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<document id="8826A4092956E9F946A32FE46798D74F" ID-DOI="10.11865/zs.202033" ID-ISSN="2095-6827" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5367231" ID-ZooBank="00441A2B-31CF-400B-B2AA-E7BEA6775439" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630258132266" checkinUser="diego" docAuthor="Jiang, Tongyao, Xin, Yafei, Yao, Zhiyuan &amp; Li, Shuqiang" docDate="2020" docId="FE7987DAFFD7FFFBBCFEFAB71401FDBD" docLanguage="en" docName="Two new spider families from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Arachnida_ Araneae).pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Systematics 45 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:07E7829F32901B127B59E960199959BD.1:ZoolSyst.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="07E7829F32901B127B59E960199959BD" docStyleName="ZoolSyst.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Gigarachnidae Jiang &amp; Li" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="273" masterDocId="0240FFA2FFD1FFFCBC76FFFF162FFFA7" masterDocTitle="Two new spider families from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Arachnida: Araneae)" masterLastPageNumber="280" masterPageNumber="266" pageNumber="272" updateTime="1699200183814" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods id="CDB66BBF56B973DF86DB5B3B37A0ADDC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="E68199FDC32BF864EEEE0B5CABBE3F33">
<mods:title id="6DECE2A4BE951737425E8F96A4F0BE40">Two new spider families from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Arachnida: Araneae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="992BD07D2E8E07637B41098ED0A8A308" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D742AD146850A855F73828D996A0B10C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="28FE076850197DB6394A53B21E76ECFC">Jiang, Tongyao</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5E8C0F6D4A194F85EB3A2F6F68B9422E">Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China &amp; Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="FEE3875CBDE590AA2AC60CF906B9C915">Xin, Yafei</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="391F30FE1EB29EEAB3DE83A38B949100">College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China Corresponding authors, E-mails: yaozy @ synu. edu. cn; lisq @ ioz. ac. cn</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="BBA4C54FD2308358A15153E4BD7B374E">Yao, Zhiyuan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="00542B96142E75123094078F4A9B45AA">College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China Corresponding authors, E-mails: yaozy @ synu. edu. cn; lisq @ ioz. ac. cn</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="B889DB4B31942DAD146C369586CB01F4">Li, Shuqiang</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="13A6ACB3B7655965FA372AB6E6B33C23">Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="1E1B439505D3CBCEE6927A23A1030074">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="5434DE36F631CBC4ABA31E34E8C9354B" type="DOI">10.11865/zs.202033</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B60F32100426C2FB039887226759F63E" type="ISSN">2095-6827</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="FE7987DAFFD7FFFBBCFEFAB71401FDBD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE7987DAFFD7FFFBBCFEFAB71401FDBD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FE7987DAFFD7FFFBBCFEFAB71401FDBD" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="273" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">
<subSubSection id="3ECA6547FFD7FFFABCFEFAB714A2FAC6" box="[136,653,1352,1377]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="766F36CCFFD7FFFABCFEFAB714A2FAC6" blockId="6.[136,653,1352,1377]" box="[136,653,1352,1377]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">
<heading id="2D2781A0FFD7FFFABCFEFAB714A2FAC6" box="[136,653,1352,1377]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" reason="2">
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFABCFEFAB714A2FAC6" bold="true" box="[136,653,1352,1377]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">
Family †
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFABC9CFAB71437FAC7" authority="Jiang &amp; Li" authorityName="Jiang &amp; Li" box="[234,536,1352,1376]" class="Arachnida" family="Gigarachnidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gigarachnidae Jiang &amp; Li</taxonomicName>
, fam. nov.
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="3ECA6547FFD7FFFBBCCBFA7F1401FDBD" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="273" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="766F36CCFFD7FFFABCCBFA7F1480FA3F" blockId="6.[136,1452,1408,2091]" box="[189,687,1408,1432]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">
<typeStatus id="A96B886EFFD7FFFABCCBFA7F16DDFA3F" box="[189,242,1408,1432]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Type</typeStatus>
genus.
