311 lines
37 KiB
XML
311 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="C99ED3773E327B8B86D883FE34D3DB63" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3674909" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9b19b254-af96-4294-b623-5ed6bf2745e8" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3674909" ID-ZooBank="8B0618BF-4F7D-4DC1-8E57-E4796BD49F67" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1582111618707" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Genaro, Julio A." docDate="2019" docId="5C7CE945CE27FF80FF5AB520FC69FBBC" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.0717.1-6.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 717 (717)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC.3:InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleId="6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Xysma dominicum Antropov 1995" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="A045913DCE24FF84FF9AB746FFEDFFD8" masterDocTitle="First record of Xysma dominicum Antropov, 1995 (Hymenoptera: Pemphredonidae) in Puerto Rico, the Antilles, and notes on the nesting behavior" masterLastPageNumber="6" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698719404227" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="3EFB963BDDD30509E774C2A4C66759E2">First record of Xysma dominicum Antropov, 1995 (Hymenoptera: Pemphredonidae) in Puerto Rico, the Antilles, and notes on the nesting behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FE866C68D2CCE8004DD3C4F1C4AE9C28">Genaro, Julio A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="07E54BA71FC8E747E912C9BAE6A22B98">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F93E12E3ED442C5E5F2D10833D015071">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="93FF7A295858B7661FC47740176DDED0">2019-07-26</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="979CD820A476FC20F70A740CA3036B75" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3674909</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="59E2D8071002958CC200F2B90DDA4BB3" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5C7CE945CE27FF80FF5AB520FC69FBBC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3680871" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162173404" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3680871" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5C7CE945CE27FF80FF5AB520FC69FBBC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C7CE945CE27FF80FF5AB520FC69FBBC" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="9CCF0BD8CE27FF87FF5AB520FCF3FDA6" box="[192,798,613,638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D46A5853CE27FF87FF5AB520FCF3FDA6" blockId="3.[192,798,613,671]" box="[192,798,613,638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="8F22EF3FCE27FF87FF5AB520FCF3FDA6" bold="true" box="[192,798,613,638]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" reason="3">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="F4C57F7DCE27FF87FF5AB520FCF3FDA6" box="[192,798,613,638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FF5AB520FCF3FDA6" bold="true" box="[192,798,613,638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<treatmentCitation id="55747E42CE27FF87FF5AB520FD2AFDA6" author="Antropov, A. V." box="[192,711,613,638]" page="115" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" year="1995">
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<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE27FF87FF5AB520FD2AFDA6" ID-CoL="5CPYR" authority="Antropov 1995: 115" authorityName="Antropov" authorityPageNumber="115" authorityYear="1995" box="[192,711,613,638]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Xysma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominicum">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FF5AB520FE56FDA5" bold="true" box="[192,443,613,637]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Xysma dominicum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="B04425A2CE27FF87FE58B520FD2AFDA6" author="Antropov, A. V." box="[450,711,614,638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="115 - 117" refId="ref2693" refString="Antropov, A. V. 1995. A new species of the digger wasp genus Xysma Pate (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae) from the New World. Russian Entomological Journal 3: 115 - 117." type="journal article" year="1995">Antropov 1995: 115</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. Male.
