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<document id="A0335A1C6264A8D4D4A0839AB174833E" ID-CLB-Dataset="21113" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2015.1010314" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ca129d49-fcde-4104-a503-4602b3bac0e2" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001803" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1598449661740" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Rotheray, Graham &amp; Lyszkowski, Richard" docDate="2015" docId="03F4879DFF97504F9396B621FC565C9A" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.49.35-36.2139-2211.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 49 (35)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F.6:JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F" docStyleName="JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Tephritis vespertina" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="2179" masterDocId="FFCDFFE5FF8850659354B35BFFD15A01" masterDocTitle="Diverse mechanisms of feeding and movement in Cyclorrhaphan larvae (Diptera)" masterLastPageNumber="2211" masterPageNumber="2139" pageNumber="2170" updateTime="1698845480682" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="5AAB2642823E020C6AC714E18E70CED4">Diverse mechanisms of feeding and movement in Cyclorrhaphan larvae (Diptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BDE73992EB4E32FE8C7ABDA40EF66BA2">Rotheray, Graham</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ED5B1A87CAB54443B93AF31D5036D7EE">Lyszkowski, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03F4879DFF97504F9396B621FC565C9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4330126" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167366652" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4330126" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4879DFF97504F9396B621FC565C9A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4879DFF97504F9396B621FC565C9A" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="2179" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">
<subSubSection id="C3476500FF97507A9396B621FBF15FB3" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFF97507A9396B621FBF15FB3" blockId="31.[192,1056,1402,1458]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">
<heading id="D0AA81E7FF97507A9396B621FBF15FB3" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FF97507A9396B621FCBC5F93" box="[194,877,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">
Phytophagy:
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF97507A920DB621FDE55F93" ID-CoL="55C7R" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[345,564,1402,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Tephritis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespertina">Tephritis vespertina</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF97507A9110B621FCB75F93" baseAuthorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[580,870,1402,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Chaetostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrica">Chaetostomella cylindrica</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF97507A9022B621FE865FB3" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Acidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognata">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FF97507A9022B621FBCC5F93" box="[886,1053,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">Acidia cognata</emphasis>
(Tephritidae)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF97507A9230B6C1FD8A5FB3" baseAuthorityName="Meade" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[356,603,1434,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Botanophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seneciella">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FF97507A9230B6C1FD8A5FB3" box="[356,603,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">Botanophila seneciella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF97507A91C3B6C0FBCD5FB3" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[663,1052,1434,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Pegomya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solennis">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FF97507A91C3B6C0FC8C5FB3" box="[663,861,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">Pegomya solennis</emphasis>
(Anthomyiidae)
</taxonomicName>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3476500FF97504F93C4B681FC565C9A" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="2181" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFF97504593C4B681FE985F12" blockId="31.[144,1104,1498,1682]" lastBlockId="32.[212,1172,1115,1681]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="2171" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">
The larvae of all five species are found within living plant structures (
<tableCitation id="C6DF0330FF97507A9090B681FBCD5FF3" box="[964,1052,1498,1522]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[130,188,479,501]" captionText="Table 1. Details of the 20 species of cyclorrhaphan Diptera studied in this paper, including development sites and collection details." pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B929EA99FF97507A9763B680FE715C13" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF97507A9763B680FED35C13" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Tephritis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespertina">T. vespertina</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF97507A9244B6A1FE715C13" baseAuthorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[272,416,1530,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Chaetostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrica">C. cylindrica</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF97507A928AB6A0FDBB5C13" baseAuthorityName="Meade" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[478,618,1530,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Botanophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seneciella">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FF97507A928AB6A0FDBB5C13" box="[478,618,1530,1554]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">B. seneciella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
develop in different species of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF97507A9081B6A1FB9E5C13" box="[981,1103,1530,1554]" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
flowerheads, squeezing between florets and removing tissue (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFF97507A901DB542FBEE5C30" box="[841,1087,1561,1585]" captionStart="Figures 38" captionStartId="41.[144,220,671,693]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,168,639]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[144,1104,168,639]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figures 38. Tephritis vespertina. (A) Feeding damage caused by the third stage larva inside the flowerhead of Hypochoeris radicata L. (Asteraceae); (B) larva in situ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001879/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">Figures 38A and 38B</figureCitation>
). Access is similar in flowerheads and restricted++. Unlike the other two species, the larva of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF97507A93A7B501FE525C73" baseAuthorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[243,387,1626,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Chaetostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FF97507A93A7B501FE525C73" box="[243,387,1626,1650]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">C. cylindrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
completes development by tunnelling through the hard receptacle at the base of the flowerhead.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF97507A9104B521FD015C90" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[592,720,1658,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Acidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognata">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FF97507A9104B521FD015C90" box="[592,720,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">A. cognata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF97507A9042B521FC425C93" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[790,915,1658,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Pegomya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solennis">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FF97507A9042B521FC425C93" box="[790,915,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2170">P. solennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mine leaves of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA850459380B700FE435E72" box="[212,402,1115,1139]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Tussilago" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="farfara">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA850459380B700FE435E72" box="[212,402,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">Tussilago farfara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA850459295B700FDEF5E72" box="[449,574,1115,1139]" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA85045912BB707FCF65E72" box="[639,807,1116,1139]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acetosa">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA85045912BB707FCF65E72" box="[639,807,1116,1139]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">Rumex acetosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA850459003B700FC265E72" box="[855,1015,1115,1139]" family="Polygonaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="family">Polygonaceae</taxonomicName>
), respectively, and feed on live mesophyll (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFA850459174B720FD4B5E92" box="[544,666,1147,1171]" captionStart="Figure 39" captionStartId="41.[144,211,1586,1608]" captionTargetBox="[144,1103,824,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[144,1104,824,1554]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figure 39. Acidia cognata, leaf mine in Tussilago farfara L. (Asteraceae), mine opened with larva in situ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001881/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">Figures 39</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFA85045918DB720FD255E92" box="[729,756,1147,1171]" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="42.[212,279,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[212,1172,168,1363]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[212,1172,168,1364]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figure 40. Acidia cognata, leaf mine in Tussilago farfara L. Asteraceae: t = between the arrows, part of a feeding track; a = arcs within a feeding track." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001883/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">40</figureCitation>
). Access is restricted+++; however, access in leaves of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA8504592F1B7C7FDC95EB2" box="[421,536,1180,1203]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acetosa">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA8504592F1B7C7FDC95EB2" box="[421,536,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">R. acetosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is even more restricted as they are less than half as thick as those of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA850459200B7E7FE135ED2" box="[340,450,1211,1235]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Tussilago" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="farfara">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA850459200B7E7FE135ED2" box="[340,450,1211,1235]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">T. farfara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&lt;
<quantity id="4CA59B6EFFA8504592B6B7E0FDB95ED2" box="[482,616,1211,1235]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171" unit="mm" value="0.15" valueMax="0.2" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.2 mm</quantity>
versus
<quantity id="4CA59B6EFFA8504591E9B7E0FC955ED2" box="[701,836,1211,1235]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171" unit="mm" value="0.5" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.6 mm</quantity>
. respectively,
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA8504590B6B7E7FC3E5ED2" box="[994,1007,1212,1235]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">n</emphasis>
= 3 leaves per plant species and measurements made at two equidistant points across the middle of each leaf).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF226603FFA850459380B758FBE65E18" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001857" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001857" box="[212,1079,1027,1049]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001857/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171" startId="32.[212,279,1027,1049]" targetBox="[212,1172,168,995]" targetPageId="32">
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFA850459380B758FBE65E18" blockId="32.[212,1079,1027,1049]" box="[212,1079,1027,1049]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">
Figure 27.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA85045921DB758FDC95E19" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[329,536,1027,1048]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Calliphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vomitoria">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA85045921DB758FDC95E19" box="[329,536,1027,1048]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">Calliphora vomitoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, larva feeding on decayed
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA850459079B758FCBD5E19" box="[813,876,1027,1048]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA850459079B758FCBD5E19" box="[813,876,1027,1048]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">Salmo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, still from Film 12.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFA8504493AAB641FEE55E94" blockId="32.[212,1172,1115,1681]" lastBlockId="33.[144,1104,1053,1237]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="2172" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">
All phytophages have mandibles with short, wide mandibular hooks; accessory teeth are usually present (little developed in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA850459186B660FC8F5F52" baseAuthorityName="Meade" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[722,862,1339,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Botanophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seneciella">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA850459186B660FC8F5F52" box="[722,862,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">B. seneciella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFA850459024B661FBC25F53" box="[880,1043,1338,1362]" captionStart="Figures 41" captionStartId="43.[144,220,1307,1329]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figures 41. Head skeletons of phytophagous species, lateral views, mandibles to the left. (A) Tephritis vespertina, length 0.3 mm; (B) Acidia cognata, length 0.6 mm; (C) Chaetostomella cylindrica, length 0.6 mm; (D) Botanophila seneciella, length 0.7 mm. Botanophila seneciella, drawing of mandible and intermediate sclerite: (E) lateral view with muscle tendons; (F) ventral view; (G) Pegomya solennis, length 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001885/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">Figure 41D–F</figureCitation>
), absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA850459380B600FEB75F72" baseAuthorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[212,358,1371,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Chaetostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA850459380B600FEB75F72" box="[212,358,1371,1395]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">C. cylindrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and elevator and depressor apodemes are more or less aligned one under the other, with the result that the base is crescent-shaped in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFA850459388B6C1FE555FB3" box="[220,388,1434,1458]" captionStart="Figures 41" captionStartId="43.[144,220,1307,1329]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figures 41. Head skeletons of phytophagous species, lateral views, mandibles to the left. (A) Tephritis vespertina, length 0.3 mm; (B) Acidia cognata, length 0.6 mm; (C) Chaetostomella cylindrica, length 0.6 mm; (D) Botanophila seneciella, length 0.7 mm. Botanophila seneciella, drawing of mandible and intermediate sclerite: (E) lateral view with muscle tendons; (F) ventral view; (G) Pegomya solennis, length 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001885/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">Figure 41A–G</figureCitation>
). Cibarial ridges are absent and dental sclerites reduced or absent. The intermediate sclerite is completely sclerotised and, in the tephritids, abuts smoothly with a forward projection of the basal sclerite (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFA850459030B681FBD65FF3" box="[868,1031,1498,1522]" captionStart="Figures 41" captionStartId="43.[144,220,1307,1329]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figures 41. Head skeletons of phytophagous species, lateral views, mandibles to the left. (A) Tephritis vespertina, length 0.3 mm; (B) Acidia cognata, length 0.6 mm; (C) Chaetostomella cylindrica, length 0.6 mm; (D) Botanophila seneciella, length 0.7 mm. Botanophila seneciella, drawing of mandible and intermediate sclerite: (E) lateral view with muscle tendons; (F) ventral view; (G) Pegomya solennis, length 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001885/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">Figure 41A–C</figureCitation>
). The labial sclerite is developed and, in lateral view, appears as a curved, ventral bar between the mandible and the intermediate sclerite (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFA850459199B541FC6A5C33" box="[717,955,1562,1586]" captionStart="Figures 41" captionStartId="43.[144,220,1307,1329]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figures 41. Head skeletons of phytophagous species, lateral views, mandibles to the left. (A) Tephritis vespertina, length 0.3 mm; (B) Acidia cognata, length 0.6 mm; (C) Chaetostomella cylindrica, length 0.6 mm; (D) Botanophila seneciella, length 0.7 mm. Botanophila seneciella, drawing of mandible and intermediate sclerite: (E) lateral view with muscle tendons; (F) ventral view; (G) Pegomya solennis, length 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001885/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">Figure 41C and 41E</figureCitation>
). The valve at the end of the ventral cornu is weak (i.e. not sclerotized) and windows and areas of poor sclerotisation are present in both the dorsal and ventral cornua (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFA8504590BBB502FEE65C90" captionStart="Figures 41" captionStartId="43.[144,220,1307,1329]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figures 41. Head skeletons of phytophagous species, lateral views, mandibles to the left. (A) Tephritis vespertina, length 0.3 mm; (B) Acidia cognata, length 0.6 mm; (C) Chaetostomella cylindrica, length 0.6 mm; (D) Botanophila seneciella, length 0.7 mm. Botanophila seneciella, drawing of mandible and intermediate sclerite: (E) lateral view with muscle tendons; (F) ventral view; (G) Pegomya solennis, length 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001885/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">Figure 41A–D and 41G</figureCitation>
). The pseudocephalon is dome-shaped (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFA850459050B522FCA35C90" box="[772,882,1657,1681]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="44.[212,279,1093,1115]" captionTargetBox="[212,1076,260,1009]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[212,1172,168,1061]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figure 42. Pegomya solennis, preserved larva, thorax and pseudocephalon, head to the right, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001888/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="2171">Figure 42</figureCitation>
), with a slightly elongate or oval-shaped oral cavity, cirri are absent and the ventral margin has a transluscent, curved oral plate, sometimes with a small, sclerotised section (entirely transluscent in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA95044925CB705FE535E74" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[264,386,1117,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Pegomya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solennis">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA95044925CB705FE535E74" box="[264,386,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">P. solennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA950449295B706FD835E74" baseAuthorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[449,594,1117,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Chaetostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA950449295B706FD835E74" box="[449,594,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">C. cylindrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and slightly shorter than the length of the head skeleton.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF226603FFA9504493C4B0C3FC1C59CA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001859" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001859/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172" startId="33.[144,211,920,942]" targetBox="[144,1104,168,888]" targetPageId="33">
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFA9504493C4B0C3FC1C59CA" blockId="33.[144,1103,920,971]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">
Figure 28.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA950449251B0C3FE1F59AC" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1981" box="[261,462,920,941]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchaeidae" genus="Lonchaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hackmani">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA950449251B0C3FE1F59AC" box="[261,462,920,941]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">Lonchaea hackmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, development site, convoluted substrate with wet decay under bark of fallen
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA950449277B0EEFE1759CB" box="[291,454,949,970]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA950449277B0EEFE1759CB" box="[291,454,949,970]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">Populus tremula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Scotland, Inverness-shire, Strathspey, April 2013.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFA9504493EEB7C6FCBE5ED4" blockId="33.[144,1104,1053,1237]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">Sweeping is less pronounced and consists of downward rather than sideways movement of the middle body compartment. As one lunge ends:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFA9504493ECB65AFD4D5F16" blockId="33.[184,1104,1279,1494]" box="[184,668,1279,1305]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA9504493ECB65AFF195F18" bold="true" box="[184,200,1281,1305]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">●</emphasis>
abdominal segments 8–2 are stationary;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFA9504493ECB67AFD115F56" blockId="33.[184,1104,1279,1494]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA9504493ECB67AFF195F38" bold="true" box="[184,200,1313,1337]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">●</emphasis>
abdominal segment 1, the metathorax, mesothorax and the prothorax to the level of the anterior spiracles are extended;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFA9504493ECB63BFD345F76" blockId="33.[184,1104,1279,1494]" box="[184,741,1375,1400]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA9504493ECB63BFF195F79" bold="true" box="[184,200,1376,1400]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">●</emphasis>
