535 lines
62 KiB
XML
535 lines
62 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ecca8def-dfd0-421f-9504-d4b48bf7aeef" ID-PMC="PMC8050020" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1029-139" ID-Pensoft-UUID="2E07DFACD25E5CCEBCBC98E14E282766" ID-PubMed="33935553" ID-ZooBank="4E4AF0B3B87C4715B74E30C3B48D4C4D" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1029-139" checkinTime="1617901770403" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cabras, Analyn A., Medina, Milton Norman & Bollino, Maurizio" docDate="2021" docId="5F1655372E485E7590A73C324E9AEC17" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1029: 139-154" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1029" docPubDate="2021-04-08" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023" docTitle="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui Cabras & Medina & Bollino 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="B6BFAE9D-74BD-46B5-B6FF-C66AAE39BFFD" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="2E07DFACD25E5CCEBCBC98E14E282766" lastPageNumber="139" masterDocId="2E07DFACD25E5CCEBCBC98E14E282766" masterDocTitle="Two new species of the genus Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini), subgenus Orthocyrtus Heller, 1912, from Mindanao Island, Philippines" masterLastPageNumber="154" masterPageNumber="139" pageNumber="139" updateTime="1668150059956" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Two new species of the genus Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini), subgenus Orthocyrtus Heller, 1912, from Mindanao Island, Philippines</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cabras, Analyn A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0980-1651</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Coleoptera Research Center, Institute of Biodiversity and Environment, University of Mindanao, Davao City, 8000, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ann.cabras24@umindanao.edu.ph</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Medina, Milton Norman</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-8048</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Coleoptera Research Center, Institute of Biodiversity and Environment, University of Mindanao, Davao City, 8000, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bollino, Maurizio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Museo di Storia naturale del Salento, 73021 Calimera, Lecce, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-04-08</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1029</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>139</mods:start>
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<mods:end>154</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1029-139</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4E4AF0B3B87C4715B74E30C3B48D4C4D</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">2E07DFACD25E5CCEBCBC98E14E282766</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="results">
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="180881655" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B6BFAE9D-74BD-46B5-B6FF-C66AAE39BFFD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F1655372E485E7590A73C324E9AEC17" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/B6BFAE9D-74BD-46B5-B6FF-C66AAE39BFFD" authority="Cabras & Medina & Bollino, 2021" authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="139">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat of Orthocyrtus spp. A O. davaoensis sp. nov in Davao City B O. hirakui sp. nov. in Lantapan, Bukidnon." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529750" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 6. Mimicry of Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis sp. nov. and Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui sp. nov. A M. (O.) davaoensis sp. nov. B Metapocyrtus kitangladensis C Pachyrhynchus tikoi D M. (O.) hirakui sp. nov. E Polycatus mimicus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figures6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529751" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">, 6</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Holotype</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis sp. nov. A male holotype, dorsal view B female, dorsal view C ditto, male, lateral view D ditto, female, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529746" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">1A, B</figureCitation>
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), male: Philippines - Mindanao / Bukidnon / Lantapan / July 2018 / coll. Medina (typed on white card) // HOLOTYPE male /
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
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/ CABRAS, MEDINA & BOLLINO, 2021 (typed on red card) Presently in UMCRC, it will be deposited in Philippine National Museum of Natural History (PNMNH) under the National Museum of the Philippines (NMP).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Paratypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
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28♂♂, 39 ♀♀: 3♂♂, 15 ♀♀, Philippines - Mindanao/ Bukidnon / Lantapan / V-VII.2018 / coll. Medina; 7♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Philippines - Mindanao/ Bukidnon/ Talakag/ VII. 2018/ Leg, L.C. All in UMCRC; 7♂♂, 2♀♀: Philippines - Mindanao / Cabanglasan - Bukidnon / III-IV.2013 / m. 800-1000 - Leg. Loc. people / coll. M. Bollino; 7♂♂, 14♀♀: Philippines - Mindanao / Cabanglasan (Bukidnon) / September 2013 / ex. N. Mohagan / Lg. local people - coll. Bollino; 1♂, 1♀: Philippines - Mindanao / Cabanglasan / (Bukidnon) / December 2018 - January 2019 / Lgt. local people - coll. Bollino; 1♂: Philippines - Mindanao / Kalatungan / (Bukidnon) / X.2015 / ex I.Lumawig - coll. Bollino; 2♂♂, 3 ♀♀: Philippines - Mindanao / San Fernando - Bukidnon / X.2013 / ex Lumawig / lg. Local people - coll. Bollino, all in MBLI. All paratypes with additional red label: PARATYPE /
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
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/ CABRAS, MEDINA & BOLLINO, 2021
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. differs from all other species of the subgenus for its unique elytral ornamentation consisting of yellow ochre to blue longitudinal stripes and striae I to II occasionally interrupted in the middle, although generally such striae are continuous from the base to the apex of elytra.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Male.</emphasis>
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Dimensions (in mm): LB 10.6-10.9 (holotype 10.9,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 10.75). LR: 1.9-2.0 (holotype 2.0,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 1.95), WR 1.3-1.5 (holotype 1.5,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 1.4), LP: 3.0-3.1 (holotype 3.0,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 3.05), WP 3.0-3.1 (holotype 3.0,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 3.05), LE: 6.9-7.0 (holotype 6.9,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 6.95), WE: 4.9-5.0 (holotype 5.0,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 4.95).
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">N</emphasis>
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= 4.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Integument black. Body surface, rostrum, head, and underside subopaque.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Body</emphasis>
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subglabrous.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Head</emphasis>
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subglabrous, sparsely, minutely pubescent, with light-yellow ochre, round scales interspersed with metallic-white, hair-like, elliptical scales on lateroventral parts; forehead between eyes partially covered with metallic, light-yellow ochre, round scales; median groove barely distinct, not reaching the vertex.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Rostrum</emphasis>
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sparsely, minutely pubescent, slightly longer than wide (LR/WR: 1.33), dorsum faintly, minutely punctured, bearing minute, yellowish hairs, white, recumbent, hairlike scales on the lateral surface, and long, light-brown hairs at the anterolateral margin; transverse basal groove distinct; basal half with shallow depression covered with metallic yellow ochre, round and elliptical scales; lateroventral part behind antennal scrobe densely covered with round to elliptical, white and yellow ochre scales, sparsely interspersed with short, hair-like white scales; dorsal surface weakly convex. Eyes medium-sized and feebly convex. Antenna moderately clavate, scape slightly shorter than funicle, moderately covered with fine, light-colored hairs. Funicular segments I and II almost of the same length, nearly three times longer than wide; segments III-VII slightly longer than wide; club subovoid, nearly three times longer than wide.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Prothorax</emphasis>
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subglobular, as long as wide (LP/WP 1.0), faintly punctured with sparse minute hairs, widest at middle, weakly convex, with a faint groove along midline reaching the middle, and with the following scaly markings of metallic light yellow ochre, and shagreen, round scales: a) thin band at the anterior margin, b) transverse band in the entire width in middle, and c) lateroventral stripe before the coxa confluent with the anterior margin and transverse band at middle.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Elytra</emphasis>
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short ovate (LE/WE 1.38), wider and longer than prothorax (WE/WP 1.67, LE/LP 2.3), black, subglabrous, strongly convex with very minute and sparse setiferous punctures, each puncture with light-colored, short seta. Elytra with scaly bands of metallic light-yellow ochre, turquoise, and blue, round scales covering stria I-IX, beginning shortly from anterior margin and extending towards apex, sometimes stria I and II interrupted at middle creating a subcircular, broad, glossy black spot without scales. Stria I-IX confluent at anterior margin; stria I, II, III, VIII, and IX confluent at the apex. Stria IV and V confluent at apical quarter. Apex with light-colored hair.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Legs</emphasis>
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with moderately clavate femora. Femora covered with light-colored hair and sparse, pale-blue elliptical, hair-like scales towards apical part. Tibiae covered with subrecumbent, light-colored bristles, and weakly serrate along inner edge. Fore and mid tibiae bear a mucro at apex, and hind tibiae with apical mucrones vestigial. Tarsomeres covered with sparse pubescence. Procoxae with light-colored hair covered with pale green and light yellow-ochre round to elliptic scales on the anterior side interspersed with white hair-like scales. Mesocoxae and metacoxae with light-green hairs and sparsely covered on the anterior side with pale-blue, hairlike, round scales, less dense on metacoxae. Mesosternum covered with light-colored, adpressed bristles. Metasternum with light-colored, adpressed bristles and sparse, light-yellow ochre, round scales at lateral sides. Ventrite 1 depressed on disc with light-colored, adpressed bristles and sparse, light-yellow ochre, round scales towards lateral margin interspersed with white, hair-like scales. Ventrite 2 with long, light-brown, adpressed bristles, shorter towards margin. Ventrites 3-5 with sparse, light-colored, short bristles. Ventrite 5 flattened, apical half finely densely punctured.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Male genitalia</emphasis>
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as shown in Figure
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui sp. nov. A male holotype, dorsal view B female, dorsal view C ditto, male, lateral view D ditto, female, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529747" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">2A-C</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="M. Zang & R.H. Petersen" authorityYear="1989" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Endophallus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Endophallus" order="Phallales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Endophallus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as shown in Figure
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui sp. nov. everted endophallus, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529748" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">3</figureCitation>
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.
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<bibRefCitation author="Cabras, A" journalOrPublisher="Baltic Journal of Coleopterology" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="39 - 46" refId="B6" refString="Cabras, A, Bollino, M, Medina, MN, 2018. A new species of the subgenus Orthocyrtus, genus Metapocyrtus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) from Mindanao, with notes on its ecology. Baltic Journal of Coleopterology 18 (1): 39 - 46" title="A new species of the subgenus Orthocyrtus, genus Metapocyrtus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) from Mindanao, with notes on its ecology." volume="18" year="2018">Cabras, Bollino and Medina (2018)</bibRefCitation>
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noted that obtaining the complete eversion of the endophallus in the subgenus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus Orthocyrtus</taxonomicName>
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is particularly complicated due to the long flagellar diverticulum, and attempts are very often subject to partial failure because the flagellar diverticulum itself tends to remain invaginated. Long series of males are needed to obtain a complete or even a partial but acceptable evertion, as it was in this case (18 males available, no full, nine partial, but only five acceptable partial evertions obtained).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
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Even if the number of completely everted endophalluses belonging to taxa of the subgenus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus Orthocyrtus</taxonomicName>
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is still very few, it is possible to try to hypothesize the taxonomic value of this genitalic structure. From what we have observed, the flagellar diverticulum does not seem to have a species-specific morphology and is quite uniform both in shape and in length, in contrast, for example, to the subgenus
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<taxonomicName authority="Artapocyrtus" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Artapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Artapocyrtus (Artapocyrtus)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Artapocyrtus">Artapocyrtus Artapocyrtus</taxonomicName>
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(Bollino, Sandel & Yoshitake, 2019). What appears to have significant taxonomic value is the shape and presence/absence of the basal, baso-lateral, and median diverticula. In studying
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Orthocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Orthocyrtus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the rate of acceptable eversion of the endophallus is about 30% of the samples tested, and although it is possible to obtain a complete evertion in approximately 1% of the samples, it will still take a long time before we can reach conclusions that are not just working hypotheses.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Female.</emphasis>
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Dimensions (in mm): LB 12.0-13.8 (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 12.66), LR 2.0-2.2 (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 2.12), WR 1.4-2.0 (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 1.57), LP 3.2-3.8 (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 3.56), WP 3.2-3.8 (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 3.51), LE 8.9-10.0 (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 9.14), WE 5.5-6.8 (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
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: 5.86).
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">N</emphasis>
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= 15.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
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Habitus as shown in Figure
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis sp. nov. A male holotype, dorsal view B female, dorsal view C ditto, male, lateral view D ditto, female, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529746" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">1D-F</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Females differ from males by the following: a) head and rostrum mostly glabrous with only a few, sparse, yellow ochre, round scales and blue, hair-like scales on lateral and latero-ventral sides, b) pronotum slightly longer than wide in female (LP/WP 1.0), c) pronotum subglobular; thin, transverse, median band interrupted at middle, d) elytra subovate (LE/WE 1.47-1.62), slightly longer and wider (WE/WP 1.72-1.79, LE/LP 2.63-2.78) than male; stria I and II interruption at middle creating a subcircular, broad, glossy black spot without scales; e) ventrite 1 flattened or slightly convex on disc. Otherwise, femail similar to the male.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
The specific epithet is named after Hiraku Yoshitake (Tsukuba, Japan) for his great contribution in the advancement of studies on
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Philippines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is known so far only from the province of Bukidnon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="brief ecological notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Brief ecological notes</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. (O.) davaoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="davaoensis" subGenus="O.">M. (O.) davaoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.nov. were collected on leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. King" authorityYear="1886" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Swietenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Swietenia macrophylla" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophylla">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Swietenia macrophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
King (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Meliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) at the ridge near Tamugan river in Calinan (Western part of Davao City) with an estimated altitude of 800 m (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat of Orthocyrtus spp. A O. davaoensis sp. nov in Davao City B O. hirakui sp. nov. in Lantapan, Bukidnon." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529750" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The biotope is a mix of secondary and agroforest. Barangay Calinan is characterized by rugged terrain and adjacent to several mountain ecosystems such as Mt. Carmen and Mt. Tamayong, with considerably higher elevation compared to the downtown area of Davao City. The river near where the new species was collected is quite pristine as evidenced by the presence of Odonates inhabiting only pristine fluvial systems such as
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Eupheae" lsidName="Eupheae amphicyana" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="amphicyana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Eupheae amphicyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ris, 1930 and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hamalainen" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Calopterygidae" genus="Neurobasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neurobasis anumariae" order="Odonata" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anumariae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Neurobasis anumariae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hämäläinen">Haemaelaeinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1989. This biotope also has lush vegetation with several plants such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Medinilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Medinilla" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Medinilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ficus" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Ficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Cyatheaceae" genus="Cyathea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyathea" order="Cyatheales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Filicinophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Cyathea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Cyatheaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Cyatheales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Filicinophyta" rank="family">Cyatheaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bambusa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bambusa" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Bambusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), among others. Despite the conversion of surrounding areas to maize and banana farms, it is still rich with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
weevils particularly members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Some of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species documented within a radius of 500 meters from the banks of the river are
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schultze" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Dolichocephalocyrtus) lineaticollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineaticollis" subGenus="Dolichocephalocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Dolichocephalocyrtus) lineaticollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schultze, 1925,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. (Dolichocephalocyrtus) bituberosus" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="bituberosus" subGenus="Dolichocephalocyrtus">M. (Dolichocephalocyrtus) bituberosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Heller, 1912,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. (Trachycyrtus) apoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="apoensis" subGenus="Trachycyrtus">M. (Trachycyrtus) apoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schultze, 1925 and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. (Trachycyrtus) adspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="adspersus" subGenus="Trachycyrtus">M. (Trachycyrtus) adspersus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Waterhouse, 1843. Compared with the aforementioned
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species which are abundant in the area, the new species is quite rare with only a few individuals documented. No species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyrhynchus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Pachyrhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were observed. Moreover, the discovery of this new species within the remaining green spaces of Davao City reiterates the importance of our urban green spaces as a remaining haven for different species of flora and fauna and calls for immediate conservation measures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529750" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Orthocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Orthocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">A</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. davaoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="davaoensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">O. davaoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov in Davao City
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. hirakui" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="hirakui">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">O. hirakui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. in Lantapan, Bukidnon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.nov., on the contrary, was abundant in a secondary forest with some old growth trees near Lantapan, with an elevation of approximately 1200 m (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat of Orthocyrtus spp. A O. davaoensis sp. nov in Davao City B O. hirakui sp. nov. in Lantapan, Bukidnon." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529750" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">5B</figureCitation>
|
||
) The new species was present all over the area and collected on several plants, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Equisetopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Bridelia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bridelia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Bridelia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Equisetopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Phyllanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Oleandra" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Oleandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Oleandraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Clerodendrum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Clerodendrum" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Clerodendrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Lamiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ageratum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ageratum conyzoides" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conyzoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Ageratum conyzoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Theaceae" genus="Camellia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Camellia" order="Guttiferales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Camellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Theaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Guttiferales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Theaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Medinilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Medinilla" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Medinilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Nephrolepidaceae" genus="Nephrolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nephrolepis" order="Polypodiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Nephrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Nephrolepidaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="family">Nephrolepidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). However, they were more abundant along trails and open areas. As documented previously, the majority of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
including
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are often collected along trails and ridges which are either fully or partially exposed to the sun (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.853.30595" author="Cabras, A" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="119 - 129" refId="B7" refString="Cabras, A, Medina, MN, Zhang, G, 2019. Metapocyrtus kitangladensis sp. n., a new Pachyrhynchus cumingii GR Waterhouse, 1841 mimic from Mindanao Island, Philippines. ZooKeys 853: 119 - 129, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.853.30595" title="Metapocyrtus kitangladensis sp. n., a new Pachyrhynchus cumingii GR Waterhouse, 1841 mimic from Mindanao Island, Philippines." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.853.30595" volume="853" year="2019">Cabras et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The interior of the forest does not usually give an outstanding result in terms of collecting