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</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9CCF0BD8CE27FF87FF5AB5C0FEBFFD46" box="[192,338,646,671]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="description">
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<paragraph id="D46A5853CE27FF87FF5AB5C0FEBFFD46" blockId="3.[192,798,613,671]" box="[192,338,646,671]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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(
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<figureCitation id="4CEE44D6CE27FF87FF53B5C0FEA7FD46" box="[201,330,646,671]" captionStart="Figures 1–7" captionStartId="6.[192,287,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[242,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[241,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 1–7. Xysma dominicum Antropov. 1–2) Face (in frontal view). 1) Female. 2) Male. 3) Mesosoma of the male (in dorsal view). 4–5) Habitus images. 4) Female. 5) Male. 6) Illustrations of the fore- and hindwings. 7) Emerged cocoons obtained from nests." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674911/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 1, 4, 6</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9CCF0BD8CE27FF87FF5AB5F0FCFFFB0B" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="description">
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<paragraph id="D46A5853CE27FF87FF5AB5F0FAC5FD17" blockId="3.[192,1441,694,1235]" box="[192,1320,694,719]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FF5AB5F0FDC9FD16" bold="true" box="[192,548,694,719]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Description of the female.</emphasis>
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Body length 2.6–3.0 mm. Fore wing length
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<quantity id="132DF5B6CE27FF87FBA1B5F1FB27FD16" box="[1083,1226,695,719]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="1.6" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.5">1.5–1.7 mm</quantity>
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(
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FB40B5F1FB07FD16" box="[1242,1258,695,718]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">n</emphasis>
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= 5).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D46A5853CE27FF87FF72B591FE95FC88" blockId="3.[192,1441,694,1235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FF72B591FE11FD37" box="[232,508,727,751]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Integument coloration.</emphasis>
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Black except the following areas yellow: flagellum, clypeus, mandible except apex, propleuron, pronotum, pronotal lobe, legs, including coxae; and tegula. Some terga and sterna laterally and apically reddish brown. Wings clear, hyaline throughout, veins pale yellow, stigma light reddish brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D46A5853CE27FF87FF72B41EFC93FC48" blockId="3.[192,1441,694,1235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FF72B41EFE9AFCA8" box="[232,375,856,880]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Pubescence.</emphasis>
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Inconspicuous; with scattered short pale hairs throughout, densest on mandibles, legs, and posterior metasomal segments, especially T5 and T6.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D46A5853CE27FF87FF72B4DEFA9AFBAA" blockId="3.[192,1441,694,1235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FF72B4DEFE27FC68" box="[232,458,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Surface sculpture.</emphasis>
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Weak except propodeum strongly sculptured. Frons, vertex, gena, pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, and mesepisternum coriaceous. Gena with scattered, irregular punctures. Basal area of propodeum with striae diverging laterally; two parallel longitudinal carinulae enclosing short transverse parallel striae medially; striated laterally with subparalled striae, some of which extend to the lateral margin of the propodeum (
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<figureCitation id="4CEE44D6CE27FF87FCFBB35CFC25FBEA" box="[865,968,1050,1074]" captionStart="Figures 1–7" captionStartId="6.[192,287,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[242,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[241,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 1–7. Xysma dominicum Antropov. 1–2) Face (in frontal view). 1) Female. 2) Male. 3) Mesosoma of the male (in dorsal view). 4–5) Habitus images. 4) Female. 5) Male. 6) Illustrations of the fore- and hindwings. 7) Emerged cocoons obtained from nests." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674911/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 3, 5</figureCitation>
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). Posterior surface of propodeum with median groove, laterally striated, some branched; mostly coriaceous towards the ventral area. First tergum polished; terga microstriate or microcoriaceous, micropunctate. Sterna shiny and glabrous.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D46A5853CE27FF87FF72B33DFCFFFB0B" blockId="3.[192,1441,694,1235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FF72B33DFE8EFB4A" box="[232,355,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Structure.</emphasis>
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Medial clypeal lobe convex with broad apical emargination; inner eye orbits slightly converging above; vertex prominent. Gena slightly broader than eye. Front legs with spines of tarsus not forming tarsal rake. Wings venation as in
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<figureCitation id="4CEE44D6CE27FF87FD5CB3FDFCE2FB0B" box="[710,783,1211,1235]" captionStart="Figures 1–7" captionStartId="6.[192,287,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[242,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[241,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 1–7. Xysma dominicum Antropov. 1–2) Face (in frontal view). 1) Female. 2) Male. 3) Mesosoma of the male (in dorsal view). 4–5) Habitus images. 4) Female. 5) Male. 6) Illustrations of the fore- and hindwings. 7) Emerged cocoons obtained from nests." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674911/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9CCF0BD8CE27FF87FF5AB3ADFCCAFA3E" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="D46A5853CE27FF87FF5AB3ADFCCAFA3E" blockId="3.[192,1440,1259,1510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FF5AB3ADFE19FADB" bold="true" box="[192,500,1259,1283]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE27FF87FE66B3AAFD0CFADB" box="[508,737,1259,1283]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Xysma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominicum">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FE66B3AAFD0CFADB" box="[508,737,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Xysma dominicum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is more closely related to Central American species than to the North American species [
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<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE27FF87FDA5B24AFCB9FAFC" authority="(Viereck)" baseAuthorityName="Viereck" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[575,852,1291,1316]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Xysma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceanothae">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FDA5B24AFD34FAFB" box="[575,729,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">X. ceanothae</emphasis>
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(Viereck)
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</taxonomicName>
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]. It differs from
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<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE27FF87FB8FB24AFB42FAFB" baseAuthorityName="Viereck" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1045,1199,1291,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Xysma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceanothae">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FB8FB24AFB42FAFB" box="[1045,1199,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">X. ceanothae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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through its densely sculptured head and mesosoma, longer pronotal collar, and basal area of propodeum without a longitudinal medial carina.
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<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE27FF87FE25B20BFC53FABC" authority="Antropov and Cambra" authorityName="Antropov and Cambra" authorityYear="2003" box="[447,958,1356,1381]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Xysma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panamense">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FE25B20BFD4EFABC" box="[447,675,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Xysma panamense</emphasis>
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Antropov and Cambra
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</taxonomicName>
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has the pronotal collar not emarginate medially, the basal area of propodeum with weaker striate lateral portions, and the carina bordering the propodeal posterior side is dorsally interrupted. Conversely, in
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FC65B2CBFB59FA7D" box="[1023,1204,1421,1445]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE27FF87FC65B2CBFB42FA7D" box="[1023,1199,1421,1445]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Xysma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominicum">X. dominicum</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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the pronotal collar emarginates, has stronger striate lateral portions in the basal area of propodeum, and the carina bordering the propodeal posterior side is entire, dorsally.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSection id="BD5A41B8CE27FF87FF5AB15BFCCDF851" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="multiple">
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<subSubSection id="9CCF0BD8CE27FF87FF5AB15BFE05F93F" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<paragraph id="D46A5853CE27FF87FF5AB15BFC74F9ED" blockId="3.[192,921,1565,1590]" box="[192,921,1565,1590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="8F22EF3FCE27FF87FF5AB15BFC74F9ED" bold="true" box="[192,921,1565,1590]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FF5AB15BFC74F9ED" bold="true" box="[192,921,1565,1590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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Association of female with male of
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<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE27FF87FD05B158FC74F9ED" box="[671,921,1565,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Xysma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominicum">
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<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FD05B158FC74F9ED" bold="true" box="[671,921,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Xysma dominicum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D46A5853CE27FF87FF72B108FBC5F9BE" blockId="3.[192,1440,1614,1768]" box="[232,1064,1614,1638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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Male body length
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<quantity id="132DF5B6CE27FF87FE59B108FDCEF9BE" box="[451,547,1614,1638]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
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. Forewing length
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<quantity id="132DF5B6CE27FF87FD64B108FCB4F9BE" box="[766,857,1614,1638]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="4CEE44D6CE27FF87FCF0B108FBF7F9BE" box="[874,1050,1614,1638]" captionStart="Figures 1–7" captionStartId="6.[192,287,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[242,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[241,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 1–7. Xysma dominicum Antropov. 1–2) Face (in frontal view). 1) Female. 2) Male. 3) Mesosoma of the male (in dorsal view). 4–5) Habitus images. 4) Female. 5) Male. 6) Illustrations of the fore- and hindwings. 7) Emerged cocoons obtained from nests." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674911/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 2, 3 and 5</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D46A5853CE27FF87FF72B129FE05F93F" blockId="3.[192,1440,1614,1768]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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In terms of secondary sexual characteristics, females differ from males most notably in that only the clypeus of the face is yellow (
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<figureCitation id="4CEE44D6CE27FF87FDBEB1C9FD85F97F" box="[548,616,1679,1703]" captionStart="Figures 1–7" captionStartId="6.[192,287,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[242,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[241,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 1–7. Xysma dominicum Antropov. 1–2) Face (in frontal view). 1) Female. 2) Male. 3) Mesosoma of the male (in dorsal view). 4–5) Habitus images. 4) Female. 5) Male. 6) Illustrations of the fore- and hindwings. 7) Emerged cocoons obtained from nests." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674911/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas in males the entire lower half of the face and genal area are yellow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4CEE44D6CE27FF87FED0B1E9FE46F91F" box="[330,427,1711,1735]" captionStart="Figures 1–7" captionStartId="6.[192,287,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[242,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[241,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 1–7. Xysma dominicum Antropov. 1–2) Face (in frontal view). 1) Female. 2) Male. 3) Mesosoma of the male (in dorsal view). 4–5) Habitus images. 4) Female. 5) Male. 6) Illustrations of the fore- and hindwings. 7) Emerged cocoons obtained from nests." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674911/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 2, 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males have 13 antennal segments (females with 12) and seven exposed metasomal terga (females with six).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9CCF0BD8CE27FF87FF5AB1B9FE4FF880" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="D46A5853CE27FF87FF5AB1B9FE4FF880" blockId="3.[192,1440,1791,1880]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="64BD520ECE27FF87FF5AB1B9FDE2F8E0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2570406453" collectingDate="1965-02-20" collectingDateMax="1998-10" collectingDateMin="1965-02-20" collectorName="J. A. Genaro & W. I. S. Chiltern Est & W. W. Wirth" country="Puerto Rico" location="Guanica" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Guanica" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FF5AB1B9FE05F8CF" bold="true" box="[192,488,1791,1815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<specimenCount id="C2D393DACE27FF87FF5AB1B9FEBEF8CF" box="[192,339,1791,1815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="generic">Specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
examined.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ACC218C3CE27FF87FE77B046FD5DF8C0" box="[493,688,1792,1816]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">PUERTO RICO</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="161196B1CE27FF87FD20B046FCCEF8C0" box="[698,803,1792,1816]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Guanica" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Guánica</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="161196B1CE27FF87FCB4B046FC94F8CF" box="[814,889,1792,1815]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Ponce" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Ponce</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="A06B7E93CE27FF87FC1EB046FC3AF8C0" box="[900,983,1792,1816]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" value="1998-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="B02F877BCE27FF87FC1EB046FC3AF8C0" box="[900,983,1792,1816]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" value="1998-10">x.1998</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="79203D85CE27FF87FB83B046FB42F8C0" box="[1049,1199,1792,1816]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">J. A. Genaro</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="C2D393DACE27FF87FB24B046FADEF8C0" box="[1214,1331,1792,1816]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, NMNH;
|
||
<specimenCount id="C2D393DACE27FF87FF5AB066FEDEF8E0" box="[192,307,1824,1848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="C2D393DACE27FF87FEF4B066FE2EF8E0" box="[366,451,1824,1848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
, JAG)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="64BD520ECE27FF87FD80B066FE4FF880" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2570406452" collectingDate="1965-02-20" collectingDateMax="1998-10" collectingDateMin="1965-02-20" collectorName="J. A. Genaro & W. I. S. Chiltern Est & W. W. Wirth" country="Puerto Rico" location="Guanica" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Guanica" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ACC218C3CE27FF87FD80B066FD5CF8E0" box="[538,689,1824,1848]" name="Dominica" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">DOMINICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="79203D85CE27FF87FD26B066FC5AF8EF" box="[700,951,1824,1848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">W. I. S. Chiltern Est</collectorName>
|
||
[ate].,
|
||
<date id="A06B7E93CE27FF87FB9AB066FB97F8E0" box="[1024,1146,1824,1848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" value="1965-02-20">
|
||
<collectingDate id="B02F877BCE27FF87FB9AB066FB97F8E0" box="[1024,1146,1824,1848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" value="1965-02-20">20.ii.1965</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="79203D85CE27FF87FB26B066FAB8F8E0" box="[1212,1365,1824,1848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">W. W. Wirth</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="C2D393DACE27FF87FAF9B066FA4DF8E0" box="[1379,1440,1824,1848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="male">male</specimenCount>
|
||
<typeStatus id="0B6EE6F1CE27FF87FF5AB006FEC6F880" box="[192,299,1856,1880]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, NMNH).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9CCF0BD8CE27FF87FF5AB036FCCDF851" box="[192,800,1904,1929]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="D46A5853CE27FF87FF5AB036FCCDF851" blockId="3.[192,800,1904,1929]" box="[192,800,1904,1929]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6A18441CE27FF87FF5AB036FE9EF850" bold="true" box="[192,371,1904,1928]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ACC218C3CE27FF87FEE0B037FDE4F850" box="[378,521,1904,1928]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ACC218C3CE27FF87FDDFB036FD57F850" box="[581,698,1904,1928]" name="Dominica" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Dominica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="4CEE44D6CE27FF87FD50B036FCFCF851" box="[714,785,1904,1929]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="7.[191,274,1074,1096]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[191,1429,210,1040]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 8. Xysma dominicum Antropov distribution map." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3685775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3685775/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="BD5A41B8CE20FF80FF5AB79FFC69FBBC" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="9CCF0BD8CE20FF80FF5AB79FFC69FBBC" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="D46A5853CE20FF80FF5AB79FFE40FF29" blockId="4.[192,429,217,241]" box="[192,429,217,241]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading id="8F22EF3FCE20FF80FF5AB79FFE40FF29" bold="true" box="[192,429,217,241]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6A18441CE20FF80FF5AB79FFE40FF29" bold="true" box="[192,429,217,241]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Nesting behavior</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D46A5853CE20FF80FF72B64CFD18FEB9" blockId="4.[192,1440,266,1124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The nests were built in a shaded vertical bank, consisting of a white clay-like substrate, which was very loose. Other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE20FF80FE00B66CFDA8FE9A" box="[410,581,298,322]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the bees
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE20FF80FCA1B66FFB56FE9A" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[827,1211,297,322]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6A18441CE20FF80FCA1B66FFBC0FE99" box="[827,1069,297,321]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Anthophora tricolor</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE20FF80FB60B66FFA4DFE99" box="[1274,1440,297,321]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6A18441CE20FF80FB60B66FFA4DFE99" box="[1274,1440,297,321]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Lasioglossum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. and the wasp
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE20FF80FE0FB60CFE3DFEB9" box="[405,464,330,353]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Liris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6A18441CE20FF80FE0FB60CFE3DFEB9" box="[405,464,330,353]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Liris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., nested in this area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D46A5853CE20FF80FF72B62CFB6BFDDA" blockId="4.[192,1440,266,1124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE20FF80FEE2B62CFE26FE59" authorityName="Pate" authorityYear="1937" box="[376,459,362,385]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Xysma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6A18441CE20FF80FEE2B62CFE26FE59" box="[376,459,362,385]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Xysma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
constantly overflew the nesting area, keeping their body almost vertical (with the metasoma down), with zigzag movements before entering the nest. They generally landed a few centimeters from the entrance before walking inside, although at other times they flew in directly. The females remained inside the nests when resting and perhaps during the night. There was internal closure, made with soil, during the time that females remained inside the nest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D46A5853CE20FF80FF72B54CFAE3FD9A" blockId="4.[192,1440,266,1124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Females grabbed the prey with their mandibles, holding them by one of the forelegs or neck, with the ventral region facing upwards. The prey consisted of immature thrips (Thysanoptera).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D46A5853CE20FF80FF72B50DFC11FD1B" blockId="4.[192,1440,266,1124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The average diameter of the entrance was
|
||
<quantity id="132DF5B6CE20FF80FD64B50CFCB7FDBA" box="[766,858,586,610]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=8, range=2.0–
|
||
<quantity id="132DF5B6CE20FF80FBAFB50DFB78FDBA" box="[1077,1173,587,611]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, SD=0.5). Nests were short, with an approximate depth of
|
||
<quantity id="132DF5B6CE20FF80FDE5B52DFD55FD5A" box="[639,696,619,643]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
(n=4), with the entrance on the same plane as the substrate. The absence of a foretarsal rake and pygidial plate means that females are poorly equipped for digging, but in this case the friable substrate perhaps facilitated excavation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D46A5853CE20FF80FF72B58AFBD2FC9B" blockId="4.[192,1440,266,1124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Due to a shortage of time and the difficulty of digging in this substrate, little attention was paid to the excavation of the nests without knowing the number of cells they possibly contained. Cocoons were stuck to the substrate, and usually observed attached together (in twos, threes and sometimes fours) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4CEE44D6CE20FF80FF53B46DFEFCFC9B" box="[201,273,811,835]" captionStart="Figures 1–7" captionStartId="6.[192,287,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[242,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[241,1392,213,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 1–7. Xysma dominicum Antropov. 1–2) Face (in frontal view). 1) Female. 2) Male. 3) Mesosoma of the male (in dorsal view). 4–5) Habitus images. 4) Female. 5) Male. 6) Illustrations of the fore- and hindwings. 7) Emerged cocoons obtained from nests." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674911/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cocoon size ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="132DF5B6CE20FF80FDC2B46DFD13FC9B" box="[600,766,811,835]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="2.95" valueMax="3.1" valueMin="2.8">2.8 to 3.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(x=3.0 mm, SD=0.1, n=5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D46A5853CE20FF80FF72B40AFC66FC7C" blockId="4.[192,1440,266,1124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
It seems that the females covered the cells with some substance, likely silk; it is known that other members of the subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE20FF80FE77B42AFD66FC5C" authorityName="Menke" authorityYear="1989" box="[493,651,876,900]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Spilomenina">Spilomenina</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE20FF80FD0FB42DFC79FC5C" authority="Shuckard" authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1838" box="[661,916,875,900]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Spilomena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6A18441CE20FF80FD0FB42DFCF5FC5B" box="[661,792,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Spilomena</emphasis>
|
||
Shuckard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE20FF80FC38B42DFB52FC5C" authority="F. Smith" authorityName="F. Smith" box="[930,1215,875,900]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Arpactophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6A18441CE20FF80FC38B42DFBA3FC5B" box="[930,1102,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Arpactophilus</emphasis>
|
||
F. Smith
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE20FF80FB60B42AFEE3FC7C" authority="Ducke" authorityName="Ducke" authorityYear="1907" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Microstigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6A18441CE20FF80FB60B42AFA4DFC5B" box="[1274,1440,876,899]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Microstigmus</emphasis>
|
||
Ducke
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
use silk in nesting (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B04425A2CE20FF80FD9EB4CAFC93FC7C" author="Matthews, R. W. & I. D. Naumann" box="[516,894,908,932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="101 - 133" refId="ref3020" refString="Matthews, R. W., and I. D. Naumann 2002. Descriptions and biology of nine new species of Arpactophilus (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), with a key to described Australian species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 11: 101 - 133." type="journal article" year="2002">Matthews and Naumann 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D46A5853CE20FF80FF72B4EAFA78FBFC" blockId="4.[192,1440,266,1124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Species of subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE20FF80FE4DB4EAFD9CFC1C" authorityName="Menke" authorityYear="1989" box="[471,625,940,964]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Spilomenina">Spilomenina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(of which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE20FF80FD68B4EAFCA8FC1B" authorityName="Pate" authorityYear="1937" box="[754,837,940,963]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Xysma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6A18441CE20FF80FD68B4EAFCA8FC1B" box="[754,837,940,963]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Xysma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also a member) are of considerable interest as they include some of the few apoid wasps that exhibit a high degree of social behavior and because adult females are able to spin silk from specialized setae on the sixth tergum, which they use in nest construction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B04425A2CE20FF80FEFDB34AFE04FBFC" author="Melo, G. A. R." box="[359,489,1036,1060]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref3068" refString="Melo, G. A. R. 1997. Silk glands in adult sphecid wasps (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 6: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1997">Melo 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B04425A2CE20FF80FE6FB34AFCBDFBFC" author="Serrao, J. E. & L. A. de Oliveira" box="[501,848,1036,1060]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="479 - 486" refId="ref3323" refString="Serrao, J. E., and L. A. de Oliveira. 2000. Notes on the structure of silk glands in sphecid wasps, Microstigmus and Psenulus (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 50: 479 - 486." type="journal article" year="2000">Serrão and de Oliveira 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B04425A2CE20FF80FCC1B34AFB80FBFC" author="Ohl, M. & D. J. Bennett" box="[859,1133,1036,1060]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="145 - 150" refId="ref3102" refString="Ohl, M., and D. J. Bennett. 2009. A new genus and species of apoid wasps from Saxonian amber (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Crabronidae). Denisia 26, zugleich Kataloge der oberosterreichischen Landesmuseen Neue Serie 86: 145 - 150." type="journal article" year="2009">Ohl and Bennett 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B04425A2CE20FF80FBE3B34AFA64FBFC" author="Breitkreuz, L. C. V. & M. Ohl & M. S. Engel" box="[1145,1417,1036,1060]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref2817" refString="Breitkreuz, L. C. V., M. Ohl, and M. S. Engel. 2016. A review of the New Caledonian Arpactophilus (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae). Zootaxa 4063 (1): 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="2016">Breitkreuz et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D46A5853CE20FF80FF72B36AFC69FBBC" blockId="4.[192,1440,266,1124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
These observations are consistent with what little has been published on the nesting behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D523D0CE20FF80FF5AB30BFEFEFBBC" authorityName="Pate" authorityYear="1937" box="[192,275,1101,1124]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Xysma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6A18441CE20FF80FF5AB30BFEFEFBBC" box="[192,275,1101,1124]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Xysma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B04425A2CE20FF80FEE5B30AFDADFBBC" author="Krombein, K. V." box="[383,576,1100,1124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="21 - 26" refId="ref2984" refString="Krombein, K. V. 1958. Miscellaneous prey records of solitary wasps. III. (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 71: 21 - 26." type="journal article" year="1958">Krombein 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B04425A2CE20FF80FDD1B30AFC9AFBBC" author="Bohart, R. M. & A. S. Menke" box="[587,887,1100,1124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" refId="ref2781" refString="Bohart, R. M., and A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid wasps of the world: a generic revision. University of California Press; Berkeley. 695 p." type="book" year="1976">Bohart and Menke 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |