239 lines
31 KiB
XML
239 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="17CEADD5D3B51DBA0940EA4A0DF517A3" ID-CLB-Dataset="207550" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5219.5.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7391a03c-6a6e-4f02-9e7e-546c391f1a67" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7438997" ID-ZooBank="ECC4C9BF-2E15-4C6A-8C69-C3B8E30A400B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1670916363146" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Makarkin, Vladimir N., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Anisyutkin, Leonid N. & Dubovikoff, Dmitry A." docDate="2022" docId="03F487CED60AFFB61DE0F96CFD24FE42" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5219.5.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5219 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Raphidioptera Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="459" masterDocId="FFCDFFB6D60BFFB21D77FFAAFF81FFCB" masterDocTitle="First larvae of Raphidioptera from Eocene Sakhalinian and Rovno ambers" masterLastPageNumber="466" masterPageNumber="456" pageNumber="457" updateTime="1699413421191" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="162BBAF0D53441DCDD82EF58D2CA0ADF">First larvae of Raphidioptera from Eocene Sakhalinian and Rovno ambers</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B85D1E28EBA9BBB792EA4D47D8776EBB">Makarkin, Vladimir N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="37648D7434DDF9C0562C9FF4421C3739">Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia. vnmakarkin @ mail. ru; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1304 - 046</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9B3B5B8A356F025D726619EA93E295C4" type="email">vnmakarkin@mail.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="668B3F0A3787C336E841135116EF44B8">Perkovsky, Evgeny E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="557D494DAF7B5EEBF959A4ACFB378B5D">Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ul. Bogdana Khmel’nitskogo 15, Kiev, 01030 Ukraine; Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 123, Moscow, 117647, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0170F70A8836623FF74BF9029CBE97CD">Anisyutkin, Leonid N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3C93692469F04321C9E4D5A4EBF843BC">Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab., 1, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7587 - 9078</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D4D0204860B15F9EA545047345F33C09">Dubovikoff, Dmitry A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5F7891016ADA0D06430AAE53F764894F">Saint-Petersburg State University, 16 - liniya, 29, Saint-Petersburg, 199178, Russia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="95437A7A65B0777C2F5A22A9CDB3C479">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="5E04E54B712197CD54B846614B69ED0D">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03F487CED60AFFB61DE0F96CFD24FE42" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7438999" ID-GBIF-Taxon="206230606" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7438999" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487CED60AFFB61DE0F96CFD24FE42" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F487CED60AFFB61DE0F96CFD24FE42" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="459" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">
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<subSubSection id="C3476553D60AFFB31DE0F96CFDDAF92B" box="[151,603,1734,1761]" pageId="1" pageNumber="457" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE236D8D60AFFB31DE0F96CFDDAF92B" blockId="1.[151,603,1734,1797]" box="[151,603,1734,1761]" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">
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<heading id="D0AA81B4D60AFFB31DE0F96CFDDAF92B" bold="true" box="[151,603,1734,1761]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="457" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B929EACAD60AFFB31DE0F96CFDDAF92B" bold="true" box="[151,603,1734,1761]" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5BD60AFFB31DE0F96CFECFF92B" ID-CoL="6236X" ID-ENA="50482" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,334,1734,1760]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Raphidioptera</taxonomicName>
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fam. gen. sp. indet. A
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3476553D60AFFB31DE0F941FF7EF8CE" box="[151,255,1771,1797]" pageId="1" pageNumber="457" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE236D8D60AFFB31DE0F941FF7EF8CE" blockId="1.[151,603,1734,1797]" box="[151,255,1771,1797]" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">
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<figureCitation id="13662A5DD60AFFB31DE0F941FF62F8CE" box="[151,227,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1948,1972]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1925]" captionTargetId="figure-136@2.[151,1436,417,1925]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Raphidioptera fam. gen. sp. indet.A, specimen PIN 3387/175.A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. fl, foreleg; he, head; pn, pronotum. Scale bar = 1 mm (both to same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7439001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7439001/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13662A5DD60AFFB31D86F941FF7EF8CE" box="[241,255,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1388,1412]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,280,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-58@3.[151,1436,273,1365]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Raphidioptera fam. gen. sp. indet.A, details of specimen PIN 3387/175.A, line drawing of the head and pronotum (dorsal view); B, foreleg (ventral view); C, tarsus and claws of foreleg; D, head (dorsal view); E, same (ventral view). a1–a4, 1st to 4th antennomeres; at, antennal tubercle; cl, claw; cs, coronal suture; fe, femur; fs, frontal sutures; md, mandible; or, ocular region; pn, pronotum; ta, tarsus; ti, tibia. Scale bars = 1 mm (A, D, E), 0.5 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7439005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7439005/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">2</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3476553D60AFFB31DE0F898FD0EF816" pageId="1" pageNumber="457" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE236D8D60AFFB31DE0F898FA05F85E" blockId="1.[151,1436,1842,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">
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<emphasis id="B929EACAD60AFFB31DE0F898FEFEF887" bold="true" box="[151,383,1842,1868]" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B353C85D60AFFB31CF3F899FA00F85E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3989533302" collectionCode="PIN" country="Russia" county="Syninclusions" location="Paleontological Institute" municipality="An" pageId="1" pageNumber="457" specimenCode="PIN 3387" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Moscow">
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Specimen
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<specimenCode id="DBFB9EA3D60AFFB31C8FF899FDE4F886" box="[504,613,1842,1869]" collectionCode="PIN" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kjjc-ziy5" name="Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">PIN 3387</specimenCode>
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/175, deposited in the
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<location id="8E826003D60AFFB31E24F899FBE4F886" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487CED60AFFB61DE0F96CFD24FE42:8E826003D60AFFB31E24F899FBE4F886" box="[851,1125,1843,1869]" country="Russia" county="Syninclusions" municipality="An" name="Paleontological Institute" pageId="1" pageNumber="457" stateProvince="Moscow">Paleontological Institute</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="4999F83AD60AFFB31919F899FB51F886" box="[1134,1232,1843,1869]" country="Russia" name="Moscow" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">Moscow</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34A7648D60AFFB319AEF899FAA6F886" box="[1241,1319,1843,1869]" name="Russia" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">Russia</collectingCountry>
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.
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<collectingMunicipality id="6B86ACA2D60AFFB31858F899FAD0F886" box="[1327,1361,1843,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">An</collectingMunicipality>
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empty exoskeleton of a partly destroyed larva; only its head, prothorax, and one foreleg are preserved.
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<collectingCounty id="62834E54D60AFFB31988F8FDFA1DF8BA" box="[1279,1436,1879,1905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">Syninclusions</collectingCounty>
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include the head of a first instar cockroach larva, other crumpled insect fragments, and numerous fungal hyphae
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE236D8D60AFFB31DB0F834FD0EF816" blockId="1.[151,1436,1842,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">
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<emphasis id="B929EACAD60AFFB31DB0F834FE4CF873" bold="true" box="[199,461,1950,1977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">Locality and horizon.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F34A7648D60AFFB31CA0F835FDA7F872" box="[471,550,1951,1977]" name="Russia" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">Russia</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="4999F83AD60AFFB31F44F835FD14F872" box="[563,661,1951,1977]" country="Russia" name="Sakhalin" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">Sakhalin</collectingRegion>
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Island: Dolinsk District: the village of Starodubskoye; Sakhalinian amber, middle Eocene (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B29D60AFFB31CD7F869FD02F816" author="Baranov, V. & Andersen, T. & Perkovsky, E. E." box="[416,643,1986,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="457" pagination="359 - 378" refId="ref5091" refString="Baranov, V., Andersen, T. & Perkovsky, E. E. (2015) Orthoclads from Eocene amber from Sakhalin (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Insect Systematics and Evolution, 46 (4), 359 - 378. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 45032122" type="journal article" year="2015">
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Baranov
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<emphasis id="B929EACAD60AFFB31F70F869FDB8F816" box="[519,569,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="457">et al</emphasis>
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. 2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3476553D609FFB11DB0FF3CFCDEFF32" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="459" pageId="2" pageNumber="458" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE236D8D609FFB01DB0FF3CFA16FEAE" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="458">
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<emphasis id="B929EACAD609FFB01DB0FF3CFED1FF7B" bold="true" box="[199,336,150,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="458">Description.</emphasis>
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Head blackish, not narrowed posteriorly, short,
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<emphasis id="B929EACAD609FFB01E23FF3DFCECFF7B" box="[852,877,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="458">ca</emphasis>
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.
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<quantity id="4CA59B3DD609FFB01E0CFF3DFC38FF7A" box="[891,953,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="458" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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long including mandibles,
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<quantity id="4CA59B3DD609FFB019A9FF3DFAB1FF7A" box="[1246,1328,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="458" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
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wide (
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<emphasis id="B929EACAD609FFB0180AFF3DFA17FF7B" box="[1405,1430,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="458">ca</emphasis>
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. 1.43 as long as wide). Ecdysial cleavage lines distinct, consisting of frontal and coronal sutures; frontal sutures diverge at obtuse angle. Antennal socket located at swollen, rounded projection (= antennal tubercle of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B29D609FFB019FBFF75FAB3FF32" author="MacLeod, E. G." box="[1164,1330,223,249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="458" refId="ref6670" refString="MacLeod, E. G. (1964) A comparative morphological study of the head capsule and cervix of larval Neuroptera (Insecta). Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [iii] + 528 pp." type="book" year="1964">MacLeod 1964</bibRefCitation>
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). Antenna short; first and third antennomeres elongate, narrow; second antennomere not clearly discernible, probably very short; fourth antennomere poorly discernible, probably much shorter than third antennomere. Stemmata poorly discernible, three detected in dorsal view, one or two in ventral view. Mandibles not protruding, close to head capsule. Palpi not discernible.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE236D8D609FFB01DB0FEC5FB2CFE42" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,393]" box="[199,1197,366,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="458">
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Pronotum destroyed, blackish, apparently short,
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<quantity id="4CA59B3DD609FFB01F91FEC4FCCBFE42" box="[742,842,366,393]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="2" pageNumber="458" unit="mm" value="1.45">1.45 mm</quantity>
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wide,
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<emphasis id="B929EACAD609FFB01EE2FEC5FC2EFE43" box="[917,943,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="458">ca</emphasis>
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||
.
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<quantity id="4CA59B3DD609FFB01ECAFEC5FB92FE42" box="[957,1043,367,393]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="458" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
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as preserved.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF226650D609FFB01DEFF836FD39F812" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7439001" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7439001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7439001/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="458" startId="2.[152,255,1948,1972]" targetBox="[151,1436,417,1925]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="8BE236D8D609FFB01DEFF836FD39F812" blockId="2.[151,1436,1948,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="458">
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<emphasis id="B929EACAD609FFB01DEFF836FE99F87F" bold="true" box="[152,280,1948,1972]" pageId="2" pageNumber="458">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5BD609FFB01C6AF837FE2CF87E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[285,429,1949,1973]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Raphidioptera</taxonomicName>
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fam. gen. sp. indet. A, specimen PIN 3387/175. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. fl, foreleg; he, head; pn, pronotum. Scale bar = 1 mm (both to same scale).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BE236D8D608FFB11DB0FF3DFCDEFF32" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">
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Foreleg crumpled. Coxa, trochanter not clearly discernible. Femur short, stout, covered with scarce setae. Tibia appears narrow, covered with relatively dense setae. Tarsus rather stout, clearly not conical, covered with relatively dense setae. Claw slightly curved, with basal dilation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A5DD608FFB11F8EFF75FCD3FF32" box="[761,850,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1388,1412]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,280,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-58@3.[151,1436,273,1365]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Raphidioptera fam. gen. sp. indet.A, details of specimen PIN 3387/175.A, line drawing of the head and pronotum (dorsal view); B, foreleg (ventral view); C, tarsus and claws of foreleg; D, head (dorsal view); E, same (ventral view). a1–a4, 1st to 4th antennomeres; at, antennal tubercle; cl, claw; cs, coronal suture; fe, femur; fs, frontal sutures; md, mandible; or, ocular region; pn, pronotum; ta, tarsus; ti, tibia. Scale bars = 1 mm (A, D, E), 0.5 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7439005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7439005/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF226650D608FFB11DEFFAC6FBE5FA3B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7439005" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7439005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7439005/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" startId="3.[152,255,1388,1412]" targetBox="[152,1436,280,1365]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236D8D608FFB11DEFFAC6FBE5FA3B" blockId="3.[151,1437,1388,1520]" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EACAD608FFB11DEFFAC6FE99FA4F" bold="true" box="[152,280,1388,1412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5BD608FFB11C69FAC6FE2FFA4F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[286,430,1388,1412]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Raphidioptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
fam. gen. sp. indet. A, details of specimen PIN 3387/175. A, line drawing of the head and pronotum (dorsal view); B, foreleg (ventral view); C, tarsus and claws of foreleg; D, head (dorsal view); E, same (ventral view). a1–a4, 1st to 4th antennomeres; at, antennal tubercle; cl, claw; cs, coronal suture; fe, femur; fs, frontal sutures; md, mandible; or, ocular region; pn, pronotum; ta, tarsus; ti, tibia. Scale bars = 1 mm (A, D, E), 0.5 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3476553D608FFB61DB0F9B4FD24FE42" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236D8D608FFB11DB0F9B4FEB7F8FF" blockId="3.[151,1437,1566,2025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EACAD608FFB11DB0F9B4FEBAF9F3" bold="true" box="[199,315,1566,1592]" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Its one-segmented tarsus indicates that this insect fragment is a larva, certainly belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5BD608FFB11DE0F9E8FEB8F997" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,313,1602,1628]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Raphidioptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The micro-CT shows that it is probably represented by an empty exoskeleton lacking internal tissues and air bubbles. The larva somewhat resembles those of some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5BD608FFB11E04F9CCFB94F94B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[883,1045,1638,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hydrophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5BD608FFB11925F9CCFAD8F94B" authority="(Coleoptera)" baseAuthorityName="Coleoptera" box="[1106,1369,1638,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Gyrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gyrinidae (Coleoptera)</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EACAD608FFB1181AF9CDFA0FF94B" box="[1389,1422,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B29D608FFB11DE0F920FEEEF96F" author="Michat, M. C. & Archangelsky, M. & Fernandez, L. A." box="[151,367,1674,1701]" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref6855" refString="Michat, M. C., Archangelsky, M. & Fernandez, L. A. (2010) Larval description and chaetotaxic analysis of Gyrinus monrosi Mouchamps, 1957 (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 80, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Michat
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EACAD608FFB11D87F921FEA2F96F" box="[240,291,1674,1700]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B29D608FFB11C0BF920FD44F96F" author="Minoshima, Y. & Hayashi, M." box="[380,709,1674,1700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" pagination="47 - 59" refId="ref6902" refString="Minoshima, Y. & Hayashi, M. (2012) Larval morphology of Amphiops mater mater Sharp (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Chaetarthriini). Zootaxa, 3351 (1), 47 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3351.1.5" type="journal article" year="2012">Minoshima & Hayashi 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but differs from these by some details,
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EACAD608FFB119E9F921FB3EF96F" box="[1182,1215,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
., these coleopteran larvae possess the anterior margin of the clypeolabrum furnished with projections; or their antennae are relatively long; or their mandibles are long with the inner teeth. It differs from the larvae of Megaloptera in particular by the relatively long head (it is usually short and rounded in Megaloptera) and the very short coxa (relatively long in Megaloptera).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236D8D608FFB11DB0F894FAFEF8B7" blockId="3.[151,1437,1566,2025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">
|
||
The head of larval
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5BD608FFB11CE5F894FDADF893" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[402,556,1854,1880]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Raphidioptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually bears projecting mandibles, but this larva is unusual, similar to that of the extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5BD608FFB11D97F8C8FD13F8B7" authority="(Fabricius, 1781)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[224,658,1890,1916]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Phaeostigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="notatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EACAD608FFB11D97F8C8FE4FF8B7" box="[224,462,1890,1916]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">Phaeostigma notatum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B29D608FFB11CABF8C8FD08F8B7" author="Fabricius, I. C." box="[476,649,1890,1916]" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" refId="ref5638" refString="Fabricius, I. C. (1781) Species insectorum: exhibentes differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin adiectis observationibus, descriptionibus. Vol. 1. impensis C. E. Bohnii, Hamburgi et Kilonii, 552 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36509" type="book" year="1781">Fabricius, 1781</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which mandibles do not project (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B29D608FFB1193EF8C8FA92F8B7" author="Beutel, R. G. & Ge, S. Q." box="[1097,1299,1890,1916]" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" pagination="89 - 113" refId="ref5241" refString="Beutel, R. G. & Ge, S. Q. (2008) The larval head of Raphidia (Raphidioptera, Insecta) and its phylogenetic significance. Zoology, 111, 89 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. zool. 2007.03.005" type="journal article" year="2008">Beutel & Ge 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A5DD608FFB11869F8C8FAF0F8B7" box="[1310,1393,1890,1916]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1948,1972]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1925]" captionTargetId="figure-136@2.[151,1436,417,1925]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Raphidioptera fam. gen. sp. indet.A, specimen PIN 3387/175.A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. fl, foreleg; he, head; pn, pronotum. Scale bar = 1 mm (both to same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7439001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7439001/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236D8D608FFB61DB0F82DFD24FE42" blockId="3.[151,1437,1566,2025]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,393]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">
|
||
We follow the antennal segmentation interpretation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B29D608FFB11E42F82CFB9AF86B" author="Beutel, R. G. & Ge, S. Q." box="[821,1051,1926,1952]" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" pagination="89 - 113" refId="ref5241" refString="Beutel, R. G. & Ge, S. Q. (2008) The larval head of Raphidia (Raphidioptera, Insecta) and its phylogenetic significance. Zoology, 111, 89 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. zool. 2007.03.005" type="journal article" year="2008">Beutel & Ge (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This approach seems reasonable. Indeed, as in their understanding, the antennal tubercle of this larva is obviously not a part of the antenna. We think that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B29D608FFB11C7EF865FE56F823" author="Haug, J. T. & Engel, M. S. & Mendes dos Santos, P. & Haug, G. T. & Muller, P. & Haug, C." box="[265,471,1998,2025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" refId="ref5926" refString="Haug, J. T., Engel, M. S., Mendes dos Santos, P., Haug, G. T., Muller, P. & Haug, C. (2022) Declining morphological diversity in snakefly larvae during last 100 million years. Palaontologische Zeitschrift. [in press] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 022 - 00609 - 7" type="book" year="2022">
|
||
Haug
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EACAD608FFB11C3AF865FEFFF823" box="[333,382,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="459">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2022)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
incorrectly interpreted the antennal segmentation in fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5BD608FFB1191CF864FA8BF823" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1131,1290,1998,2024]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Raphidioptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae. They considered the antennal tubercle as the first antennal antennomere (their ‘element’), and the very short second ‘element’ to be not an antennomere, although it is well discernible as such in some photographs (see
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EACAD60FFFB61850FF11FAC9FF1F" box="[1319,1352,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="460">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B29D60FFFB61817FF11FE95FF32" author="Haug, J. T. & Engel, M. S. & Mendes dos Santos, P. & Haug, G. T. & Muller, P. & Haug, C." pageId="4" pageNumber="460" refId="ref5926" refString="Haug, J. T., Engel, M. S., Mendes dos Santos, P., Haug, G. T., Muller, P. & Haug, C. (2022) Declining morphological diversity in snakefly larvae during last 100 million years. Palaontologische Zeitschrift. [in press] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 022 - 00609 - 7" type="book" year="2022">
|
||
Haug
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EACAD60FFFB61DE0FF75FF48FF32" box="[151,201,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="460">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Fig. 11a). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B29D60FFFB61F5AFF75FC98FF32" author="Aspock, H. & Aspock, U. & Rausch, H." box="[557,793,223,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="460" refId="ref5023" refString="Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1991) Die Raphidiopteren der Erde. Eine monographische Darstellung der Systematik, Taxonomie, Biologie, Okologie und Chorologie der rezenten Raphidiopteren der Erde, mit einer zusammenfassenden Ubersicht der fossilen Raphidiopteren (Insecta: Neuropteroidea). 2 Vols. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, 730 & 550 pp." type="book" year="1991">
|
||
Aspöck
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EACAD60FFFB61FFDFF75FD3CFF32" box="[650,701,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="460">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1991)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the antenna of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5BD60FFFB61EB9FF75FBECFF32" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[974,1133,223,249]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Raphidioptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae is three-segmented; they consider the antennal tubercle as a possible other, basal antennomere, and the second antennomere of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B29D60FFFB61840FEA9FE8BFE8A" author="Beutel, R. G. & Ge, S. Q." pageId="4" pageNumber="460" pagination="89 - 113" refId="ref5241" refString="Beutel, R. G. & Ge, S. Q. (2008) The larval head of Raphidia (Raphidioptera, Insecta) and its phylogenetic significance. Zoology, 111, 89 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. zool. 2007.03.005" type="journal article" year="2008">Beutel & Ge (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as an inconspicuous sclerite between the two long basal antennomeres. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B29D60FFFB619BBFE8DFAEFFE8A" author="Tauber, C. A." box="[1228,1390,295,321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="460" refId="ref8400" refString="Tauber, C. A. (1991) Order Raphidioptera. In: Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature insects, Vol. 2. Kendall / Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, Iowa, pp. 123 - 125." type="book" year="1991">Tauber (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the antenna is four-segmented, but she did not indicate if the fourth antennomere is the antennal tubercle or the second (shortest) antennomere of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B29D60FFFB61CC9FEC5FD21FE42" author="Beutel, R. G. & Ge, S. Q." box="[446,672,367,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="460" pagination="89 - 113" refId="ref5241" refString="Beutel, R. G. & Ge, S. Q. (2008) The larval head of Raphidia (Raphidioptera, Insecta) and its phylogenetic significance. Zoology, 111, 89 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. zool. 2007.03.005" type="journal article" year="2008">Beutel & Ge (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |