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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-197-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="95688E227E3D529DBD2A8FC988E394B1" ModsDocID="1314-2003-197-1" checkinTime="1653390746137" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hoste, Ivan &amp; Verloove, Filip" docDate="2022" docId="BCCF9FB0E28650ED8541D24643A5368A" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 197: 1-31" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 197" docPubDate="2022-05-23" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499" docTitle="Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzoides (Ard.) Lindm., Svensk Fanerogamflora 69. 1918." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="95688E227E3D529DBD2A8FC988E394B1" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="95688E227E3D529DBD2A8FC988E394B1" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of the weed species of the genus Echinochloa (Poaceae, Paniceae) in Southwestern Europe: Exploring the confused current state of affairs" masterLastPageNumber="31" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1653390746137" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Taxonomy of the weed species of the genus Echinochloa (Poaceae, Paniceae) in Southwestern Europe: Exploring the confused current state of affairs</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hoste, Ivan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0603-7587</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, B- 1860 Meise, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ivan.hoste@plantentuinmeise.be</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Verloove, Filip</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4144-2422</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, B- 1860 Meise, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-05-23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>197</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>31</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-197-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">95688E227E3D529DBD2A8FC988E394B1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BCCF9FB0E28650ED8541D24643A5368A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BCCF9FB0E28650ED8541D24643A5368A" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName LSID="BCCF9FB0-E286-50ED-8541-D24643A5368A" authority="var. oryzoides (Ard.) Lindm., Svensk Fanerogamflora 69. 1918." authorityName="var. oryzoides (Ard.) Lindm., Svensk Fanerogamflora 69. 1918." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzoides (Ard.) Lindm., Svensk Fanerogamflora 69. 1918.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="basionym">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Basionym.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Panicum oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oryzoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Panicum oryzoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ard., Animadv. Bot. Spec. Alt. 2: 16, pl. 5. 1764.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686452" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Inflorescence of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa frumentacea" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="frumentacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa frumentacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (Photograph: Nico Wysmantel).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686453" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Inflorescences showing the variation of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa esculenta" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esculenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa esculenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The apex of the spikelet varies from usually obtuse (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
) to less often shortly acute (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
). (Photographs: Bart Mortier).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">LINN 80.68. Image available at https://linnean-online.org/1302/.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Note.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
According to
<bibRefCitation author="Carretero, JL" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="91 - 108" publicationUrl="http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/ficheros/documentos/pdf/anales/1981/Anales_38(1)_091_108.pdf" refId="B11" refString="Carretero, JL, 1981. El genero Echinochloa Beauv. en el suroeste de Europa. Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid 38 (1): 91 - 108, http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/ficheros/documentos/pdf/anales/1981/Anales_38(1)_091_108.pdf" title="El genero Echinochloa Beauv. en el suroeste de Europa." url="http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/ficheros/documentos/pdf/anales/1981/Anales_38(1)_091_108.pdf" volume="38" year="1981">Carretero (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, LINN 80.68 is a plant sent by Arduino to Linnaeus, possibly collected in Italy. It was designated as the lectotype for that name by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.454.4.2" author="Crespo, MB" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="244 - 254" refId="B17" refString="Crespo, MB, Angeles Alonso, M, Martinez-Azorin, M, Saez, L, 2020a. Miscellaneous notes on nomenclature and taxonomy of some Old World names in tribe Paniceae (Panicoideae, Poaceae). Phytotaxa 454 (4): 244 - 254, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.454.4.2" title="Miscellaneous notes on nomenclature and taxonomy of some Old World names in tribe Paniceae (Panicoideae, Poaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.454.4.2" volume="454" year="2020 a">Crespo et al. (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Remarks on
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.l. is taxonomically the most complex
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurring as a weed in Southwestern Europe. As we understand, this species occurs in a number of varieties, but
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not one of them and is accepted as a separate species (see below). As a result of a long and complex evolutionary history, including significant modifications in the recent past (after the introduction of agriculture), the differences among the varieties are often slight. Furthermore, introductions of several taxa as weeds in a range of crops far outside their natural range have contributed to obscuring their original geographical distribution. Rather than aiming at precisely describing the limits and defining features of varieties of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurring in Southwestern Europe, we restrict ourselves primarily to indicating where unsolved problems remain.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Being extremely polymorphic, numerous varieties of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been described, many of them based on the presence or absence of awns. As the development of awns is influenced by environmental conditions (
<bibRefCitation author="Michael, PW" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Plant Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B50" refString="Michael, PW, 1983. Taxonomy and distribution of Echinochloa species with special reference to their occurrence as weeds of rice. In: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and International Weed Science Society (Org.) Proceedings of the Conference on Weed Control in Rice, 31 August-4 September 1981. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, 291-306." title="Taxonomy and distribution of Echinochloa species with special reference to their occurrence as weeds of rice. In: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and International Weed Science Society (Org.) Proceedings of the Conference on Weed Control in Rice, 31 August- 4 September 1981. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, 291 - 306." year="1983">Michael 1983</bibRefCitation>
), the value of varieties or forms based on such characteristics as the presence or absence or the length of awns is quite limited. Inflorescences that develop later in the season frequently differ from the terminal inflorescence. Other characteristics on which the description of varieties has been based include the coloration of the plant (inflorescence, leaves, stem nodes, etc.), structure and position of the inflorescence (erect, bent or nodding; primary branches more or less patent or not, alternately positioned on the main axis or whorled), the arrangement of the spikelets on the branches and the dimensions of the spikelet. The importance of the length of the spikelets is emphasised by
<bibRefCitation author="Michael, PW" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Plant Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B50" refString="Michael, PW, 1983. Taxonomy and distribution of Echinochloa species with special reference to their occurrence as weeds of rice. In: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and International Weed Science Society (Org.) Proceedings of the Conference on Weed Control in Rice, 31 August-4 September 1981. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, 291-306." title="Taxonomy and distribution of Echinochloa species with special reference to their occurrence as weeds of rice. In: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and International Weed Science Society (Org.) Proceedings of the Conference on Weed Control in Rice, 31 August- 4 September 1981. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, 291 - 306." year="1983">Michael (1983)</bibRefCitation>
, who in his identification key for the annual
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
separates the species characterised by spikelets measuring 3-5 mm from those with either shorter or longer spikelets. Applied to specimens collected in Southwestern Europe, the criterion of spikelet length works well to separate only the two rice mimics,
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli subsp. var. var. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="var." variety="oryzoides">E. crus-galli var. oryzoides</taxonomicName>
(Ard.) Lindm. (syn.:
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[Ard.] Fritsch) and
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from the remaining taxa of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.l. with smaller spikelets.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
There is a broad consensus that
<taxonomicName authority="var. crus-galli" family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli subsp. var. var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="var." variety="crus-galli">E. crus-galli var. crus-galli</taxonomicName>
occurs in large parts of Europe and Asia, but authors differ on how to appropriately define it.
<bibRefCitation author="Ibaragi, Y" editor="Iwatsuki, K" journalOrPublisher="IVa, Angiospermae, Monocotyledoneae (a). Kodansha, Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="152 - 202" refId="B36" refString="Ibaragi, Y, 2020. Panicoideae. In: Iwatsuki, K, Boufford, DE, Ohba, H, Eds., Flora of Japan, vol. IVa, Angiospermae, Monocotyledoneae (a). Kodansha, Tokyo: 152 - 202" title="Panicoideae." volumeTitle="Flora of Japan, vol." year="2020">Ibaragi (2020)</bibRefCitation>
stated that Asian var.
<taxonomicName authority="crus-galli" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli crus-galli</taxonomicName>
slightly differs from plants in Europe, &quot;but the differences are difficult to formally distinguish.&quot; Thus, the need for additional research on the morphological and genetic variation of the type variety throughout its range is evident.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686454" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Inflorescence of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa colona" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="colona">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa colona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (Photograph: Rutger Barendse).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
According to
<bibRefCitation author="Michael, PW" journalOrPublisher="Science and Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="30 - 42" publicationUrl="https://weeds-apwss.scholasticahq.com/article/10084-taxonomy-of-echinochloa-l-p-beauv-barnyard-grass-in-the-asian-pacific-region-an-update" refId="B54" refString="Michael, PW, 2019. Taxonomy of Echinochloa (L.) P. Beauv (barnyard grass) in the Asian-Pacific Region: An Update. Weeds - Journal of Asian-Pacific Weed. Science and Society 1: 30 - 42, https://weeds-apwss.scholasticahq.com/article/10084-taxonomy-of-echinochloa-l-p-beauv-barnyard-grass-in-the-asian-pacific-region-an-update" title="Taxonomy of Echinochloa (L.) P. Beauv (barnyard grass) in the Asian-Pacific Region: An Update. Weeds - Journal of Asian-Pacific Weed." url="https://weeds-apwss.scholasticahq.com/article/10084-taxonomy-of-echinochloa-l-p-beauv-barnyard-grass-in-the-asian-pacific-region-an-update" volume="1" year="2019">Michael (2019)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. var. var. hispidula" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="var." variety="hispidula">Echinochloa crus-galli var. hispidula</taxonomicName>
(Retz.) Honda is the appropriate name for
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with non-pyramidal panicles and usually prominently awned spikelets that are widespread in sub-tropical areas of Japan and Southern China. With slightly larger spikelets than var.
<taxonomicName authority="crus-galli" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli crus-galli</taxonomicName>
, this taxon is often treated as a separate species,
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa hispidula" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hispidula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa hispidula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Retz.) Nees ex Royle; however,
<bibRefCitation author="Ibaragi, Y" editor="Iwatsuki, K" journalOrPublisher="IVa, Angiospermae, Monocotyledoneae (a). Kodansha, Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="152 - 202" refId="B36" refString="Ibaragi, Y, 2020. Panicoideae. In: Iwatsuki, K, Boufford, DE, Ohba, H, Eds., Flora of Japan, vol. IVa, Angiospermae, Monocotyledoneae (a). Kodansha, Tokyo: 152 - 202" title="Panicoideae." volumeTitle="Flora of Japan, vol." year="2020">Ibaragi (2020)</bibRefCitation>
completely ignored it, and
<bibRefCitation author="Shouliang, C" journalOrPublisher="Floristische Rundbriefe" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B70" refString="Shouliang, C, Phillips, SM, 2006. Echinochloa. In: Wu ZY, Raven P, Flora of China, vol. 22. Science Press, Beijing/Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 515-518." title="Echinochloa. In: Wu ZY, Raven P, Flora of China, vol. 22. Science Press, Beijing / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 515 - 518." year="2006">Shouliang and Phillips (2006)</bibRefCitation>
interpreted it as synonym of var.
<taxonomicName authority="crus-galli" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli crus-galli</taxonomicName>
. Its extreme variability (
<bibRefCitation author="Carretero, JL" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="91 - 108" publicationUrl="http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/ficheros/documentos/pdf/anales/1981/Anales_38(1)_091_108.pdf" refId="B11" refString="Carretero, JL, 1981. El genero Echinochloa Beauv. en el suroeste de Europa. Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid 38 (1): 91 - 108, http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/ficheros/documentos/pdf/anales/1981/Anales_38(1)_091_108.pdf" title="El genero Echinochloa Beauv. en el suroeste de Europa." url="http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/ficheros/documentos/pdf/anales/1981/Anales_38(1)_091_108.pdf" volume="38" year="1981">Carretero 1981</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. hispidula" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hispidula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. hispidula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) makes it hard to distinguish var.
<taxonomicName authority="hispidula" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa hispidula var. hispidula" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="hispidula" variety="hispidula">Echinochloa hispidula hispidula</taxonomicName>
from var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa hispidula var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="hispidula" variety="crus-galli">Echinochloa hispidula crus-galli</taxonomicName>
, which is characterised by a usually more or less procumbent habit (the lower nodes often rooting), floppy leaves, the whole plant or parts of it more often than not purple-tinged, erect to strongly bent pyramidal inflorescences with the branches alternately placed or sometimes whorled, with at least the lower branches usually more or less patent, and spikelets with or without awns, the length of the awns and the percentage of awned spikelets within a single inflorescence exhibiting considerable variation (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Habit of Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli growing as a roadside weed, Belgium. Although extremely variable, the usually more or less procumbent habit (the lower nodes often rooting) and the floppy leaves are among the features that distinguish var. Echinochloa crus-galli crus-galli from the obligate rice weeds E. crus-galli var. oryzoides and E. oryzicola which are characterised by a more erect and stiffer habit. (Photograph: Luc Audenaerde)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">12</figureCitation>
; description based on material from maize fields in Belgium, where var.
<taxonomicName authority="hispidula" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa hispidula var. hispidula" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="hispidula" variety="hispidula">Echinochloa hispidula hispidula</taxonomicName>
, a taxon of sub-tropical climates, is considered not established as a persistent weed). If accepted as a separate taxon, the strongly bent inflorescence with appressed branches, the green colour of the plants and the stiffer leaves (the latter two features shared with var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa hispidula var. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="hispidula" variety="oryzoides">Echinochloa hispidula oryzoides</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) might help to separate
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. hispidula" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hispidula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. hispidula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName authority="var. crus-galli" family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli subsp. var. var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="var." variety="crus-galli">E. crus-galli var. crus-galli</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Jauzein, P" journalOrPublisher="Le Monde des Plantes" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 5" refId="B37" refString="Jauzein, P, 1993. Le genre Echinochloa en Camargue. Le Monde des Plantes 446: 1 - 5" title="Le genre Echinochloa en Camargue." volume="446" year="1993">Jauzein 1993</bibRefCitation>
). To this could be added the less bristly spikelets of var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. hispidula" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="hispidula">Echinochloa crus-galli hispidula</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Martinez-Azorin, M" editor="Romero Zarco, C" journalOrPublisher="19 (3). Real Jardin Botanico, CSIC, Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1147 - 1160" refId="B47" refString="Martinez-Azorin, M, Crespo, MB, 2021. Echinochloa P. Beauv. In: Romero Zarco, C, Rico, E, Crespo, MB, Devesa, JA, Buira, A, Aedo, C, Eds., Flora iberica, vol. 19(3). Real Jardin Botanico, CSIC, Madrid: 1147 - 1160" title="Echinochloa P. Beauv." volumeTitle="Flora iberica, vol." year="2021">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez-Azorín">Martinez-Azorin</normalizedToken>
and Crespo 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). Whether the branches of the inflorescence are whorled or not (
<bibRefCitation author="Michael, PW" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Plant Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B50" refString="Michael, PW, 1983. Taxonomy and distribution of Echinochloa species with special reference to their occurrence as weeds of rice. In: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and International Weed Science Society (Org.) Proceedings of the Conference on Weed Control in Rice, 31 August-4 September 1981. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, 291-306." title="Taxonomy and distribution of Echinochloa species with special reference to their occurrence as weeds of rice. In: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and International Weed Science Society (Org.) Proceedings of the Conference on Weed Control in Rice, 31 August- 4 September 1981. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, 291 - 306." year="1983">Michael 1983</bibRefCitation>
) seems to be a less reliable trait to use. The synonymizing of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. erecta" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="erecta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. erecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Pollacci) Pignatti, characterised by an erect inflorescence, with
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. hispidula" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hispidula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. hispidula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see, e.g.,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.212.2.2" author="Ardenghi, NMG" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="133 - 140" refId="B3" refString="Ardenghi, NMG, Galasso, G, Banfi, E, 2015. Discovered outdoors: Typification of names of taxa described from Italy outside their native range. Phytotaxa 212 (2): 133 - 140, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.212.2.2" title="Discovered outdoors: Typification of names of taxa described from Italy outside their native range." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.212.2.2" volume="212" year="2015">Ardenghi et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
) underscores the wide morphological variation of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa hispidula" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hispidula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa hispidula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the difficulty to define it as a unit clearly different from the equally variable var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa hispidula var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="hispidula" variety="crus-galli">Echinochloa hispidula crus-galli</taxonomicName>
. Interestingly, the illustration of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. hispidula" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hispidula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. hispidula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given in
<bibRefCitation author="Shouliang, C" journalOrPublisher="Floristische Rundbriefe" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B69" refString="Shouliang, C, 1990. (1990) Flora Reipublicae-Popularis Sinicae, vol. 10(1). Science Press, Beijing, i-xvi, 1-445." title="(1990) Flora Reipublicae-Popularis Sinicae, vol. 10 (1). Science Press, Beijing, i-xvi, 1 - 445." year="1990">Shouliang (1990)</bibRefCitation>
shows a spikelet with both the upper glume and lower (sterile) lemma with a short awn, a feature not mentioned in the recent literature; however, apparently, it corresponds with the specification &quot;calycibus hispidis biaristatis&quot; in the original description of the species (
<bibRefCitation author="Retzius, JA" journalOrPublisher="Riso" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44248page/2/mode/1up" refId="B60" refString="Retzius, JA, 1789. Observationes Botanicae, fasc. 5. Siegfried Lebrecht Crusium, Lipsiae [Leipzig], 1-32. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44248page/2/mode/1up" title="Observationes Botanicae, fasc. 5. Siegfried Lebrecht Crusium, Lipsiae [Leipzig], 1 - 32." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44248page/2/mode/1up" year="1789">Retzius 1789</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686455" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Spikelets of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
fertile lemma with the tip differentiated from the coriaceous body of the lemma (upper glume removed)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
two spikelets with convex shiny sterile lemma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
spikelet with long lower glume and non-shiny sterile lemma. (Photograph:
<normalizedToken originalValue="André">Andre</normalizedToken>
De Kesel, Meise Botanic Garden).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Within
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">E. crus-galli</taxonomicName>
as interpreted here, var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="oryzoides">Echinochloa crus-galli oryzoides</taxonomicName>
is the most easily identified variety, clearly distinguished by the large size of its spikelets. Although the descriptions given in triplet 4 in the key above may suggest otherwise, it is not always easy to distinguish between var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="oryzoides">Echinochloa crus-galli oryzoides</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see the discussion about the latter species below. At one time, the name
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa hostii" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hostii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa hostii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(M. Bieb.) Link was used by Italian botanists (
<bibRefCitation author="Pignatti, S" journalOrPublisher="Nature Plants" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B58" refString="Pignatti, S, 1982. Flora d'Italia, vol. 3. Edagricole, Bologna, 1-780." title="Flora d'Italia, vol. 3. Edagricole, Bologna, 1 - 780." year="1982">Pignatti 1982</bibRefCitation>
). Previously,
<bibRefCitation author="Pirola, A" journalOrPublisher="Riso" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="204 - 208" refId="B59" refString="Pirola, A, 1965. Appunti per il riconoscimento delle Echinocloe italiane (Giavone). Riso 3: 204 - 208" title="Appunti per il riconoscimento delle Echinocloe italiane (Giavone)." volume="3" year="1965">Pirola (1965)</bibRefCitation>
merely cited this name as a synonym of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli subsp. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subSpecies" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="oryzoides">E. crus-galli subsp. oryzoides</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation author="Pignatti, S" journalOrPublisher="Nature Plants" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B58" refString="Pignatti, S, 1982. Flora d'Italia, vol. 3. Edagricole, Bologna, 1-780." title="Flora d'Italia, vol. 3. Edagricole, Bologna, 1 - 780." year="1982">Pignatti (1982)</bibRefCitation>
accepted the name at species rank for the taxon that is here named
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli subsp. var. var. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="var." variety="oryzoides">E. crus-galli var. oryzoides</taxonomicName>
. However, from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pignatti’s">Pignatti's</normalizedToken>
identification key, it is clear that the name
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. hostii" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hostii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. hostii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was used for the species that today can only be identified as
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on the quite diagnostic glume characteristics. Unfortunately, we were not able to trace type material of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Panicum hostii" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hostii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Panicum hostii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M. Bieb. which according to
<bibRefCitation author="Tsvelev, NN" journalOrPublisher="Weed Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B76" refString="Tsvelev, NN, 1984. Grasses of the Soviet Union. Part II. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 569-1196." title="Grasses of the Soviet Union. Part II. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 569 - 1196." year="1984">Tsvelev (1984)</bibRefCitation>
is preserved in LE. Thus, we do not know whether
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. hostii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hostii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. hostii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is indeed identical with
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli subsp. var. var. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="var." variety="oryzoides">E. crus-galli var. oryzoides</taxonomicName>
as stated by nearly all contemporary authors. Nonetheless, we are certain that the binomial
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. hostii" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hostii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. hostii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was wrongly applied by Italian authors (particularly
<bibRefCitation author="Pignatti, S" journalOrPublisher="Nature Plants" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B58" refString="Pignatti, S, 1982. Flora d'Italia, vol. 3. Edagricole, Bologna, 1-780." title="Flora d'Italia, vol. 3. Edagricole, Bologna, 1 - 780." year="1982">Pignatti 1982</bibRefCitation>
) for
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686456" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an ephemeral casual in the Antwerp port area, Belgium
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
plant with young inflorescences
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
part of an inflorescence with fully developed spikelets. (Photographs: Filip Verloove).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Recently,
<bibRefCitation author="Martinez-Azorin, M" editor="Romero Zarco, C" journalOrPublisher="19 (3). Real Jardin Botanico, CSIC, Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1147 - 1160" refId="B47" refString="Martinez-Azorin, M, Crespo, MB, 2021. Echinochloa P. Beauv. In: Romero Zarco, C, Rico, E, Crespo, MB, Devesa, JA, Buira, A, Aedo, C, Eds., Flora iberica, vol. 19(3). Real Jardin Botanico, CSIC, Madrid: 1147 - 1160" title="Echinochloa P. Beauv." volumeTitle="Flora iberica, vol." year="2021">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez-Azorín">Martinez-Azorin</normalizedToken>
and Crespo (2021)
</bibRefCitation>
accepted
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli subsp. var. var. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="var." variety="oryzoides">E. crus-galli var. oryzoides</taxonomicName>
as a species, just like the similar-looking
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The strong similarities shared by these two taxa are explained by a shared ancestor - tetraploid
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being one of the parent species of hexaploid
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- and recent convergent evolution as rice mimics derived from
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Schematic reconstruction of the evolutionary history of Echinochloa oryzicola, E. crus-galli and two rice mimics derived thereof. It is hypothesised that the taxon that today is called E. oryzicola has only recently evolved from a wild taxon that seems no longer to exist or has not yet been identified. In the absence of information on this original species, it is impossible to distinguish between a long-existing taxon (' var. Echinochloa oryzicola oryzicola ') and a recently evolved rice mimic (' var. Echinochloa oryzicola infestans ')." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13</figureCitation>
). This evolutionary trajectory provides an argument for assigning the rank of variety to
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Further, it would seem logical to reduce the rice mimic
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the rank of variety (provisionally 'var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa oryzicola var. infestans" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="oryzicola" variety="infestans">Echinochloa oryzicola infestans</taxonomicName>
' in Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Schematic reconstruction of the evolutionary history of Echinochloa oryzicola, E. crus-galli and two rice mimics derived thereof. It is hypothesised that the taxon that today is called E. oryzicola has only recently evolved from a wild taxon that seems no longer to exist or has not yet been identified. In the absence of information on this original species, it is impossible to distinguish between a long-existing taxon (' var. Echinochloa oryzicola oryzicola ') and a recently evolved rice mimic (' var. Echinochloa oryzicola infestans ')." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13</figureCitation>
) as well, but since it is not known whether or how the
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘original’">'original'</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of pre-agricultural times differed from
<normalizedToken originalValue="today’s">today's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- because it is now extinct or goes undetected - this is not an option.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Among the forms with small spikelets, subsp.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa oryzicola subsp. spiralis" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="oryzicola" subSpecies="spiralis">Echinochloa oryzicola spiralis</taxonomicName>
(Vasinger) Tzvelev (no combination available as a variety) and var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa oryzicola var. praticola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="oryzicola" variety="praticola">Echinochloa oryzicola praticola</taxonomicName>
Ohwi have been mentioned as occurring in Europe. Apparently solely based on the small spikelets, both names were synonymised by
<bibRefCitation author="Scholz, H" journalOrPublisher="Floristische Rundbriefe" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 44" publicationUrl="https://species-id.net/o/media/2/27/Flor.Rundbr._36%2C33-44_Scholz_2003_%282002%29_Wenig_bekannte_Gr%C3%A4ser.pdf" refId="B68" refString="Scholz, H, 2002. Wenig bekannte heimische und fremdlaendische Graeser Deutschlands. Floristische Rundbriefe 36 (2): 33 - 44, https://species-id.net/o/media/2/27/Flor.Rundbr._36%2C33-44_Scholz_2003_%282002%29_Wenig_bekannte_Gr%C3%A4ser.pdf" title="Wenig bekannte heimische und fremdlaendische Graeser Deutschlands." url="https://species-id.net/o/media/2/27/Flor.Rundbr._36%2C33-44_Scholz_2003_%282002%29_Wenig_bekannte_Gr%C3%A4ser.pdf" volume="36" year="2002">Scholz (2002)</bibRefCitation>
, who noted that subsp.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa oryzicola subsp. spiralis" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="oryzicola" subSpecies="spiralis">Echinochloa oryzicola spiralis</taxonomicName>
- a taxon with a huge distribution area and possibly indigenous to Europe - and subsp.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa oryzicola subsp. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="oryzicola" subSpecies="crus-galli">Echinochloa oryzicola crus-galli</taxonomicName>
are polymorphic and that no sharp distinction between the two is possible solely based on the spikelet length.
<bibRefCitation author="Martinez-Azorin, M" editor="Romero Zarco, C" journalOrPublisher="19 (3). Real Jardin Botanico, CSIC, Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1147 - 1160" refId="B47" refString="Martinez-Azorin, M, Crespo, MB, 2021. Echinochloa P. Beauv. In: Romero Zarco, C, Rico, E, Crespo, MB, Devesa, JA, Buira, A, Aedo, C, Eds., Flora iberica, vol. 19(3). Real Jardin Botanico, CSIC, Madrid: 1147 - 1160" title="Echinochloa P. Beauv." volumeTitle="Flora iberica, vol." year="2021">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez-Azorín">Martinez-Azorin</normalizedToken>
and Crespo (2021)
</bibRefCitation>
interpreted var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa oryzicola var. praticola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="oryzicola" variety="praticola">Echinochloa oryzicola praticola</taxonomicName>
as probably no more than an impoverished form of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<bibRefCitation author="Tison, J-M" journalOrPublisher="Weed Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B75" refString="Tison, J-M, de Foucault, B, 2014. Flora Gallica. Flore de France. Editions Biotope, Meze, 1-1195." title="Flora Gallica. Flore de France. Editions Biotope, Meze, 1 - 1195." year="2014">Tison and de Foucault (2014)</bibRefCitation>
seriously doubted the taxonomic value of subsp.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. spiralis" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="spiralis">Echinochloa crus-galli spiralis</taxonomicName>
and var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="praticola">Echinochloa crus-galli praticola</taxonomicName>
. In Belgium also,
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with small spikelets has been recorded, but nowhere have such plants been known to establish as noxious weeds.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686457" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Habit of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. var. var. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="var." variety="oryzoides">Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzoides</taxonomicName>
cultivated from seeds collected in rice, Italy. (Photograph: Maurizio Tabacchi, ISIDRO, Italy).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A rather distinct form of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with spikelets ca. 3 mm long or a little longer (somewhat smaller than average var.
<taxonomicName authority="crus-galli" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli crus-galli</taxonomicName>
) has occasionally been observed in Belgium, including in the border of maize fields where, however, it seems not to establish easily and disappears after only a few years. These plants usually have an erect habit and rather stiff leaves. The inflorescence is erect, with patent branches. The purple-tinged spikelets are usually unawned (but a few spikelets may have a long awn), and some have a glabrous, convex and shiny sterile lemma. The lower leave sheaths vary from glabrous to densely covered with short retrorse hairs.
<bibRefCitation author="Scholz, H" journalOrPublisher="Floristische Rundbriefe" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 44" publicationUrl="https://species-id.net/o/media/2/27/Flor.Rundbr._36%2C33-44_Scholz_2003_%282002%29_Wenig_bekannte_Gr%C3%A4ser.pdf" refId="B68" refString="Scholz, H, 2002. Wenig bekannte heimische und fremdlaendische Graeser Deutschlands. Floristische Rundbriefe 36 (2): 33 - 44, https://species-id.net/o/media/2/27/Flor.Rundbr._36%2C33-44_Scholz_2003_%282002%29_Wenig_bekannte_Gr%C3%A4ser.pdf" title="Wenig bekannte heimische und fremdlaendische Graeser Deutschlands." url="https://species-id.net/o/media/2/27/Flor.Rundbr._36%2C33-44_Scholz_2003_%282002%29_Wenig_bekannte_Gr%C3%A4ser.pdf" volume="36" year="2002">Scholz (2002)</bibRefCitation>
included specimens with small spikelets with a convex, shiny sterile lemma in subsp.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. spiralis" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="spiralis">Echinochloa crus-galli spiralis</taxonomicName>
, mentioning that the spikelet morphology resembles
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa glabrescens" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glabrescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa glabrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Munro ex Hook.f. Another name for
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. glabrescens" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="glabrescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. glabrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli subsp. var. var. formosensis" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="var." variety="formosensis">E. crus-galli var. formosensis</taxonomicName>
Ohwi (
<bibRefCitation author="Yabuno, T" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B85" refString="Yabuno, T, 1983. Biology of Echinochloa species. In: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and International Weed Science Society (Org.) Proceedings of the Conference on Weed Control in Rice, 31 August-4 September 1981. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, 307-318." title="Biology of Echinochloa species. In: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and International Weed Science Society (Org.) Proceedings of the Conference on Weed Control in Rice, 31 August- 4 September 1981. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, 307 - 318." year="1983">Yabuno 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Ibaragi, Y" editor="Iwatsuki, K" journalOrPublisher="IVa, Angiospermae, Monocotyledoneae (a). Kodansha, Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="152 - 202" refId="B36" refString="Ibaragi, Y, 2020. Panicoideae. In: Iwatsuki, K, Boufford, DE, Ohba, H, Eds., Flora of Japan, vol. IVa, Angiospermae, Monocotyledoneae (a). Kodansha, Tokyo: 152 - 202" title="Panicoideae." volumeTitle="Flora of Japan, vol." year="2020">Ibaragi 2020</bibRefCitation>
); this name was used by Japanese authors for a weed of wetland rice fields. The habitats in which the plants were found in Belgium stand in contrast to those preferred by var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="formosensis">Echinochloa crus-galli formosensis</taxonomicName>
in Japan. Adding to the confusion, the name
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. glabrescens" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="glabrescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. glabrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been applied to plants with spikelets 3.5-5 mm long by
<bibRefCitation author="Bor, NL" journalOrPublisher="Veroeffentlichungen des Bochumer Botanischen Vereins" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B10" refString="Bor, NL, 1960. The Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan (Excluding Bambuseae). Pergamon Press, Oxford, etc., i-xviii, 1-767. [International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology, vol. 1]" title="The Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan (Excluding Bambuseae). Pergamon Press, Oxford, etc., i-xviii, 1 - 767. [International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology, vol. 1]" year="1960">Bor (1960)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Shouliang, C" journalOrPublisher="Floristische Rundbriefe" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B70" refString="Shouliang, C, Phillips, SM, 2006. Echinochloa. In: Wu ZY, Raven P, Flora of China, vol. 22. Science Press, Beijing/Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 515-518." title="Echinochloa. In: Wu ZY, Raven P, Flora of China, vol. 22. Science Press, Beijing / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 515 - 518." year="2006">Shouliang and Phillips (2006</bibRefCitation>
; as
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. glabrescens" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="glabrescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. glabrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kossenko) and
<bibRefCitation author="Xia, N" editor="Hu, Q Wu D" journalOrPublisher="4. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 379" refId="B82" refString="Xia, N, Yu, H, Li, J, Zhao, N, Peng, H, 2011. Poaceae (Gramineae). In: Hu, Q Wu D, Ed., Flora of Hong Kong, vol. 4. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong: 1 - 379" title="Poaceae (Gramineae)." volumeTitle="Flora of Hong Kong, vol." year="2011">Xia et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with small spikelets and a shiny lower lemma collected in Europe requires more study in order to reveal its true identity and its relation with similar taxa having small spikelets in Asia and
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see, e.g.,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/wbm.12185" author="Yasuda, K" journalOrPublisher="Weed Biology and Management" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 102" refId="B89" refString="Yasuda, K, Nakayama, Y, 2019. Misidentification of Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis as Echinochloa oryzicola as a result of similar cpDNA sequences. Weed Biology and Management 19 (3): 93 - 102, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/wbm.12185" title="Misidentification of Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis as Echinochloa oryzicola as a result of similar cpDNA sequences." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/wbm.12185" volume="19" year="2019">Yasuda and Nakayama (2019)</bibRefCitation>
. Although a quite distinctive feature, the convex and shiny sterile lemma might prove to be of little value taxonomically.
<bibRefCitation author="Bor, NL" journalOrPublisher="Veroeffentlichungen des Bochumer Botanischen Vereins" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B10" refString="Bor, NL, 1960. The Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan (Excluding Bambuseae). Pergamon Press, Oxford, etc., i-xviii, 1-767. [International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology, vol. 1]" title="The Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan (Excluding Bambuseae). Pergamon Press, Oxford, etc., i-xviii, 1 - 767. [International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology, vol. 1]" year="1960">Bor (1960)</bibRefCitation>
wondered whether the &quot;most peculiar&quot; feature of the indurated sterile lemma in
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. glabrescens" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="glabrescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. glabrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was sufficient to make it a good species, and
<bibRefCitation author="Yabuno, T" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="277 - 323" refId="B83" refString="Yabuno, T, 1966. Biosystematic study of the genus Echinochloa. Japanese Journal of Botany 19: 277 - 323" title="Biosystematic study of the genus Echinochloa." volume="19" year="1966">Yabuno (1966)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that in
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the convex lemma is a simple dominant characteristic (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Spikelets of Echinochloa oryzicola A fertile lemma with the tip differentiated from the coriaceous body of the lemma (upper glume removed) B, C two spikelets with convex shiny sterile lemma D spikelet with long lower glume and non-shiny sterile lemma. (Photograph: Andre De Kesel, Meise Botanic Garden)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686455" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4B, C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686458" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Spikelets of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
fertile lemma with the tip differentiated from the coriaceous body of the lemma (upper glume removed)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
spikelet with tip of the fertile palea frayed and strongly recurved (lower glume and sterile flower removed).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686459" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Spikelets of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
fertile lemma with the tip not clearly differentiated from the coriaceous body of the lemma (upper glume removed)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
spikelet with tip of the fertile palea stiff and straight (lower glume and sterile flower removed).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Considering the preceding discussion, we accept, for the present, only few varieties of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as occurring in Southwestern Europe. Indigenous and quite variable var.
<taxonomicName authority="crus-galli" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli crus-galli</taxonomicName>
, usually with a less erect habit and more floppy leaves, is by far the most widespread variety, especially towards the north. Part of the variation observed in Europe is perhaps due to the involuntary introduction and establishment of populations of var.
<taxonomicName authority="crus-galli" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli crus-galli</taxonomicName>
, with slightly different morphological features, from Asia.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. var. var. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="var." variety="oryzoides">Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzoides</taxonomicName>
, characterised by large spikelets, a more erect habit and stiffer leaves, is a rice mimic in rice fields of Southern Europe.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. var. var. hispidula" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="var." variety="hispidula">Echinochloa crus-galli var. hispidula</taxonomicName>
, in some respects resembling var.
<taxonomicName authority="crus-galli" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli crus-galli</taxonomicName>
and in others var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="oryzoides">Echinochloa crus-galli oryzoides</taxonomicName>
, appears to us not to deserve a separate status and is, therefore, included in var.
<taxonomicName authority="crus-galli" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli crus-galli</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686460" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The uppermost leaf (or leaves) subtending the distal inflorescence have the demarcation between blade and sheath in the form of an elongated upside-down U. (Photograph: Rutger Barendse).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Plants with small spikelets are the most difficult to interpret. Probably representing more than one taxon - quite possibly including taxonomically irrelevant forms of var.
<taxonomicName authority="crus-galli" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli crus-galli</taxonomicName>
- they require additional study, which will need to include material of Asian origin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Finally, it can be argued that
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa esculenta" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esculenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa esculenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. Braun) H. Scholz, a cultivated taxon derived from
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, should be included in
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2021.490" author="Banfi, E" journalOrPublisher="Natural History Sciences: Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="71 - 72" refId="B5" refString="Banfi, E, Galasso, G, 2021. Old and new nomenclatural combinations for Echinochloa esculenta (Japanese millet) and E. frumentacea (Indian millet) (Poaceae). Natural History Sciences: Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano 8 (1): 71 - 72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2021.490" title="Old and new nomenclatural combinations for Echinochloa esculenta (Japanese millet) and E. frumentacea (Indian millet) (Poaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2021.490" volume="8" year="2021">Banfi and Galasso 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Here, in line with most recent floras, it is pragmatically accepted as a well-defined separate species. However, species rank is justifiable based on morphological features, as the two taxa clearly differ from each other and identification of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. esculenta" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="esculenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. esculenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually not much of a problem.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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