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFABD33FA7F1410FA3F" authority="Jiang &amp; Li" authorityName="Jiang &amp; Li" authorityYear="2020" box="[325,575,1408,1432]" class="Arachnida" family="Gigarachnidae" genus="Gigarachne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFABD33FA7F17EBFA3F" box="[325,452,1408,1432]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Gigarachne</emphasis>
Jiang &amp; Li
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFABE3CFA7F1480FA3F" bold="true" box="[586,687,1408,1432]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5F9757A5FFD7FFFABE3CFA7F1480FA3F" box="[586,687,1408,1432]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="766F36CCFFD7FFFABCCBFA5D1282F985" blockId="6.[136,1452,1408,2091]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">
Diagnosis.
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFABD40FA5D147FFA1D" authority="Jiang &amp; Li" authorityName="Jiang &amp; Li" box="[310,592,1442,1467]" class="Arachnida" family="Gigarachnidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gigarachnidae Jiang &amp; Li</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFABE2DFA5D14EAFA1C" bold="true" box="[603,709,1442,1467]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">fam. nov.</emphasis>
can be distinguished from most extant Araneoidea by the absence of paracymbium; from Palpimanoidea by the absence of peg teeth; from Synspermiata by the presence of AME and nonpiriform bulb (
<figureCitation id="EEEB2A49FFD7FFFABD5EFA1717ADF9A7" box="[296,386,1512,1536]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[155,218,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetId="figure-60@8.[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Gigarachne bian Jiang &amp; Li, gen. &amp; sp. nov., holotype male. A. Habitus, ventral view. B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Tarsal claws of left leg II. D. Eye domain, dorsal view. E. Mouthparts, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B=2.0mm; C=0.2 mm; D–E=1.0mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367243/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Figs 5D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="EEEB2A49FFD7FFFABDF8FA1717FEF9A7" box="[398,465,1512,1536]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[155,218,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetId="figure-61@9.[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Gigarachne bian Jiang &amp; Li, gen. &amp; sp. nov., holotype male, right male palp.A.Apical view. B. Retrolateral view.C.Ventral view. Images horizontally flipped for the sake of comparison. Scale bars: A=0.2mm; B–C=0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367245/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">6A–C</figureCitation>
); from RTA clade by the absence of an RTA and the relative position of cymbium and bulb (
<figureCitation id="EEEB2A49FFD7FFFABCE6F9F51726F985" box="[144,265,1546,1570]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[155,218,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetId="figure-61@9.[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Gigarachne bian Jiang &amp; Li, gen. &amp; sp. nov., holotype male, right male palp.A.Apical view. B. Retrolateral view.C.Ventral view. Images horizontally flipped for the sake of comparison. Scale bars: A=0.2mm; B–C=0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367245/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Figs 6A–C</figureCitation>
); from
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFABD21F9F517C8F985" authorityName="Marx" authorityYear="1888" box="[343,487,1546,1570]" class="Arachnida" family="Hypochilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hypochilidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFABE6FF9F51499F985" authorityName="Zapfe" authorityYear="1955" box="[537,694,1546,1570]" class="Arachnida" family="Austrochilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Austrochilidae</taxonomicName>
by the presence of only one pair of booklungs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="766F36CCFFD7FFFABCCBF9D2142BF864" blockId="6.[136,1452,1408,2091]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">
The cribellar area of
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFABDD7F9D21494F9E2" authority="Jiang &amp; Li" authorityName="Jiang &amp; Li" box="[417,699,1581,1605]" class="Arachnida" family="Gigarachnidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gigarachnidae Jiang &amp; Li</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFABEB1F9D2151EF9E2" bold="true" box="[711,817,1581,1605]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">fam. nov.</emphasis>
is covered by impurity and was thus not observable, but it can be distinguished from many extinct families from
<collectingRegion id="B414F82EFFD7FFFABEBDF9AF1537F9CF" box="[715,792,1616,1640]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Kachin</collectingRegion>
amber by the combination of gigantic size (the largest known araneomorph spider in
<collectingRegion id="B414F82EFFD7FFFABDF6F98D17E2F92D" box="[384,461,1650,1674]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Kachin</collectingRegion>
amber), absence of any apophyses on the male palpal podomeres (
<figureCitation id="EEEB2A49FFD7FFFAB8ECF98D12C3F92D" box="[1178,1260,1650,1674]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[155,218,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetId="figure-61@9.[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Gigarachne bian Jiang &amp; Li, gen. &amp; sp. nov., holotype male, right male palp.A.Apical view. B. Retrolateral view.C.Ventral view. Images horizontally flipped for the sake of comparison. Scale bars: A=0.2mm; B–C=0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367245/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
) and the complex tegular apophyses (
<figureCitation id="EEEB2A49FFD7FFFABD23F96A17E1F90A" box="[341,462,1685,1709]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[155,218,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetId="figure-61@9.[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Gigarachne bian Jiang &amp; Li, gen. &amp; sp. nov., holotype male, right male palp.A.Apical view. B. Retrolateral view.C.Ventral view. Images horizontally flipped for the sake of comparison. Scale bars: A=0.2mm; B–C=0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367245/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Figs 6A–C</figureCitation>
). Some members of the family †
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFABF55F96A1292F90A" authority="Wunderlich, 2008" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2008" box="[803,1213,1685,1709]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcochyroceridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Pholcochyroceridae
<bibRefCitation id="12414B3DFFD7FFFABF89F96A1292F90A" author="Wunderlich" box="[1023,1213,1685,1709]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" refId="ref9110" refString="Wunderlich, J. 2008. The dominance of ancient spider families of the Araneae: Haplogyne in the Cretaceous, and the late diversification of advanced ecribellate spiders of the Entelegynae after the Cretaceous - Tertiary boundary extinction events, with descriptions of new families. In: Wunderlich, J. (ed.), Beitrage zur Araneologie, Vol. 5. Hirschberg, Germany. pp. 524 - 675." type="book" year="2008">Wunderlich, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
have large-sized body (
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFABCE7F946169EF977" box="[145,177,1721,1744]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">i.e.</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFABCC8F9471422F977" authority="Wunderlich, 2015" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2015" box="[190,525,1720,1744]" class="Arachnida" genus="Autotomiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFABCC8F9471767F968" box="[190,328,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Autotomiana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="12414B3DFFD7FFFABD3BF9471422F977" author="Wunderlich" box="[333,525,1720,1744]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" refId="ref9255" refString="Wunderlich, J. 2015. On the evolution and the classification of spiders, the Mesozoic spider faunas, and descriptions of new Cretaceous taxa mainly in amber from Myanmar (Burma) (Arachnida: Araneae). In: Wunderlich, J. (ed.), Beitrage zur Araneologie, Vol. 9. Hirschberg, Germany. pp. 21 - 408." type="book" year="2015">Wunderlich, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) or complex tegular apophyses (
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFABF13F94615AAF977" box="[869,901,1721,1744]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">i.e.</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFABFE7F94712D1F977" authority="Wunderlich, 2008" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2008" box="[913,1278,1720,1744]" class="Arachnida" family="Praeterleptonetidae" genus="Pholcochyrocer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFABFE7F9471215F977" box="[913,1082,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Pholcochyrocer</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="12414B3DFFD7FFFAB836F94712D1F977" author="Wunderlich" box="[1088,1278,1720,1744]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" refId="ref9110" refString="Wunderlich, J. 2008. The dominance of ancient spider families of the Araneae: Haplogyne in the Cretaceous, and the late diversification of advanced ecribellate spiders of the Entelegynae after the Cretaceous - Tertiary boundary extinction events, with descriptions of new families. In: Wunderlich, J. (ed.), Beitrage zur Araneologie, Vol. 5. Hirschberg, Germany. pp. 524 - 675." type="book" year="2008">Wunderlich, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFAB946F9471765F954" authority="Wunderlich, 2015" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2015" class="Arachnida" genus="Spinicreber" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFAB946F9471383F977" box="[1328,1452,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Spinicreber</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="12414B3DFFD7FFFABCFEF9241765F954" author="Wunderlich" box="[136,330,1755,1779]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" refId="ref9255" refString="Wunderlich, J. 2015. On the evolution and the classification of spiders, the Mesozoic spider faunas, and descriptions of new Cretaceous taxa mainly in amber from Myanmar (Burma) (Arachnida: Araneae). In: Wunderlich, J. (ed.), Beitrage zur Araneologie, Vol. 9. Hirschberg, Germany. pp. 21 - 408." type="book" year="2015">Wunderlich, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="12414B3DFFD7FFFABD0CF924148AF954" author="Wunderlich" box="[378,677,1755,1779]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" refId="ref9186" refString="Wunderlich, J. 2012. On the fossil spider (Araneae) fauna in Cretaceous ambers, with descriptions of new taxa from Burmese (Burma) and Jordan, and on the relationships of the superfamily Leptonetoidea. In: Wunderlich, J. (ed.), Beitrage zur Araneologie, Vol. 7. Hirschberg, Germany. pp. 157 - 232." type="book" year="2012">Wunderlich, 2012: 226–227</bibRefCitation>
, figs 33–37;
<bibRefCitation id="12414B3DFFD7FFFABF5DF924120EF954" author="Wunderlich" box="[811,1057,1755,1779]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" refId="ref9255" refString="Wunderlich, J. 2015. On the evolution and the classification of spiders, the Mesozoic spider faunas, and descriptions of new Cretaceous taxa mainly in amber from Myanmar (Burma) (Arachnida: Araneae). In: Wunderlich, J. (ed.), Beitrage zur Araneologie, Vol. 9. Hirschberg, Germany. pp. 21 - 408." type="book" year="2015">Wunderlich, 2015: 382</bibRefCitation>
, figs 177–178; Wunderlich &amp; Müller, 2020: 155, figs 147–149) and also have serrate accessory claw setae (
<bibRefCitation id="12414B3DFFD7FFFABF19F902121AF8B2" author="Wunderlich" box="[879,1077,1789,1813]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" refId="ref9255" refString="Wunderlich, J. 2015. On the evolution and the classification of spiders, the Mesozoic spider faunas, and descriptions of new Cretaceous taxa mainly in amber from Myanmar (Burma) (Arachnida: Araneae). In: Wunderlich, J. (ed.), Beitrage zur Araneologie, Vol. 9. Hirschberg, Germany. pp. 21 - 408." type="book" year="2015">Wunderlich, 2015</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFAB8C3F902168DF89F" authority="Jiang &amp; Li" authorityName="Jiang &amp; Li" class="Arachnida" family="Gigarachnidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gigarachnidae Jiang &amp; Li</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFABCDBF8DF1739F89F" bold="true" box="[173,278,1824,1848]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">fam. nov.</emphasis>
can still be well distinguished from †
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFABED0F8DF1552F89F" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2008" box="[678,893,1824,1848]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcochyroceridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pholcochyroceridae</taxonomicName>
by the presence of feathery scales and modified eye domain (
<figureCitation id="EEEB2A49FFD7FFFABC91F8BC1713F8FC" box="[231,316,1859,1883]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[155,218,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetId="figure-60@8.[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Gigarachne bian Jiang &amp; Li, gen. &amp; sp. nov., holotype male. A. Habitus, ventral view. B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Tarsal claws of left leg II. D. Eye domain, dorsal view. E. Mouthparts, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B=2.0mm; C=0.2 mm; D–E=1.0mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367243/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFABD26F8BC1448F8FC" authority="Jiang &amp; Li" authorityName="Jiang &amp; Li" box="[336,615,1859,1883]" class="Arachnida" family="Gigarachnidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gigarachnidae Jiang &amp; Li</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFABE04F8BD14F5F8FC" bold="true" box="[626,730,1858,1883]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">fam. nov.</emphasis>
resembles the other new family, †
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFAB830F8BC1342F8FC" authority="Jiang &amp; Li" authorityName="Jiang &amp; Li" box="[1094,1389,1859,1883]" class="Arachnida" family="Pilosarachnidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pilosarachnidae Jiang &amp; Li</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFAB90EF8BD1698F8D9" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">fam. nov.</emphasis>
, by the presence of feathery scales, distinct longitudinal fovea and the absence of apophyses on all male palpal podomeres, but can be distinguished by the relative position of cymbium and bulb (
<figureCitation id="EEEB2A49FFD7FFFAB87DF87712ACF807" box="[1035,1155,1928,1952]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[155,218,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetId="figure-61@9.[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Gigarachne bian Jiang &amp; Li, gen. &amp; sp. nov., holotype male, right male palp.A.Apical view. B. Retrolateral view.C.Ventral view. Images horizontally flipped for the sake of comparison. Scale bars: A=0.2mm; B–C=0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367245/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Figs 6A–C</figureCitation>
) and the presence of AME- PME protruding tubercle (
<figureCitation id="EEEB2A49FFD7FFFABDD7F85417D8F864" box="[417,503,1963,1987]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[155,218,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetId="figure-60@8.[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Gigarachne bian Jiang &amp; Li, gen. &amp; sp. nov., holotype male. A. Habitus, ventral view. B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Tarsal claws of left leg II. D. Eye domain, dorsal view. E. Mouthparts, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B=2.0mm; C=0.2 mm; D–E=1.0mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367243/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="766F36CCFFD7FFFABCCBF8321537F7AF" blockId="6.[136,1452,1408,2091]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">
The flat body, long hairs bore at the end of abdomen (
<figureCitation id="EEEB2A49FFD7FFFABE8FF8321540F842" box="[761,879,1997,2021]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[155,218,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetId="figure-60@8.[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Gigarachne bian Jiang &amp; Li, gen. &amp; sp. nov., holotype male. A. Habitus, ventral view. B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Tarsal claws of left leg II. D. Eye domain, dorsal view. E. Mouthparts, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B=2.0mm; C=0.2 mm; D–E=1.0mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367243/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Figs 5A–B</figureCitation>
) and PME-AME tubercle (
<figureCitation id="EEEB2A49FFD7FFFAB8E7F83212CAF842" box="[1169,1253,1997,2021]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[155,218,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetId="figure-60@8.[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Gigarachne bian Jiang &amp; Li, gen. &amp; sp. nov., holotype male. A. Habitus, ventral view. B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Tarsal claws of left leg II. D. Eye domain, dorsal view. E. Mouthparts, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B=2.0mm; C=0.2 mm; D–E=1.0mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367243/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
) of
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD7FFFAB966F83216D3F7AF" authority="Jiang &amp; Li" authorityName="Jiang &amp; Li" class="Arachnida" family="Gigarachnidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gigarachnidae Jiang &amp; Li</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="44A4EADEFFD7FFFABD7EF80F175FF7AF" bold="true" box="[264,368,2032,2056]" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">fam. nov.</emphasis>
are unique characters in
<collectingRegion id="B414F82EFFD7FFFABE0DF80F14E7F7AF" box="[635,712,2032,2056]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Kachin</collectingRegion>
amber.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="766F36CCFFD7FFFBBCCBF7EC1345FEED" blockId="6.[136,1452,1408,2091]" lastBlockId="7.[136,1451,236,538]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="273" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">
Description. Gigantic araneomorph spider from
<collectingRegion id="B414F82EFFD7FFFABEC8F7EC1524F78C" box="[702,779,2067,2091]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="6" pageNumber="272">Kachin</collectingRegion>
amber. Three tarsal claws, serrate accessory claw setae present (
<figureCitation id="EEEB2A49FFD6FFFBBCE6FF1316CBFEA3" box="[144,228,236,260]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[155,218,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetId="figure-60@8.[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Gigarachne bian Jiang &amp; Li, gen. &amp; sp. nov., holotype male. A. Habitus, ventral view. B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Tarsal claws of left leg II. D. Eye domain, dorsal view. E. Mouthparts, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B=2.0mm; C=0.2 mm; D–E=1.0mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367243/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="273">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
); eight eyes, AME and PME on a common protruding tubercle, ALE and PLE on lateral tubercles (
<figureCitation id="EEEB2A49FFD6FFFBB971FF131373FEA3" box="[1287,1372,236,260]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[155,218,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetId="figure-60@8.[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Gigarachne bian Jiang &amp; Li, gen. &amp; sp. nov., holotype male. A. Habitus, ventral view. B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Tarsal claws of left leg II. D. Eye domain, dorsal view. E. Mouthparts, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B=2.0mm; C=0.2 mm; D–E=1.0mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367243/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="273">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
); fovea distinct, longitudinal; feathery scales present on legs, carapace and abdomen; spines numerous on walking legs but absent on tarsi, spines forming a ring at apex of each metatarsi; paracymbium absent, tegular apophyses many and complex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="766F36CCFFD6FFFBBCCBFEAB1520FECA" blockId="7.[136,1451,236,538]" box="[189,783,340,365]" pageId="7" pageNumber="273">
Distribution. Late Cretaceous
<collectingRegion id="B414F82EFFD6FFFBBD89FEAB1463FECB" box="[511,588,340,364]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="7" pageNumber="273">Kachin</collectingRegion>
amber,
<taxonomicName id="B1D04D4FFFD6FFFBBED7FEAA1524FECA" authority="Jiang &amp; Xin &amp; Yao &amp; Li, 2020" authorityName="Jiang &amp; Xin &amp; Yao &amp; Li" authorityYear="2020" box="[673,779,341,365]" genus="Myanmar" pageId="7" pageNumber="266" rank="genus" status="new species, new genus">Myanmar</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="766F36CCFFD6FFFBBCCBFE881401FDBD" blockId="7.[136,1451,236,538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="273">
Comments. The lack of cribellar information hampered further discussion on the taxonomic placement of such a remarkable family. A new conspecific specimen will definitely help, but regarding its rareness, it seems rather difficult to obtain one. Spiders of large size may be difficult to find in amber because they have a greater chance of struggling out instead of being caught, as mentioned in
<bibRefCitation id="12414B3DFFD6FFFBBD98FE201493FE50" author="Wunderlich" box="[494,700,479,503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="273" refId="ref9324" refString="Wunderlich, J. 2017. New and rare fossil spiders (Araneae) in mid Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma), including the description of new extinct families of the suborders Mesothelae and Opisthothelae as well as notes on the taxonomy, the evolution and the biogeography of the Mesothelae. In: Wunderlich, J. (ed.), Beitrage zur Araneologie, Vol. 10. Hirschberg, Germany. pp. 72 - 279." type="book" year="2017">Wunderlich (2017)</bibRefCitation>
. Indeed, the traces of struggle near the legs of the spider can be easily seen in the
<typeStatus id="A96B886EFFD6FFFBBD77FDFD1700FDBD" box="[257,303,514,538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="273">type</typeStatus>
specimen (
<figureCitation id="EEEB2A49FFD6FFFBBDDEFDFD140DFDBD" box="[424,546,514,538]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[155,218,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetId="figure-60@8.[216,1372,260,1960]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Gigarachne bian Jiang &amp; Li, gen. &amp; sp. nov., holotype male. A. Habitus, ventral view. B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Tarsal claws of left leg II. D. Eye domain, dorsal view. E. Mouthparts, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B=2.0mm; C=0.2 mm; D–E=1.0mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367243/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="273">Figs 5A–B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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