the right side of the body (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C5882A04FFD4FFFFFCBBFC26FC1E9E84" box="[849,969,950,977]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. SEM micrographs of A. kashmirensis sp. nov. A, B: Body region showing warts, shields and network. C: Body region with few shields sloughed off. D–G: Body region with warts; shields removed leaving fish bone-like or peg-like remnants of attachment with underlying cuticle. H: Body region showing warts and ridges. I: Vulval region showing obliterated outermost ridge. J–K: Left side of body with longitudinal ridges (Scale bars = 5 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918416/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) while the left side of the body possesses five longitudinal ridges that appear to be striated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C5882A04FFD4FFFFFD39FC4AFCC39EA1" box="[723,788,986,1012]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. SEM micrographs of A. kashmirensis sp. nov. A, B: Body region showing warts, shields and network. C: Body region with few shields sloughed off. D–G: Body region with warts; shields removed leaving fish bone-like or peg-like remnants of attachment with underlying cuticle. H: Body region showing warts and ridges. I: Vulval region showing obliterated outermost ridge. J–K: Left side of body with longitudinal ridges (Scale bars = 5 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918416/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
H–K). The prominent cuticular striae continuing through the elevated ridges give a fin-like/striated appearance to these ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C5882A04FFD4FFFFFC5EFC6EFBFF994C" box="[948,1064,1022,1049]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. SEM micrographs of A. kashmirensis sp. nov. A, B: Body region showing warts, shields and network. C: Body region with few shields sloughed off. D–G: Body region with warts; shields removed leaving fish bone-like or peg-like remnants of attachment with underlying cuticle. H: Body region showing warts and ridges. I: Vulval region showing obliterated outermost ridge. J–K: Left side of body with longitudinal ridges (Scale bars = 5 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918416/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">Fig. 3I, K</figureCitation>
|
||
). On right side, the cuticularised shields adhere to the underlying transverse striae (
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFD4FFFFFD29FBB2FCDD9969" box="[707,778,1058,1084]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.651" metricValueMax="1.778" metricValueMin="1.524" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" unit="in" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 in</quantity>
|
||
number) and the small peg-like paired warts present on the ventro-sub lateral side emerge through the elliptical sockets of the cuticularised shields. The origin of the warts and shields seems to differ with the warts originating in the cuticle while the shields and network show an extracuticular nature (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C5882A04FFD4FFFFFF07FB1EFE9199FD" box="[237,326,1166,1192]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. SEM micrographs of A. kashmirensis sp. nov. A, B: Body region showing warts, shields and network. C: Body region with few shields sloughed off. D–G: Body region with warts; shields removed leaving fish bone-like or peg-like remnants of attachment with underlying cuticle. H: Body region showing warts and ridges. I: Vulval region showing obliterated outermost ridge. J–K: Left side of body with longitudinal ridges (Scale bars = 5 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918416/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). These extracuticular structures appear to offer resistance to abrasive surfaces and provide protection to the underlying cuticle through sloughing off (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C5882A04FFD4FFFFFD37FB22FC849998" box="[733,851,1202,1229]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. SEM micrographs of A. kashmirensis sp. nov. A, B: Body region showing warts, shields and network. C: Body region with few shields sloughed off. D–G: Body region with warts; shields removed leaving fish bone-like or peg-like remnants of attachment with underlying cuticle. H: Body region showing warts and ridges. I: Vulval region showing obliterated outermost ridge. J–K: Left side of body with longitudinal ridges (Scale bars = 5 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918416/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
