treatments-xml/data/6B/7A/8A/6B7A8A85BB45504D9193493951546EBC.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8512" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a9809670-d0fc-4200-90f3-ac74ef2c97cd" ID-PMC="PMC4319050" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-478-1" ID-PubMed="25685008" ID-ZBK="ABC6AF6D8F9C401783EAED3A19C3C120" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-478-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 478" ModsDocTitle="Descriptions of two azooxanthellate Palythoa species (Subclass Hexacorallia, Order Zoantharia) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan" checkinTime="1451244730353" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Irei, Yuka, Sinniger, Frederic &amp; Reimer, James Davis" docDate="2015" docId="6B7A8A85BB45504D9193493951546EBC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 478: 1-26" docOrigin="ZooKeys 478" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8512" docTitle="Palythoa mizigama Irei, Sinniger &amp; Reimer, 2015, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="097C1C97-02B2-48FA-8E42-25942ECA982D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="E64EFA5FFC1EFF80FF8F0D64FFEEFFD2" masterDocTitle="Descriptions of two azooxanthellate Palythoa species (Subclass Hexacorallia, Order Zoantharia) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1668159866462" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Descriptions of two azooxanthellate Palythoa species (Subclass Hexacorallia, Order Zoantharia) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Irei, Yuka</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sinniger, Frederic</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Reimer, James Davis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number>478</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>26</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8512</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8512</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152058005" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:097C1C97-02B2-48FA-8E42-25942ECA982D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6B7A8A85BB45504D9193493951546EBC" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Taxon classification Animalia Zoantharia Sphenopidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/097C1C97-02B2-48FA-8E42-25942ECA982D" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa mizigama" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mizigama">Palythoa mizigama</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="4" pageNumber="5">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, Suppl. material 1-2: Table 1-2
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">&quot; Palythoa sp. tokashiki&quot;</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Galaxea" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="23 - 29" title="Key to field identification of shallow water brachycnemic zoanthids (Order Zoantharia: Suborder Brachycnemina) present in Okinawa." url="10.3755/galaxea.12.23" volume="12" year="2010">Reimer 2010</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="363 - 371" title="Shallow-water brachycnemic zoanthids (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) from Taiwan: A preliminary survey." url="http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/50.3/363.pdf" volume="50" year="2011 b">Reimer et al. 2011b</bibRefCitation>
(specimen from Kenting, Taiwan), 
<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" title="Molecular analyses of shallow-water zooxanthellate zoanthids (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) from Taiwan and their Symbiodinium spp." url="10.1186/1810-522X-52-38" volume="52" year="2013">Reimer et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
(specimen from Kenting). Synonymy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Type-specimens. Holotype. Specimen number NSMT-Co1560 (original number MIZ_33). Fixed in 99.5% ethanol, deposited in National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan. Original label: &quot;HOLOTYPE 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa mizigama" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mizigama">Palythoa mizigama</taxonomicName>
, Japan, Okinawa Island, Kadena, Mizugama, 5 m depth, 13 May 2008, Y. Irei leg. Paratypes: Paratype 1. Specimen number RMNH Coel. 41729 (original number TOK_2), Japan, Okinawa Prefecture, Kerama Islands, Tokashiki Island, Mutizuni, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="26.151943">26°09'07&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="127.35305">127°21'11&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, in a hollow of reef slope at 5 m depth, 5 January 2008, Y. Irei and F. Sinniger leg. Fixed in 99.5% ethanol, deposited in Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. Paratype 2. Specimen number USNM 1231375 (original number ODO_25), Japan, Okinawa Prefecture, Okinawa Island, Itoman, Odo, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="26.085001">26°05'06&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="127.708885">127°42'32&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, on the wall of reef cave at 11 m depth, 13 January 2008, Y. Irei and F. Sinniger leg. Fixed in 99.5% ethanol, deposited in Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA. Paratype 3. Specimen number RUMF-ZG-04375 (original number IRI_JR2829), Japan, Okinawa Prefecture, Yaeyama Islands, Taketomi, Iriomotesuido, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="24.364166">24°21'51&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="123.95694">123°57'25&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, at 4.4-5.3 m depth, 1 September 2012, J. Reimer leg. Fixed in 99.5% ethanol, deposited in University Museum, University of the Ryukyus (Fujukan).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="type-locality">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type-locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Japan, Okinawa Prefecture, Okinawa Island, Kadena, Mizugama, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="26.359722">26°21'35&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="127.73833">127°44'18&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, on wall of reef cave at 5 m depth, 13 May 2008, Y. Irei leg.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description of holotype">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Size of colony approximately 2 cm 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3 cm, consisting of six polyps, 3.8-11.2 mm in height and 2.0-3.8 mm in diameter. External color brownish gray to yellowish white with small black blotches on polyp heads and columns. Horizontal wrinkles (1-7 in number) of approximately half the length of column periphery, mostly on inner side of bent polyps. Tentacles approximately 32 in number, color same as column with 7-10 narrow black horizontal lines on tentacles. Columns heavily incrusted with irregularly-sized sand grains.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="habitat and ecological features">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Habitat and ecological features.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
This species inhabits low-light environments such as floors or sides of caves, crevasses or under reef overhangs on coral reef flats and reef slopes. In general, polyps are open at night with extended tentacles, and are closed in daytime. Polyps tend to bend parallel to the surrounding substrate when closed although polyps become somewhat erect in a diagonal direction at an acute angle (e.g. not perpendicular to substrate) when open, with oral disks generally facing the opening of the cave or crevasse (Figure 2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="a–d">a-d</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figure 2. In situ images of 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa mizigama" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mizigama">Palythoa mizigama</taxonomicName>
sp. n. and 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa umbrosa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbrosa">Palythoa umbrosa</taxonomicName>
sp. n. a 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa mizigama" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mizigama">Palythoa mizigama</taxonomicName>
; single radial lines visible on oral disks. Image taken by Y. Irei on September 28, 2009, at Mizugama, Okinawa Island, Japan b 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa mizigama" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mizigama">Palythoa mizigama</taxonomicName>
; several radial lines visible on oral disks. Image taken by J. Reimer on April 22, 2010, at Mizugama c 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa mizigama" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mizigama">Palythoa mizigama</taxonomicName>
; with no radial lines on oral disks. Image taken by Y. Irei on April 12, 2009, at Mizugama d 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa mizigama" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mizigama">Palythoa mizigama</taxonomicName>
; closed polyps. Image taken by Y. Irei on June 16, 2009, at Mizugama e 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa umbrosa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbrosa">Palythoa umbrosa</taxonomicName>
(TW_18); closed polyps. Image taken by Y. Irei on November 2, 2009, at Lyudao, Taiwan f 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa umbrosa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbrosa">Palythoa umbrosa</taxonomicName>
(IRI_TF2); closed polyps. Image taken by T. Fujii on November 9, 2012, at Sotobanari Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Southern Ryukyu Archipelago (Okinawa Island, Tokashiki Island, Yaeyama Islands), Taiwan (Kenting), and New Caledonia (Tibarama, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Poindimié">Poindimie</normalizedToken>
) (Figure 1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
General. Azooxanthellate brachycnemic zoantharian with heavily sand-incrusted ectoderm and mesoglea. Colonies usually composed of several to 20 polyps, with each polyp loosely connected to others by a thin stolon (= 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“liberae”">&quot;liberae&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Pax, F" editor="Spengel, JW" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="157 - 330" title="Studien an westindischen Actinien." volume="11" volumeTitle="Ergebnisse einer Zoologischen Forschungreise nach Westindien von Prof. W. Kukenthal und Dr R. Hartmeyer im Jahre, 1907." year="1910">Pax 1910</bibRefCitation>
). Solitary polyps are also commonly seen. Polyp is cylindrical and upper part of the polyp around pharynx is occasionally constricted when closed (Figure 3a). Expanded polyps are flared, with column becoming wider towards the oral disk and a large oral disk (Figure 2a, c). Columns occasionally have several horizontal wrinkles (1 to up to 10 in number) of one quarter to half the length of column periphery, mostly on inner side of bent polyps (Figure 3a).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figure 3. 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa mizigama" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mizigama">Palythoa mizigama</taxonomicName>
sp. n. after fixation in 70-99.5% ethanol (a, c) or 4-10% SW formalin (b, d). a MIZ_33; closed polyps. Scale bar=0.5 cm. Collected by Y. Irei on May 13, 2008 at Mizugama, Okinawa Island, Japan b MIZ_071110_2; close up of a partially open polyp. Scale bar=0.5 cm. Collected by Y. Irei on November 7, 2010 at Mizugama c MIZ_33; tentacles (isolated). Horizontal black stripes visible. Scale bar=0.25 cm d MIZ_260910; close up image of a longitudinal section. Tentacles visible with faint stripes. Note the column wall densely incrusted with sand grains. Scale bar=0.25 cm. Collected by Y. Irei on September 26, 2010 at Mizugama. All images taken through stereomicroscope.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Polyp size. Approximately 0.5-1.0 cm in length and 0.2-0.4 cm in width after fixation in 4-10% seawater formalin or 70-99.5% ethanol.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Coloration of polyp column and oral disk. The color of external polyp columns varies from ivory to tan in life, occasionally with irregular black blotches. The color of oral disk is also ivory to tan, often with black radial lines extending outwards from the mouth (Figure 2 a and b, Figure 3 b).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">Tentacles</pageBreakToken>
. 32-40 in number. Extended tentacles are of the same length or longer than the diameter of oral disks (Figure 2a, c). Tentacle color is white to ivory with 4-10 horizontal black stripes (Figure 3b). The number and density of stripes on the tentacles are variable between different polyps (Figure 3c, d).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">Cnidom</pageBreakToken>
. Four major cnidae types observed; spirocysts, basitrichs, p-mastigophores, and holotrichs. The dominant types of cnidae were spirocysts (length 20.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
3.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, width 3.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, n=140) in the tentacles, basitrichs (length 23.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, width 3.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, n=139) in the pharynx, and p-mastigophores (length 15.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
3.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, width 4.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, n=140) and holotrichs (length 13.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
1.9 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, width 4.9 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, n=140) in the mesenterial filaments (Figure 4, Suppl. material 2: Table 2). In addition to the four major cnidae types, three large holotrichs were found. Three individual polyps contained one large holotrich each, with two from tentacles (length 28.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, width 13.0 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
; length 25.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, width 11.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
) and one from the mesenterial filaments (length 33.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, width 16.9 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Figure 4. Dominant cnidae types of 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa mizigama" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mizigama">Palythoa mizigama</taxonomicName>
sp. n. and 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa umbrosa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbrosa">Palythoa umbrosa</taxonomicName>
sp. n. tissue. a spirocyst b basitrich, and cp-mastigophore d holotrich. Scale bar shows 10-40 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The specific epithet 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“mizigama”">&quot;mizigama&quot;</normalizedToken>
was named after the type locality of Mizugama. Additionally, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“mizi”">&quot;mizi&quot;</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“gama”">&quot;gama&quot;</normalizedToken>
mean 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“water”">&quot;water&quot;</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“cave”">&quot;cave&quot;</normalizedToken>
, respectively, in the Okinawan language. Japanese name: Shimate-yami-iwasunaginchaku. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Shimate”">&quot;Shimate&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“yami”">&quot;yami&quot;</normalizedToken>
, and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“iwasunaginchaku”">&quot;iwasunaginchaku&quot;</normalizedToken>
mean &quot;striped hands&quot;, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“dark”">&quot;dark&quot;</normalizedToken>
, and &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Palythoa</taxonomicName>
&quot;, respectively, in Japanese.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="remarks on reproduction">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Remarks on reproduction.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Simultaneous hermaphrodite. Reproductive polyps containing ovaries and spermaries were found from specimens collected in August - September 2010 at Mizugama, Okinawa Island, Japan (Figure 5).</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Figure 5. Longitudinal section of a reproductive polyp of 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa mizigama" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mizigama">Palythoa mizigama</taxonomicName>
sp. n. Collected on Aug. 19, 2010 at Mizugama, Okinawa Island, Japan. a spermaries b ovaries. Scale bar=0.5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>