the prothorax beyond the spiracles is inclined;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFA9504493ECB6DBFE9A5FD7" blockId="33.[184,1104,1279,1494]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA9504493ECB6DBFF195F99" bold="true" box="[184,200,1408,1432]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">●</emphasis>
the pseudocephalon is extended dorsally and collapsed and/or folded into the prothorax ventrally and the head skeleton is inclined and the mandibles depressed;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFA9504493EEB55AFE375C18" blockId="33.[186,486,1537,1561]" box="[186,486,1537,1561]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">A new lunge begins when:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFA9504493ECB51EFCA65C9A" blockId="33.[184,1104,1603,1691]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA9504493ECB51EFF195C5C" bold="true" box="[184,200,1605,1629]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">●</emphasis>
the head skeleton pivots up by about 10–20 degrees with respect to the horizontal position (
<tableCitation id="C6DF0330FFA950449290B538FDCD5C7A" box="[452,540,1635,1659]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="25.[144,202,168,190]" captionText="Table 2. Lunge times, lunge distance (as proportion of head skeleton length) and mandible and head skeleton pivot angles measured from films of the larva of 14 species of higher Cyclorrhapha (= Schizophora), x = unscorable." pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">Table 2</tableCitation>
) and the mandibles rise; dorsally, the pseudocephalon folds slightly and ventrally it unfolds (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFA9504491B0B5D8FCB75C9A" box="[740,870,1667,1691]" captionStart="Figures 43" captionStartId="44.[212,288,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[212,1171,1210,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[212,1172,1210,1587]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figures 43. Pegomya solennis, larva feeding in a leaf mine on Rumex acetosa (Polygonaceae), stills from Film 18. (A) Position at the start of a feeding lunge; (B) position at the end of a feeding lunge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001890/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="2172">Figure 43A</figureCitation>
);
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF226603FFAA50479380B0F9FB8459B9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001861" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001861" box="[212,1109,930,952]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001861/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173" startId="34.[212,279,930,952]" targetBox="[212,1171,168,898]" targetPageId="34">
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFAA50479380B0F9FB8459B9" blockId="34.[212,1109,930,952]" box="[212,1109,930,952]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">
Figure 29.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAA5047921DB0F9FDC059B6" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1981" box="[329,529,930,951]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchaeidae" genus="Lonchaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hackmani">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAA5047921DB0F9FDC059B6" box="[329,529,930,951]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">Lonchaea hackmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, prothorax unfolding during a lunge, still from Film 13.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFAA504793A8B757FB905E83" blockId="34.[252,1172,1034,1250]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAA504793A8B757FEDD5E25" bold="true" box="[252,268,1036,1060]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">●</emphasis>
as pivoting ends and the mandibles are against plant tissue, the head skeleton starts pivoting in the opposite direction which pulls the mandibles down across plant tissue; the mandibles pivot down by up 60 degrees (
<tableCitation id="C6DF0330FFAA504790BAB711FB9B5E63" box="[1006,1098,1098,1122]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="25.[144,202,168,190]" captionText="Table 2. Lunge times, lunge distance (as proportion of head skeleton length) and mandible and head skeleton pivot angles measured from films of the larva of 14 species of higher Cyclorrhapha (= Schizophora), x = unscorable." pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">Table 2</tableCitation>
), and dorsally, the pseudocephalon unfolds and ventrally folds (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAA504790E6B731FBE05E83" box="[946,1073,1130,1154]" captionStart="Figures 43" captionStartId="44.[212,288,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[212,1171,1210,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[212,1172,1210,1587]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figures 43. Pegomya solennis, larva feeding in a leaf mine on Rumex acetosa (Polygonaceae), stills from Film 18. (A) Position at the start of a feeding lunge; (B) position at the end of a feeding lunge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001890/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">Figure 43B</figureCitation>
);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFAA504793A8B7D7FCB25EE3" blockId="34.[252,1172,1034,1250]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAA504793A8B7D7FEDD5EA5" bold="true" box="[252,268,1164,1188]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">●</emphasis>
for most of the downward pivot, the mandibles do not depress until the end of the pivot when they depress to their limit; rasped material fills the oral cavity and is sucked in by the pump in the head skeleton.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFAA50469380B641FCCF5F8A" blockId="34.[212,1172,1305,1681]" lastBlockId="35.[144,1104,1364,1675]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="2174" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAA50479380B641FE785F33" box="[212,425,1306,1330]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">Flowerhead feeders</emphasis>
: body short and broad (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAA50479197B642FCEA5F30" box="[707,827,1305,1329]" captionStart="Figures 38" captionStartId="41.[144,220,671,693]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,168,639]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[144,1104,168,639]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figures 38. Tephritis vespertina. (A) Feeding damage caused by the third stage larva inside the flowerhead of Hypochoeris radicata L. (Asteraceae); (B) larva in situ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001879/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">Figures 38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAA5047901FB642FC5F5F30" box="[843,910,1305,1329]" captionStart-0="Figure 44" captionStart-1="Figure 45" captionStart-2="Figure 46" captionStartId-0="45.[144,211,721,743]" captionStartId-1="45.[144,211,1564,1586]" captionStartId-2="46.[212,279,661,683]" captionTargetBox-0="[278,1104,209,690]" captionTargetBox-1="[144,1104,888,1533]" captionTargetBox-2="[221,1172,168,603]" captionTargetId-0="figure@45.[144,1104,168,690]" captionTargetId-1="figure@45.[144,1104,888,1533]" captionTargetId-2="figure@46.[212,1172,168,629]" captionTargetPageId-0="45" captionTargetPageId-1="45" captionTargetPageId-2="46" captionText-0="Figure 44. Botanophila seneciella, preserved larva, lateral view, head to the right, length 2 mm." captionText-1="Figure 45. Tephritis vespertina, preserved larva, lateral view, head to the right, length 4 mm." captionText-2="Figure 46 Chaetostomella cylindrica, preserved larva, lateral view, head to the right, length 6.3 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001893" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001895" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001897" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4001893/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4001895/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4001897/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">44–46</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6DF0330FFAA504790CAB642FC255F30" box="[926,1012,1305,1329]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="28.[130,188,521,543]" captionText="Table 3. Body measurements and proportional lengths taken from larvae of 16 species of higher Cyclorrhapha (= Schizophora) that were preserved after filming, x = unscorable for C. flava due to fusion between the basal and intermediate sclerites (summed length of both sclerites reported under column headed ‘Basal sclerite length’)." pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">Table 3</tableCitation>
). Spicules are extensive, except for being reduced on the middle abdominal segments, metathorax and mesothorax and only present on antero-dorsal and antero-ventral margins of the prothorax.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAA5047920EB621FE205F90" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[346,497,1402,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Tephritis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespertina">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAA5047920EB621FE205F90" box="[346,497,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">T. vespertina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with mandibular muscle apodemes straight, not curved (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAA50479388B6C2FEBE5FB0" box="[220,367,1433,1457]" captionStart="Figures 41" captionStartId="43.[144,220,1307,1329]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figures 41. Head skeletons of phytophagous species, lateral views, mandibles to the left. (A) Tephritis vespertina, length 0.3 mm; (B) Acidia cognata, length 0.6 mm; (C) Chaetostomella cylindrica, length 0.6 mm; (D) Botanophila seneciella, length 0.7 mm. Botanophila seneciella, drawing of mandible and intermediate sclerite: (E) lateral view with muscle tendons; (F) ventral view; (G) Pegomya solennis, length 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001885/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">Figures 41A</figureCitation>
) and mandible almost as long as wide with one accessory tooth. Mandible are longer than wide in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAA50479109B6E1FD395FD0" baseAuthorityName="Meade" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[605,744,1465,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Botanophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seneciella">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAA50479109B6E1FD395FD0" box="[605,744,1465,1489]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">B. seneciella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAA50479070B6E2FC655FD0" baseAuthorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[804,948,1465,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Chaetostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAA50479070B6E2FC655FD0" box="[804,948,1465,1489]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">C. cylindrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAA50479090B6E1FB9E5FD0" baseAuthorityName="Meade" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[964,1103,1465,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Botanophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seneciella">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAA50479090B6E1FB9E5FD0" box="[964,1103,1465,1489]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">B. seneciella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a tapered apex to the mandibular hook (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAA504791F9B683FCF15FF1" box="[685,800,1496,1520]" captionStart="Figures 41" captionStartId="43.[144,220,1307,1329]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[144,1104,168,1275]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figures 41. Head skeletons of phytophagous species, lateral views, mandibles to the left. (A) Tephritis vespertina, length 0.3 mm; (B) Acidia cognata, length 0.6 mm; (C) Chaetostomella cylindrica, length 0.6 mm; (D) Botanophila seneciella, length 0.7 mm. Botanophila seneciella, drawing of mandible and intermediate sclerite: (E) lateral view with muscle tendons; (F) ventral view; (G) Pegomya solennis, length 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001885/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">Figure 41</figureCitation>
(f)). In living larvae, the upper margin of the dorsal cornu is bent inwards along the window and the front body compartment is able to rotate 360 degrees. In all three species, holes are made in floret tissues, the margins of which decay and the larva can be surrounded by moist to wet decayed material on which it may feed (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAA50479180B503FC875C71" box="[724,854,1624,1648]" captionStart="Figures 38" captionStartId="41.[144,220,671,693]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,168,639]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[144,1104,168,639]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figures 38. Tephritis vespertina. (A) Feeding damage caused by the third stage larva inside the flowerhead of Hypochoeris radicata L. (Asteraceae); (B) larva in situ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001879/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="2173">Figure 38A</figureCitation>
). Larvae start development by feeding towards the base of florets, but readily reverse direction. Lunge times in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAB504693C4B60EFEF35F6D" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[144,290,1365,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Tephritis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespertina">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAB504693C4B60EFEF35F6D" box="[144,290,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">T. vespertina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were 0.4–0.7 sec per lunge and 0.5–0.6 sec per lunge in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAB504690E8B60EFB985F6D" baseAuthorityName="Meade" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[956,1097,1364,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Botanophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seneciella">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAB504690E8B60EFB985F6D" box="[956,1097,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">B. seneciella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; lunge times were not measured in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAB50469143B62FFD775F8D" baseAuthorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[535,678,1396,1420]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Chaetostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAB50469143B62FFD775F8D" box="[535,678,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">C. cylindrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6DF0330FFAB504691ECB628FCDF5F8A" box="[696,782,1395,1419]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="25.[144,202,168,190]" captionText="Table 2. Lunge times, lunge distance (as proportion of head skeleton length) and mandible and head skeleton pivot angles measured from films of the larva of 14 species of higher Cyclorrhapha (= Schizophora), x = unscorable." pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF226603FFAB504693C4B65AFBE75F16" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001863" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001863" box="[144,1078,1281,1303]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001863/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174" startId="35.[144,211,1281,1303]" targetBox="[144,1104,168,1249]" targetPageId="35">
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFAB504693C4B65AFBE75F16" blockId="35.[144,1078,1281,1303]" box="[144,1078,1281,1303]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">
Figure 30.
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAB50469251B65AFDDD5F17" box="[261,524,1281,1302]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAB50469251B65AFDD95F17" baseAuthorityName="Villeneuve" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[261,520,1281,1302]" class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Neophyllomyza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acyglossa">Neophyllomyza acyglossa</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
prothorax unfolding during a lunge, still from a film.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFAB504193EEB6CFFC3A5C72" blockId="35.[144,1104,1364,1675]" lastBlockId="36.[212,1172,1371,1651]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="2175" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAB504693EEB6CFFE9F5FAA" box="[186,334,1428,1452]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">Leaf miners:</emphasis>
body elongate (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAB50469148B6C8FD4A5FAA" box="[540,667,1427,1451]" captionStart="Figures 38" captionStartId="41.[144,220,671,693]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,168,639]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[144,1104,168,639]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figures 38. Tephritis vespertina. (A) Feeding damage caused by the third stage larva inside the flowerhead of Hypochoeris radicata L. (Asteraceae); (B) larva in situ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001879/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">Figures 38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAB504691E5B6C8FD1D5FAA" box="[689,716,1427,1451]" captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="46.[212,279,1156,1178]" captionTargetBox="[217,1171,829,1124]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[212,1172,760,1124]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 47. Pegomya solennis, preserved larva, lateral view, head to the right, length 8.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001899/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">47</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAB50469041B6C8FCE15FAA" box="[789,816,1427,1451]" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="46.[212,279,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[212,1172,1231,1707]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[212,1172,1231,1707]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 48. Acidia cognata, preserved larva, lateral view, head to the right, length 5.7 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001901/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">48</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6DF0330FFAB50469012B6C8FC725FAA" box="[838,931,1427,1451]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="28.[130,188,521,543]" captionText="Table 3. Body measurements and proportional lengths taken from larvae of 16 species of higher Cyclorrhapha (= Schizophora) that were preserved after filming, x = unscorable for C. flava due to fusion between the basal and intermediate sclerites (summed length of both sclerites reported under column headed ‘Basal sclerite length’)." pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">Table 3</tableCitation>
). Spicules are extensive and circumvent segment borders, especially on the anterior abdominal segments and the metathorax. Unlike
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAB5046913DB688FD3A5FEA" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[617,747,1491,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Acidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognata">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAB5046913DB688FD3A5FEA" box="[617,747,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">A. cognata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is symmetrical, in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAB50469763B68FFF375C0A" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1826" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Pegomya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solennis">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAB50469763B68FFF375C0A" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">P. solennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the pseudocephalon is asymmetrical with a longer lower side, i.e. when feeding the shorter margin faces the upper epidermis of the leaf (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAB504690C3B548FBD85C2A" box="[919,1033,1555,1579]" captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="47.[144,211,819,841]" captionTargetBox="[153,1090,171,787]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[144,1104,168,788]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figure 49. Pegomya solennis, preserved larva, pseudocephalon, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001903/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">Figure 49</figureCitation>
). The pseudocephalon in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAB50469220B56FFE3E5C4A" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[372,495,1587,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Pegomya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solennis">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAB50469220B56FFE3E5C4A" box="[372,495,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">P. solennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more tapered than in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAB50469077B568FC705C4A" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[803,929,1587,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Acidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognata">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAB50469077B568FC705C4A" box="[803,929,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">A. cognata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such that the antennae are approximated whereas, in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAB5046912EB508FD2A5C6A" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[634,763,1619,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Acidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognata">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAB5046912EB508FD2A5C6A" box="[634,763,1619,1643]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">A. cognata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, antennae are separated by about 1.5× their width. The lateral margins of the pseudocephalon in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAB50469081B52FFB815C8A" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[981,1104,1651,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Pegomya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solennis">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAB50469081B52FFB815C8A" box="[981,1104,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2174">P. solennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have three square-shaped studs on the long side and six on the short side (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAC50419388B620FE805F92" box="[220,337,1403,1427]" captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="47.[144,211,819,841]" captionTargetBox="[153,1090,171,787]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[144,1104,168,788]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figure 49. Pegomya solennis, preserved larva, pseudocephalon, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001903/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175">Figure 49</figureCitation>
); studs are absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAC50419131B620FD375F92" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[613,742,1403,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Acidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognata">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAC50419131B620FD375F92" box="[613,742,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175">A. cognata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The mandibular muscle apodemes curve backwards in both species. The mandibles are symmetrical in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAC50419740B6C0FB455FB2" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1044,1172,1435,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Acidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognata">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAC50419740B6C0FB455FB2" box="[1044,1172,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175">A. cognata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with one accessory tooth each, but asymmetrical in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAC50419018B6E7FC185FD2" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[844,969,1467,1491]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Pegomya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solennis">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAC50419018B6E7FC185FD2" box="[844,969,1467,1491]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175">P. solennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the longer, lower mandible having a strongly curved, apical mandibular hook and two, short, accessory teeth and the lower mandible with a similar strong, curved apex to the mandibular hook and three, elongate accessory teeth (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAC50419012B541FC645C33" box="[838,949,1562,1586]" captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="48.[212,279,1736,1758]" captionTargetBox="[244,1139,208,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[244,1140,168,1704]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 50. Pegomya solennis, mandibles removed from a puparium, ventral view, maximum length 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001905/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175">Figure 50</figureCitation>
). The prothorax in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAC50419380B560FE8A5C53" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[212,347,1594,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Pegomya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solennis">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAC50419380B560FE8A5C53" box="[212,347,1594,1618]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175">P. solennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a conspicuous, lozenge-shaped, mid-ventral projecting bar (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAC50419388B501FE9D5C73" box="[220,332,1626,1650]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="44.[212,279,1093,1115]" captionTargetBox="[212,1076,260,1009]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[212,1172,168,1061]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figure 42. Pegomya solennis, preserved larva, thorax and pseudocephalon, head to the right, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001888/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175">Figure 42</figureCitation>
). These larvae excavate leaf tissue in very different ways.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF226603FFAC50419380B7E5FC4A5F0F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001865" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001865/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175" startId="36.[212,288,1214,1236]" targetBox="[212,1172,168,1182]" targetPageId="36">
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFAC50419380B7E5FC4A5F0F" blockId="36.[212,1171,1214,1294]" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175">
Figures 31.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAC50419207B7E5FD875ED2" baseAuthorityName="Villeneuve" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[339,598,1214,1235]" class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Neophyllomyza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acyglossa">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAC50419207B7E5FD875ED2" box="[339,598,1214,1235]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="2175">Neophyllomyza acyglossa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (A) Preserved larva, anterior end, lateral view, length 4.5 mm. Lunging, stills from Film 14: (B) limit of forward extension; (C) bending of the intermediate sclerite; (D) limit of bending in the intermediate sclerite.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF226603FFAD504093C4B19FFEFA58F6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001867" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001867/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176" startId="37.[144,211,708,730]" targetBox="[144,1104,168,676]" targetPageId="37">
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFAD504093C4B19FFEFA58F6" blockId="37.[144,1104,708,760]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176">
Figure 32.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAD5040925CB19EFDDC58DB" baseAuthorityName="Villeneuve" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[264,525,709,730]" class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" genus="Neophyllomyza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acyglossa">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAD5040925CB19EFDDC58DB" box="[264,525,709,730]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176">Neophyllomyza acyglossa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, head skeleton,
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAD50409194B19EFCD058DB" box="[704,769,709,730]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176">in situ</emphasis>
lateral view from a puparium, length 0.4 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF226603FFAD504093C4B6DFFE675FB6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001869" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001869/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176" startId="37.[144,220,1412,1434]" targetBox="[145,1103,824,1380]" targetPageId="37">
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFAD504093C4B6DFFE675FB6" blockId="37.[144,1103,1412,1463]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176">
Figures 33.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAD5040925BB6DEFDDF5F9B" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[271,526,1413,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Lauxaniidae" genus="Meiosimyza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycephala">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAD5040925BB6DEFDDF5F9B" box="[271,526,1413,1434]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176">Meiosimyza platycephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, preserved larva, pseudocephalon; (A) lateral view; (B) ventral view, length 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFAD504D93EEB6AEFE405F3C" blockId="37.[144,1104,1524,1676]" lastBlockId="40.[212,1172,1285,1660]" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="2179" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAD504093EEB6AEFEB25C0D" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[186,355,1525,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Acidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognata">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAD504093EEB6AEFEB25C0D" box="[186,355,1525,1549]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176">Acidia cognata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: feeding on its side this larva removes tissue in a series of long, crescent-shaped feeding tracks. Each track consists of succeeding numbers of arcshaped excavations of tissue; both tracks and arcs are traceable by remnants of tissue left on the upper epidermis (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAD5040917DB50FFD485C6D" box="[553,665,1620,1644]" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="42.[212,279,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[212,1172,168,1363]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[212,1172,168,1364]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figure 40. Acidia cognata, leaf mine in Tussilago farfara L. Asteraceae: t = between the arrows, part of a feeding track; a = arcs within a feeding track." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001883/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176">Figure 40</figureCitation>
). These traces are not frass, which is otherwise scattered through the mine as lumps of moist, brown material (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFAD50409087B52FFB915C8D" box="[979,1088,1652,1676]" captionStart="Figure 39" captionStartId="41.[144,211,1586,1608]" captionTargetBox="[144,1103,824,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[144,1104,824,1554]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figure 39. Acidia cognata, leaf mine in Tussilago farfara L. (Asteraceae), mine opened with larva in situ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001881/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="2176">Figure 39</figureCitation>
). Track direction is influenced by barriers, such as leaf veins, leaf edges, damaged areas and presumably, other larvae in the leaf. Arcs are made by the front compartment sweeping down across the mine face during which lunging occurs continuously with each lunge removing a line of tissue. To lunge, the rear compartment grips the upper and lower layers of the leaf, the middle compartment extends and the front compartment lifts and the mandibles elevate slightly and are placed against the mine face. The head skeleton pivots down and the mandibles depress slightly and a line of tissue is removed (Film 17). The prothorax moves slowly down across the mine face with the head skeleton pivoting continuously; a small arc so filmed, took about 74 seconds to create and involved about 114 head skeleton pivots, i.e. lunge time was about one lunge per 0.6 sec. At the end of an arc, the larva moves into the excavated space, lifts the prothorax and begins to make another arc and so, a track gradually forms.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF226603FFAE50439380B6DCFBCE5F9C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001871" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001871" box="[212,1055,1415,1437]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001871/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="2177" startId="38.[212,279,1415,1437]" targetBox="[212,1172,168,1383]" targetPageId="38">
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFAE50439380B6DCFBCE5F9C" blockId="38.[212,1055,1415,1437]" box="[212,1055,1415,1437]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2177">
Figure 34.
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAE5043921DB6DCFD9C5F9D" box="[329,589,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2177">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAE5043921DB6DCFD985F9D" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[329,585,1415,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Lauxaniidae" genus="Meiosimyza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycephala">Meiosimyza platycephala</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
anterior end, dorsal view, still from Film 15.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF226603FFAF504293C4B116FBDF5862" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001873" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001873" box="[144,1038,589,611]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001873/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="2178" startId="39.[144,211,589,611]" targetBox="[144,1104,168,557]" targetPageId="39">
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFAF504293C4B116FBDF5862" blockId="39.[144,1038,589,611]" box="[144,1038,589,611]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2178">
Figure 35.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAF50429251B116FEAC5863" box="[261,381,589,610]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Clusia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="2178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAF50429251B116FEAC5863" box="[261,381,589,610]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="2178">Clusia flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, preserved larva, lateral view, head to the right, length 8.7 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF226603FFAF504293C4B6CBFF365FC2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001875" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001875/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="2178" startId="39.[144,211,1424,1446]" targetBox="[144,1104,699,1392]" targetPageId="39">
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFAF504293C4B6CBFF365FC2" blockId="39.[144,1103,1424,1475]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2178">
Figure 36.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFAF50429257B6CBFEA85FA4" box="[259,377,1424,1445]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Clusia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="2178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFAF50429257B6CBFEA85FA4" box="[259,377,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="2178">Clusia flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thorax, position at maximum forward extension, dorsal view, still from Film 15.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF226603FFA0504D9380B7C6FCA85EB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001877" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001877" box="[212,889,1181,1203]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001877/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="2179" startId="40.[212,279,1181,1203]" targetBox="[212,1172,168,1149]" targetPageId="40">
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFA0504D9380B7C6FCA85EB2" blockId="40.[212,889,1181,1203]" box="[212,889,1181,1203]" pageId="40" pageNumber="2179">
Figure 37.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA0504D921DB7C5FE105EB2" box="[329,449,1182,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Clusia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="2179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA0504D921DB7C5FE105EB2" box="[329,449,1182,1203]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="2179">Clusia flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, prothorax, apical view still from Film 15.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE2368BFFA0504F93AAB61DFC565C9A" blockId="40.[212,1172,1285,1660]" lastBlockId="42.[212,1172,1507,1691]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="2181" pageId="40" pageNumber="2179">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA0504D93AAB61DFE155F5F" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[254,452,1350,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Pegomya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="2179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solennis">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA0504D93AAB61DFE155F5F" box="[254,452,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="2179">Pegomya solennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: the larva also feeds on its side but instead of tracks and arcs, oval-shaped cavities are formed in the leaf, but little tissue is left behind to indicate the pattern of feeding. To start lunging, the larva lifts the front compartment and the mandibles elevate slightly and are pressed against the mine face (Film 18,
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFA0504D9380B69EFE8D5FDC" box="[212,348,1477,1501]" captionStart="Figures 43" captionStartId="44.[212,288,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[212,1171,1210,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[212,1172,1210,1587]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figures 43. Pegomya solennis, larva feeding in a leaf mine on Rumex acetosa (Polygonaceae), stills from Film 18. (A) Position at the start of a feeding lunge; (B) position at the end of a feeding lunge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001890/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="2179">Figure 43A</figureCitation>
). The head skeleton pivots and a line of tissue is removed by the mandibles which depress slightly in the process. At the limit of depression, the fleshy, prothoracic bar is adjacent to the mandibles (
<figureCitation id="13662A0EFFA0504D9017B55FFC145C1D" box="[835,965,1540,1564]" captionStart="Figures 43" captionStartId="44.[212,288,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[212,1171,1210,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[212,1172,1210,1587]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figures 43. Pegomya solennis, larva feeding in a leaf mine on Rumex acetosa (Polygonaceae), stills from Film 18. (A) Position at the start of a feeding lunge; (B) position at the end of a feeding lunge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001890/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="2179">Figure 43B</figureCitation>
). The front compartment then lifts and the process repeats. Lunge times, the time for a line of tissue to be removed, were about twice as fast as
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FFA0504D9190B51EFCEF5C5D" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[708,830,1605,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Acidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="2179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognata">
<emphasis id="B929EA99FFA0504D9190B51EFCEF5C5D" box="[708,830,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="2179">A. cognata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and varied from about 0.1 to 0.3 second. When a space has been created in front of the larva, the prothorax extends, the head skeleton pivots and protracts, and the mandibles elevate and grip the mine face. A peristaltic wave pushes the larva up against the mine face and another cycle of lunges start (Film 18). Blotch-shaped excavation occurs via the direction of lunging altering slightly. This depends where the mandibles grip the mine face prior to peristalsis; if below the longitudinal axis of the body, then lunging is in that direction, if above, then in that direction.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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