) under friction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFD4FFFFFBEDFB22FB729999" author="Bernard, E. C." box="[1031,1189,1202,1228]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" pagination="344 - 358" refId="ref4643" refString="Bernard, E. C. (1979) New species of Bunonematoidea (Rhabditida) from Georgia and Tennessee. Journal of Nematology, 11, 344 - 358." type="journal article" year="1979">Bernard 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, there is no regrowth/ regeneration once the shield /ornamentation is sloughed-off. Ultrastructural study by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFD4FFFFFB20FB46FA4B99A5" author="Jagerskiold, L. A." box="[1226,1436,1237,1264]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" pagination="557 - 561" refId="ref4940" refString="Jagerskiold, L. A. (1905) Bunonema richtersi n. g., n. sp. Ein eigentumlicher neue Landnematode aus dem Schwarzwald, von Kerguelen und Possession Island (Crozet Inseln). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 28, 557 - 561." type="journal article" year="1905">Jägerskiöld (1905)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revealed that the ridges and tubercles are formed by evagination and thickening of the median zone of the cuticle thus confirming their cuticular origin. As a result, even after removal of the shields as well as the adjoining network, the warts remain intact (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C5882A04FFD4FFFFFE43FAD2FDE89809" box="[425,575,1346,1373]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. SEM micrographs of A. kashmirensis sp. nov. A, B: Body region showing warts, shields and network. C: Body region with few shields sloughed off. D–G: Body region with warts; shields removed leaving fish bone-like or peg-like remnants of attachment with underlying cuticle. H: Body region showing warts and ridges. I: Vulval region showing obliterated outermost ridge. J–K: Left side of body with longitudinal ridges (Scale bars = 5 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918416/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">Fig. 3C, F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFD4FFFFFDBDFAD2FCE89809" author="Raski, D. J. & Jones, O." box="[599,831,1346,1373]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" pagination="216 - 227" refId="ref5181" refString="Raski, D. J. & Jones, O. (1973) Ultrastructure of the cuticle of Bunonema spp. (Nematoda: Bunonematidae). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 40, 216 - 227." type="journal article" year="1973">Raski & Jones 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFD4FFFFFCA1FAD2FC3E9809" author="Bernard, E. C." box="[843,1001,1346,1372]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" pagination="344 - 358" refId="ref4643" refString="Bernard, E. C. (1979) New species of Bunonematoidea (Rhabditida) from Georgia and Tennessee. Journal of Nematology, 11, 344 - 358." type="journal article" year="1979">Bernard 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). After detachment of the shields from the underlying cuticular striations, the remnants of the shields adhering to the striae surfaces present a fish-bone appearance and gradually erode away, leaving very small irregular remnants (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C5882A04FFD4FFFFFC33FA1AFBCF98F1" box="[985,1048,1418,1444]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,166,1879]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. SEM micrographs of A. kashmirensis sp. nov. A, B: Body region showing warts, shields and network. C: Body region with few shields sloughed off. D–G: Body region with warts; shields removed leaving fish bone-like or peg-like remnants of attachment with underlying cuticle. H: Body region showing warts and ridges. I: Vulval region showing obliterated outermost ridge. J–K: Left side of body with longitudinal ridges (Scale bars = 5 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5918416/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C–G) attached to the body surface. The importance of this unique bunonematid cuticular ornamentation was posited to have locomotory significance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFD4FFFFFF75FA42FEE798B9" author="Steiner, G." box="[159,304,1490,1516]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref5357" refString="Steiner, G. (1921) Untersuchungen uber den allgemeinen Bauplan der Nematoden Korpers. Zoologische Jahrbucher (Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere), 43, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1921">Steiner 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFD4FFFFFED6FA42FE0098B9" author="Stauffer, H." box="[316,471,1490,1516]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref5322" refString="Stauffer, H. (1924) Die Lokomotion der Nematoden. Beitragezur Kausalmorphologie der Fadenwurmer. Zoologische Jahrbuch- er (Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere), 49, 1 - 118" type="journal article" year="1924">Stauffer 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFD4FFFFFE08FA42FD1398B9" author="Raski, D. J. & Jones, O." box="[482,708,1490,1517]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" pagination="216 - 227" refId="ref5181" refString="Raski, D. J. & Jones, O. (1973) Ultrastructure of the cuticle of Bunonema spp. (Nematoda: Bunonematidae). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 40, 216 - 227." type="journal article" year="1973">Raski & Jones 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but TEM studies have not indicated any musculature associated with these structures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFD4FFFFFE63FA66FD7B9B45" author="Van Gansbeke, R. & Bert, W. & Govaerts, A. & Claeys, M. & Van Driessche, R. & Manhout, J. & Borgonie, G." box="[393,684,1526,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" pagination="473 - 484" refId="ref5526" refString="Van Gansbeke, R., Bert, W., Govaerts, A., Claeys, M., Van Driessche, R., Manhout, J. & Borgonie, G. (2004) Cuticular structure of three Bunonema species and first description of the male of B. penardi Stefanski, 1914 (Nematoda: Bunonematidae). Nematology, 6, 473 - 484. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1568541042665322" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9F77F863FFD4FFFFFE63FA66FE609B45" box="[393,439,1526,1552]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Gansbeke
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD4FFFFFDDBFA67FDB59B45" box="[561,610,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The effect of the peculiar asymmetry of bunonematids on locomotory abilities of females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB34D02FFD4FFFFFE26F98AFD389B61" authority="Nazir & Tahseen, 2020" authorityName="Nazir & Tahseen" authorityYear="2020" box="[460,751,1562,1588]" class="Secernentea" family="Bunonematidae" genus="Aspidonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kashmirensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD4FFFFFE26F98AFD389B61" box="[460,751,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">Aspidonema kashmirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD4FFFFFD12F98AFC859B61" bold="true" box="[760,850,1562,1588]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="74F457E8FFD4FFFFFD12F98AFC859B61" box="[760,850,1562,1588]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was studied through simple observations of culture plates containing 1.2% nutrient agar plated with
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD4FFFFFD52F9AFFCD69B0D" box="[696,769,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">E. coli</emphasis>
|
||
strain OP
|
||
<quantity id="9A4B9B64FFD4FFFFFC9BF9ADFC7D9B0D" box="[881,938,1597,1624]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" unit="in" value="50.0">50 in</quantity>
|
||
our laboratory. We observed that nematodes preferred to move on their left sides and avoided turning onto their heavily ornamented right sides. These results support the reports of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFD4FFFFFE64F916FDE59BF5" author="Steiner, G." box="[398,562,1670,1696]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref5357" refString="Steiner, G. (1921) Untersuchungen uber den allgemeinen Bauplan der Nematoden Korpers. Zoologische Jahrbucher (Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere), 43, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1921">Steiner (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFD4FFFFFDD7F916FD3C9BF5" author="Stauffer, H." box="[573,747,1670,1696]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref5322" refString="Stauffer, H. (1924) Die Lokomotion der Nematoden. Beitragezur Kausalmorphologie der Fadenwurmer. Zoologische Jahrbuch- er (Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere), 49, 1 - 118" type="journal article" year="1924">Stauffer (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFD4FFFFFD1DF916FC3D9BF5" author="Raski, D. J. & Jones, O." box="[759,1002,1670,1697]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" pagination="216 - 227" refId="ref5181" refString="Raski, D. J. & Jones, O. (1973) Ultrastructure of the cuticle of Bunonema spp. (Nematoda: Bunonematidae). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 40, 216 - 227." type="journal article" year="1973">Raski & Jones (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39224B70FFD4FFFFFBD4F917FAA49BF5" author="Van Gansbeke, R. & Bert, W. & Govaerts, A. & Claeys, M. & Van Driessche, R. & Manhout, J. & Borgonie, G." box="[1086,1395,1670,1697]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189" pagination="473 - 484" refId="ref5526" refString="Van Gansbeke, R., Bert, W., Govaerts, A., Claeys, M., Van Driessche, R., Manhout, J. & Borgonie, G. (2004) Cuticular structure of three Bunonema species and first description of the male of B. penardi Stefanski, 1914 (Nematoda: Bunonematidae). Nematology, 6, 473 - 484. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1568541042665322" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9F77F863FFD4FFFFFBD4F917FBBD9BF4" box="[1086,1130,1671,1697]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Gansbeke
|
||
<emphasis id="6FC7EA93FFD4FFFFFB0CF917FACF9BF5" box="[1254,1304,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D0C3681FFD4FFFFFF2DF93AFEA29A65" blockId="9.[151,1437,698,1841]" pageId="9" pageNumber="189">Ornamentation in bunonematid nematodes may vary with age. Therefore, a taxonomic study based only on a very few individuals may be misleading as it is possible that adults with intact cuticular ornamentations, when compared with others whose shields and cuticular network have been removed or sloughed off, may be misinterpreted as different species.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |