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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-94-13" ID-Pensoft-UUID="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" ID-ZooBank="6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F" ModsDocID="1314-2607-94-13" checkinTime="1671601504499" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Burks, Roger, Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan, Fusu, Lucian, Heraty, John M., Jansta, Petr, Heydon, Steve, Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey, Peters, Ralph S., Tselikh, Ekaterina V., Woolley, James B., van Noort, Simon, Baur, Hannes, Cruaud, Astrid, Darling, Christopher, Haas, Michael, Hanson, Paul, Krogmann, Lars &amp; Rasplus, Jean-Yves" docDate="2022" docId="BADF1B012EF757D3A6BAF2DA083761DA" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 94: 13-88" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 94" docPubDate="2022-12-20" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263" docTitle="Aprostocetus Fusu, new subfamily" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" masterDocTitle="From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="13" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1671601504499" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Burks, Roger</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-7939</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">burks.roger@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-7721</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Fusu, Lucian</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0819-026X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Heraty, John M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-5651</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jansta, Petr</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-3603</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic &amp; Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Heydon, Steve</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-0386</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Peters, Ralph S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tselikh, Ekaterina V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9184-043X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Woolley, James B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>van Noort, Simon</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000 South Africa &amp; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Baur, Hannes</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-3487</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland &amp; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cruaud, Astrid</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-4199</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Darling, Christopher</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 2 C 6, Canada &amp; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 1 A 1, Canada</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Haas, Michael</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-6698</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hanson, Paul</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 11501 - 2060, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Krogmann, Lars</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-1735</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany &amp; Institute of Biology, Biological Systematics (190 n) University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rasplus, Jean-Yves</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8614-6665</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-12-20</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>94</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>13</mods:start>
<mods:end>88</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-94-13</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6A0FAD58-8AD8-45CC-8D4A-604E93E79416" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BADF1B012EF757D3A6BAF2DA083761DA" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/6A0FAD58-8AD8-45CC-8D4A-604E93E79416" authority="Fusu, new subfamily" authorityName="Fusu, new subfamily" family="Eupelmidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eusandalinae">Eusandalinae Fusu, new subfamily</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="type genus">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Type genus.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eusandalum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusandalum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Eusandalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ratzeburg, 1852.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
Antennal flagellum with 9 flagellomeres, clava undivided. Eyes ventrally divergent. Clypeus with truncate apical margin. Labrum subquadrate, exposed. Subforaminal bridge with median area flanked by elongate posterior tentorial attachments; postgenal bridge externally separates the lower tentorial bridge from the hypostomal carina; postgenal groove and postgenal lamina absent. Anterolateral mesoscutal corners projecting shoulder-like on either side of the pronotum (a feature shared with
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Calosotinae">Calosotinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">sensu stricto</emphasis>
). Notauli superficial and convergent, and except for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Khutelchalcididae" genus="Archaeopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeopelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Archaeopelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ending about halfway across mesoscutum (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 109–114" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figures 109 - 114. 109, 110 Gastracanthus acutus (Kamijo) (Pteromalidae, Trigonoderinae) 109 lower face frontal view 110 mesosoma dorsal view 111 Cales noacki Howard (Calesidae): mesosoma lateral view 112 Eusandalum flavipenne Ruschka: mesosoma dorsal view 113 Pentacladia elegans Westwood: Mt 8 and Mt 9 fused, but delimited by an oblique suture below cercus 114 Chromeurytoma sp. (Megastigmidae, Chromeurytominae): head and mesosoma dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures109-114" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781082" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">112</figureCitation>
). Axilla approximated (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Khutelchalcididae" genus="Archaeopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeopelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Archaeopelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gibson and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Paraeusandalum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraeusandalum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Paraeusandalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gibson) or widely separated (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eusandalum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusandalum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Eusandalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ratzeburg,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Licrooides" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Licrooides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Licrooides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gibson and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Pentacladia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pentacladia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Pentacladia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Westwood) medially. Axillular groove or carina absent. Frenum absent. Acropleuron expanded and forming the largest surface of the mesopleuron, either comparatively small and not reaching metapleuron and metacoxa (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Khutelchalcididae" genus="Archaeopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeopelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Archaeopelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Licrooides" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Licrooides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Licrooides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or occupying most of the visible part of the mesopleuron and extending to the metapleuron (the other three genera). All legs with 5 tarsomeres; protibial spur stout and curved; basitarsal comb longitudinal; ventral membranous area anterior to mesocoxal attachment present; mesotibial spur stout except only slightly thickened in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Khutelchalcididae" genus="Archaeopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeopelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Archaeopelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Fore leg with protibial dorsal spicules (except in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Licrooides" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Licrooides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Licrooides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Mesotarsus almost never with row of pegs along both sides, the exception being
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Licrooides" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Licrooides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Licrooides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: with spine-like setae on both antero- and posteroventral margins (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Khutelchalcididae" genus="Archaeopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeopelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Archaeopelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or a row of pegs on posteroventral margin and a row of spine-like setae along anteroventral margin (remaining three genera). In
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Licrooides" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Licrooides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Licrooides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there are robust spines on both margins that almost appear as pegs. Metasoma in females with separate Mt8 and Mt9, hence without syntergum (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eusandalum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusandalum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Eusandalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or with Mt8 and Mt9 fused but delimited by a transverse suture between cerci (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Khutelchalcididae" genus="Archaeopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeopelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Archaeopelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or below each cercus (remaining genera; Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 109–114" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figures 109 - 114. 109, 110 Gastracanthus acutus (Kamijo) (Pteromalidae, Trigonoderinae) 109 lower face frontal view 110 mesosoma dorsal view 111 Cales noacki Howard (Calesidae): mesosoma lateral view 112 Eusandalum flavipenne Ruschka: mesosoma dorsal view 113 Pentacladia elegans Westwood: Mt 8 and Mt 9 fused, but delimited by an oblique suture below cercus 114 Chromeurytoma sp. (Megastigmidae, Chromeurytominae): head and mesosoma dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures109-114" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781082" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">113</figureCitation>
). Sexual dimorphism reduced, limited mainly to primary sexual features and antennal structure.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eusandalinae">Eusandalinae</taxonomicName>
new subfamily were treated until now as part of
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Calosotinae">Calosotinae</taxonomicName>
, however in next-generation molecular analyses (Cruaud et al., submitted) they were never recovered as monophyletic with the other
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Calosotinae">Calosotinae</taxonomicName>
. Instead, a reduced group of
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Calosotinae">Calosotinae</taxonomicName>
that includes
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Balcha" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Balcha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Balcha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Walker,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calosota" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calosota" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Calosota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Curtis and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Tanythorax" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanythorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Tanythorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gibson (
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Calosotinae">Calosotinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">sensu stricto</emphasis>
) are sister to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Idioporidae" genus="Heydenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heydenia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Heydenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Heydeniidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Heydeniidae</taxonomicName>
) in all final analyses and closer to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
than to
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eusandalinae">Eusandalinae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eusandalinae">Eusandalinae</taxonomicName>
are part of the same large clade containing also the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Calosotinae">Calosotinae</taxonomicName>
, but the three
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eupelmidae</taxonomicName>
subfamilies never form a monophyletic group since the clade also includes
<taxonomicName family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ditropinotellinae">Ditropinotellinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Heydeniidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Heydeniidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Solenurinae">Solenurinae</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eusandalinae">Eusandalinae</taxonomicName>
are the basal group. Beside the three genera included in these molecular analyses (Cruaud et al., submitted) we also include in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eusandalinae">Eusandalinae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Khutelchalcididae" genus="Archaeopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeopelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Archaeopelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Licrooides" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Licrooides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Licrooides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on a UCE analysis with a larger sampling (unpublished data). A possibly biphyletic
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Calosotinae">Calosotinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">sensu lato</emphasis>
was also recognised by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121149fv" author="Gibson, GAP" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 121" refId="B19" refString="Gibson, GAP, 1989. Phylogeny and classification of Eupelmidae, with a revision of the world genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 149: 1 - 121, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121149fv" title="Phylogeny and classification of Eupelmidae, with a revision of the world genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121149fv" volume="149" year="1989">Gibson (1989)</bibRefCitation>
, however with
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Licrooides" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Licrooides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Licrooides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hypothesized as closer to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calosota" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calosota" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Calosota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and allied genera and not to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eusandalum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusandalum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Eusandalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Khutelchalcididae" genus="Archaeopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeopelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Archaeopelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the most basal lineage of all
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Calosotinae">Calosotinae</taxonomicName>
. From the morphologically close
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Calosotinae">Calosotinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">sensu stricto</emphasis>
, the
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eusandalinae">Eusandalinae</taxonomicName>
differ mainly in having an undivided clava, convergent notauli, scutellum without axillular groove or carina, mesotarsus almost never with two fully developed rows of pegs and a metasoma with incompletely fused or independent Mt8 and Mt9. In
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Calosotinae">Calosotinae</taxonomicName>
: clava with three clavomeres, notauli present as paramedially parallel lines, axillular groove present and continuing seamlessly with the scuto-scutellar suture and as a result scutellum with a carinated groove extending from base to apex, mesotarsus with a row of pegs on either side, and Mt8 and Mt9 completely fused to form the syntergum. However, all the characteristic features of
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eusandalinae">Eusandalinae</taxonomicName>
are either plesiomorphic or homoplastic. A thorough comparative analysis of all these characters can be found in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121149fv" author="Gibson, GAP" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 121" refId="B19" refString="Gibson, GAP, 1989. Phylogeny and classification of Eupelmidae, with a revision of the world genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 149: 1 - 121, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121149fv" title="Phylogeny and classification of Eupelmidae, with a revision of the world genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121149fv" volume="149" year="1989">Gibson (1989)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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