treatments-xml/data/FF/A4/B2/FFA4B27A101A5FA79F6CE9821D8E2C5A.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.53104" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a1ade8e5-350b-4b34-a486-3e46db0f8724" ID-PMC="PMC7669819" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-989-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="0185198E253B50C4BAB71B6BBF0305AB" ID-PubMed="33223893" ID-ZooBank="8957A11D00984990B073A1999A8AFBC6" ModsDocID="1313-2970-989-1" checkinTime="1604986527064" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Xu, Yu, Zhan, Zifeng &amp; Xu, Kuidong" docDate="2020" docId="FFA4B27A101A5FA79F6CE9821D8E2C5A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 989: 1-37" docOrigin="ZooKeys 989" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.53104" docTitle="Metallogorgia macrospina Kuekenthal 1919" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="0185198E253B50C4BAB71B6BBF0305AB" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="0185198E253B50C4BAB71B6BBF0305AB" masterDocTitle="Morphology and phylogenetic analysis of five deep-sea golden gorgonians (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae) in the Western Pacific Ocean, with the description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="37" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668169803292" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Morphology and phylogenetic analysis of five deep-sea golden gorgonians (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae) in the Western Pacific Ocean, with the description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Xu, Yu</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China &amp; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhan, Zifeng</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China &amp; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Xu, Kuidong</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China &amp; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China &amp; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China &amp; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">kxu@qdio.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>989</mods:number>
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<mods:end>37</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.53104</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.53104</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168961895" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FFA4B27A101A5FA79F6CE9821D8E2C5A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FFA4B27A101A5FA79F6CE9821D8E2C5A" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName LSID="FFA4B27A-101A-5FA7-9F6C-E9821D8E2C5A" authority="Kuekenthal, 1919" authorityName="Kuekenthal" authorityYear="1919" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Metallogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallogorgia macrospina" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrospina">
Metallogorgia macrospina 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
, 1919
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. External morphology and polyps of juvenile Metallogorgia macrospina MBM 286484 A the colony in situ. Laser dots spaced at 33 cm used for scale B close-up of branches in situ C the colony after collection D a branch under a light microscope E, F a single polyp under a light microscope G three polyps under SEM H polyp-body wall under SEM I coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (C), 5 mm (D), 1 mm (G), and 500 μm (E, F, H, I; H, I at the same scale)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473218" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 11</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Sclerites of juvenile Metallogorgia macrospina MBM 286484 A some small rods in polyps B larger rods in polyps C rods and elongated scales in coenenchyme. Scale bars: 50 μm (A), 300 μm (B, C at the same scale)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473219" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 12</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. External morphology and polyps of Metallogorgia macrospina MBM 286487 A the colony in situ. Laser dots spaced at 33 cm used for scale B close-up of branches in situ C the colony after collection D a branch under a light microscope E, F a single polyp under a light microscope G three polyps under SEM H head of a polyp under SEM I coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (C), 2 mm (D), and 500 μm (E-I; H, I at the same scale)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473220" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 13</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Sclerites of Metallogorgia macrospina MBM 286487 A some small rods in polyps B larger rods in polyps C rods and elongated scales in coenenchyme. Scale bars: 100 μm (A), and 300 μm (B, C at the same scale)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473221" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 14</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. External morphology and polyps of Metallogorgia macrospina MBM 286488 A the colony in situ. Laser dots spaced at 33 cm used for scale B close-up of branches in situ C the colony after collection D a branch under a light microscope E, F a single polyp under a light microscope G three polyps under SEM H head of one polyp under SEM I coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (C); 2 mm (D), and 500 μm (E-I; H, I at the same scale)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473222" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 15</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Sclerites of Metallogorgia macrospina MBM 286488 A rods in tentacles B rods in the polyp-body wall C rods and elongated scales in coenenchyme. Scale bar: 200 μm (all images at the same scale)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473223" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 16</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. External morphology and polyps of Metallogorgia macrospina MBM 286489 A the colony in situ. Laser dots spaced at 33 cm used for scale B the colony after collection C a branch under a light microscope D a terminal branchlet under a light microscope E, F a single polyp under a light microscope G three polyps under SEM H head of one polyp under SEM I coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (B), 2 mm (C), and 500 μm (D-I; H, I at the same scale)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473224" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 17</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Sclerites of Metallogorgia macrospina MBM 286489 A rods in tentacles B rods in the polyp-body wall C rods and elongated scales in coenenchyme. Scale bar: 300 μm (all at the same scale)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473225" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 18</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. The morphological measuring data of the specimens of Metallogorgia. &quot; - &quot; means nonexistent or meaningless data." pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tables 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. The comparisons of the species (adults) in the genus Metallogorgia Versluys, 1902 and Pseudochrysogorgia bellona Pante &amp; France, 2010." pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuekenthal" authorityYear="1919" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Metallogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallogorgia macrospina" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrospina">Metallogorgia macrospina</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
, 1919: 504-505, figs 227-229, Taf.XXX, Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sclerites of Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov. A sclerites in the back and at the base of tentacles B sclerites at the basal polyp body C sclerites in coenenchyme. Scale bar: 300 μm (all images at the same scale)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473213" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<geoCoordinate degrees="0" direction="south" minutes="58.2" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-0.97">0°58.2'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="90" direction="east" minutes="43.2" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="90.72">90°43.2'E</geoCoordinate>
, West Sumatra, 1280 m depth (
<bibRefCitation author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B18" refString="Kuekenthal, W, 1919. Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition auf dem Dampfer&quot;Valdivia&quot;1891-1899 13(2): 1-946." title="Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition auf dem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot; 1891 - 1899 13 (2): 1 - 946." year="1919">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
1919
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="voucher specimens">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Voucher specimens.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
MBM286484, station FX-Dive 210 (
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="04.68" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.078">10°04.68'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="12.07" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="140.20117">140°12.07'E</geoCoordinate>
), depth 911 m, 28 May 2019. MBM286487, station FX-Dive 215 (
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="04.97" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.082833">10°04.97'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="10.75" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="140.17917">140°10.75'E</geoCoordinate>
), depth 986 m, 2 June 2019. MBM286488, station FX-Dive 215 (
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="04.82" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.080334">10°04.82'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="10.90" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="140.18167">140°10.90'E</geoCoordinate>
), depth 902 m, 2 June 2019. MBM286489, station FX-Dive 223 (
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="04.63" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.077167">10°04.63'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="15.12" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="140.252">140°15.12'E</geoCoordinate>
), depth 1072 m, 11 June 2019. They were collected from three seamounts (tentatively named as M5, M7 and M8) located on the Caroline Ridge.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473214" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 7.</emphasis>
External morphology and polyps of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Metallogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallogorgia melanotrichos" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanotrichos">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metallogorgia melanotrichos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MBM286485 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
the colony 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">in situ</emphasis>
. Laser dots spaced at 33 cm used for scale 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
the colony after collection 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
a branch under a light microscope 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, E</emphasis>
a single polyp under a light microscope 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F, G</emphasis>
a single polyp under SEM 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
head of one polyp under SEM. Scale bars: 20 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), 2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
), and 1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E-H</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473215" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Sclerites of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Metallogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallogorgia melanotrichos" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanotrichos">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metallogorgia melanotrichos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MBM286485 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
rods in tentacles 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
rods and scales in the polyp-body wall 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
scales in coenenchyme. Scale bar: 200 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(all images at the same scale).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(extended on the basis of 
<bibRefCitation author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B18" refString="Kuekenthal, W, 1919. Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition auf dem Dampfer&quot;Valdivia&quot;1891-1899 13(2): 1-946." title="Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition auf dem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot; 1891 - 1899 13 (2): 1 - 946." year="1919">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
1919
</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
In adults, main stem monopodial with branches forming a similar spiral on the top. Strong branches subdivided dichotomously, with branchlets forming a sympodium pattern in each plane. In juveniles, main stem monopodial and thin/gracile with branches occurring on the lateral of the trunk randomly and subdivided dichotomously in multiple planes. Polyp cylindrical, some of them with a slightly expanded base, absent on stem of adults but present in juveniles. Sclerites relatively coarse with many small warts on surface, cross-shaped occasionally. Rods relatively regular, longitudinally arranged in tentacles and the upper part of the polyp body, and partially crosswise or transversely arranged on the body bottom. Scales and rods elongated, usually coarse with serrated edges, transversely arranged in coenenchyme. Nematozooids not present.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">In juvenile (specimen MBM286484), colony slightly bottlebrush-shaped, with branches occurring on the lateral side of the stem randomly. Main stem monopodial and gracile. Branches subdivided dichotomously in multiple planes. Polyps cylindrical, occasionally present on the top of the stem. The branch coenenchyme well differentiated with a layer of sclerites. In the adults (specimen MBM286487-286489), colony like a tree shape with branches forming a similar spiral on the top of the stem. Main stem monopodial and strong. Branches subdivided dichotomously with branchlets forming a sympodium pattern in each plane. Polyps cylindrical, some of them with a slightly expanded base, absent from the stem. Branch coenenchyme usually not well differentiated.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Sclerites with same forms and arrangement in juveniles and adults, both relatively coarse with many small warts on surface, cross-shaped occasionally. Rods relatively regular, longitudinally arranged in tentacles and the upper part of the polyp body, and partially crosswise or transversely arranged on the body bottom. Scales and rods elongated, usually coarse with serrated edges, transversely arranged in coenenchyme. For detailed morphological measurements, see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. The morphological measuring data of the specimens of Metallogorgia. &quot; - &quot; means nonexistent or meaningless data." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/90D8F5D923E62909C2135D4AE691D17C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="90D8F5D923E62909C2135D4AE691D17C">2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
West Sumatra (
<bibRefCitation author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B18" refString="Kuekenthal, W, 1919. Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition auf dem Dampfer&quot;Valdivia&quot;1891-1899 13(2): 1-946." title="Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition auf dem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot; 1891 - 1899 13 (2): 1 - 946." year="1919">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
1919
</bibRefCitation>
); the unnamed seamounts on the Caroline Ridge in the Western Pacific (present study); Southwest Pacific (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038357" author="Pante, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B24" refString="Pante, E, France, SC, Couloux, A, Cruaud, C, McFadden, CS, Samadi, S, Watling, L, 2012. Deep-Sea Origin and In-Situ Diversification of Chrysogorgiid Octocorals. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38357. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038357" title="Deep-Sea Origin and In-Situ Diversification of Chrysogorgiid Octocorals. PLoS ONE 7 (6): e 38357." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038357" year="2012">Pante et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), 720-1280 m depth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
According to 
<bibRefCitation author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B18" refString="Kuekenthal, W, 1919. Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition auf dem Dampfer&quot;Valdivia&quot;1891-1899 13(2): 1-946." title="Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition auf dem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot; 1891 - 1899 13 (2): 1 - 946." year="1919">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
(1919)
</bibRefCitation>
, the sclerites in the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. macrospina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrospina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. macrospina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
polyps contain rods and spindles, and those in coenenchyme are slender rods, some of them flat or irregular. The sclerites in our specimens match well with the original description as well as pictures. Therefore, we identify our specimen as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. macrospina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrospina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. macrospina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuekenthal" authorityYear="1919" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Metallogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallogorgia macrospina" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrospina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metallogorgia macrospina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. melanotrichos" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="melanotrichos">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. melanotrichos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the branchlets forming a sympodium pattern in the large branches. In the original description, 
<bibRefCitation author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B18" refString="Kuekenthal, W, 1919. Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition auf dem Dampfer&quot;Valdivia&quot;1891-1899 13(2): 1-946." title="Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition auf dem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot; 1891 - 1899 13 (2): 1 - 946." year="1919">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
(1919)
</bibRefCitation>
pointed out that 
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. macrospina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrospina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. macrospina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differed from 
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. melanotrichos" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="melanotrichos">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. melanotrichos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its more densely arranged branches, larger polyps, longer sclerites in coenenchyme and different color. However, the polyps of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. macrospina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrospina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. macrospina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in our specimens are generally smaller than those of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. melanotrichos" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="melanotrichos">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. melanotrichos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. The morphological measuring data of the specimens of Metallogorgia. &quot; - &quot; means nonexistent or meaningless data." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/90D8F5D923E62909C2135D4AE691D17C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="90D8F5D923E62909C2135D4AE691D17C">2</tableCitation>
), and there are no conspicuous differences in color (almost brown to black) among these colonies. Therefore, based on the morphological features of our specimens, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. macrospina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrospina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. macrospina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from 
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. melanotrichos" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="melanotrichos">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. melanotrichos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its sympodial branching part forming a spiral on the colony top (vs. monopodial), only rods in the polyp-body wall (vs. rods and scales), and rods and scales in coenenchyme (vs. only scales).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The juvenile of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuekenthal" authorityYear="1919" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Metallogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallogorgia macrospina" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrospina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metallogorgia macrospina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(specimen MBM286484) has significant differences in the branching pattern from the adult specimens MBM286487, MBM286488 and MBM286489 in morphology. It differs also by having a slightly bottlebrush-shaped colony (vs. similarly tree-shaped colony), gracile and flexible stem (vs. hard and strong), monopodial branching part (vs. sympodial), branchlets in multiple planes (vs. forming a sympodium in one plane), and well differentiated coenenchyme with more sclerites (vs. not well differentiated and with relatively sparse sclerites). However, the same sclerites in polyps and coenenchyme, and particularly the mtMutS gene data analyzed below indicate these specimens belong to the same species.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473216" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 9.</emphasis>
External morphology and polyps of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Metallogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallogorgia melanotrichos" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanotrichos">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metallogorgia melanotrichos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MBM286486 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
the colony 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">in situ</emphasis>
. Laser dots spaced at 33 cm used for scale 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
the colony after collection 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
a branch under a light microscope 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, F</emphasis>
a single polyp under a light microscope 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
three polyps under SEM 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
head of one polyp under SEM 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
), 2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
) and 500 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E-I; H, I</emphasis>
at the same scale).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473217" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Sclerites of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Metallogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallogorgia melanotrichos" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanotrichos">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metallogorgia melanotrichos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MBM286486 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
rods in tentacles 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
rods and scales in the polyp-body wall 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
scales in coenenchyme. Scale bar: 300 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(all images at the same scale).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473218" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 11.</emphasis>
External morphology and polyps of juvenile 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuekenthal" authorityYear="1919" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Metallogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallogorgia macrospina" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrospina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metallogorgia macrospina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MBM286484 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
the colony 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">in situ</emphasis>
. Laser dots spaced at 33 cm used for scale 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
close-up of branches 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">in situ</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
the colony after collection 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
a branch under a light microscope 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, F</emphasis>
a single polyp under a light microscope 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
three polyps under SEM 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
polyp-body wall under SEM 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
), 5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
), 1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
), and 500 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, F, H, I; H, I</emphasis>
at the same scale).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473219" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 12.</emphasis>
Sclerites of juvenile 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuekenthal" authorityYear="1919" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Metallogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallogorgia macrospina" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrospina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metallogorgia macrospina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MBM286484 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
some small rods in polyps 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
larger rods in polyps 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
rods and elongated scales in coenenchyme. Scale bars: 50 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), 300 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
at the same scale).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473220" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 13.</emphasis>
External morphology and polyps of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuekenthal" authorityYear="1919" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Metallogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallogorgia macrospina" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrospina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metallogorgia macrospina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MBM286487 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
the colony 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">in situ</emphasis>
. Laser dots spaced at 33 cm used for scale 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
close-up of branches 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">in situ</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
the colony after collection 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
a branch under a light microscope 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, F</emphasis>
a single polyp under a light microscope 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
three polyps under SEM 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
head of a polyp under SEM 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
), 2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
), and 500 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E-I; H, I</emphasis>
at the same scale).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473221" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 14.</emphasis>
Sclerites of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuekenthal" authorityYear="1919" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Metallogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallogorgia macrospina" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrospina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metallogorgia macrospina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MBM286487 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
some small rods in polyps 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
larger rods in polyps 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
rods and elongated scales in coenenchyme. Scale bars: 100 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), and 300 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
at the same scale).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>