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="notes on mimicry">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Notes on mimicry</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Mimicry is well investigated in butterflies but far less understood in beetles which possess equally interesting mimetic patterns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341" author="Meyer, A" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B12" refString="Meyer, A, 2006. Repeating patterns of mimicry. PLoS Biology 4(10): e341. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341" title="Repeating patterns of mimicry. PLoS Biology 4 (10): e 341." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341" year="2006">Meyer 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The first record of mimicry among
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
was noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416" author="Wallace, AR" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan and Company, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B18" refString="Wallace, AR, 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the tTheory of Natural Selection, with some of its applications. Macmillan and Company, New York, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416" title="Darwinism: an exposition of the tTheory of Natural Selection, with some of its applications." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416" year="1889">Wallace (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who noticed sympatric species sharing the same integument colours and elytral patterns. This was also noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schultze, W" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Journal of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="609 - 673" refId="B15" refString="Schultze, W, 1923. A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part I. The genus Pachyrrhynchus Germar. Philippine Journal of Science 23 (6): 609 - 673" title="A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part I. The genus Pachyrrhynchus Germar." volume="23" year="1923">Schultze (1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schultze, W" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Journal of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="131 - 310" refId="B16" refString="Schultze, W, 1925. A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part III. The genera Apocyrtidius Heller and Metapocyrtus Heller. Philippine Journal of Science 26 (10): 131 - 310" title="A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part III. The genera Apocyrtidius Heller and Metapocyrtus Heller." volume="26" year="1925">1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), who provided a list of 19 sympatric species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyrhynchus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Pachyrhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Doliops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doliops" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Doliops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sharing the same coloration and patterns. He also reported 14 sympatric species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, exhibiting very similar elytral patterns, which were only separable after a closer inspection of diagnostic characters such as the rostrum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schultze, W" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Journal of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="131 - 310" refId="B16" refString="Schultze, W, 1925. A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part III. The genera Apocyrtidius Heller and Metapocyrtus Heller. Philippine Journal of Science 26 (10): 131 - 310" title="A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part III. The genera Apocyrtidius Heller and Metapocyrtus Heller." volume="26" year="1925">Schultze 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A study by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091777" author="Tseng, HY" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Journal of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B17" refString="Tseng, HY, Lin, CP, Hsu, JY, Pike, DA, Huang, WS, 2014. The functional significance of aposematic signals: geographic variation in the responses of widespread lizard predators to colourful invertebrate prey. PLoS ONE 9(3): e91777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091777" title="The functional significance of aposematic signals: geographic variation in the responses of widespread lizard predators to colourful invertebrate prey. PLoS ONE 9 (3): e 91777." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091777" year="2014">Tseng et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that the diverse mimicry of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
weevils are taking advantage of their coloration as aposematic signals in deterring predators, exploiting
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="predators’">predators'</normalizedToken>
|
||
visual system.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not possess toxins as in butterflies, but they do have a very hard elytra, which deter predators and act as a secondary defense of an aposematic insect (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schultze, W" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Journal of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="609 - 673" refId="B15" refString="Schultze, W, 1923. A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part I. The genus Pachyrrhynchus Germar. Philippine Journal of Science 23 (6): 609 - 673" title="A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part I. The genus Pachyrrhynchus Germar." volume="23" year="1923">Schultze 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.172486" author="Wang, LY" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan and Company, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B19" refString="Wang, LY, Huang, WS, Tang, HC, Huang, LC, Lin, CP, 2018. Too hard to swallow: a secret secondary defence of an aposematic insect. Journal of Experimental Biology 221: jeb172486. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.172486" title="Too hard to swallow: a secret secondary defence of an aposematic insect. Journal of Experimental Biology 221: jeb 172486." url="https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.172486" year="2018">Wang et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13346" author="de Jager, M" journalOrPublisher="Baltic Journal Coleopterology" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B10" refString="de Jager, M, Anderson, B, 2019. When is resemblance mimicry? Functional Ecology 33: 1586-1596. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13346" title="When is resemblance mimicry? Functional Ecology 33: 1586 - 1596." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13346" year="2019">de Jager and Anderson (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, mimicry can be confirmed using three conditions, namely "(1) characterizing a model, (2) identifying a receiver with a percept of said model, and (3) demonstrating that the receiver exerts selection on the mimic". This sympatric and allopatric convergence of colors and patterns has been greatly observed among
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Entiminae">Entiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
weevil groups such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marshall" authorityYear="1939" class="Hexapoda" family="Curculionidae" genus="Alcidodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alcidodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Alcidodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polycatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Polycatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1898" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Eupyrgops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eupyrgops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Eupyrgops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Neopyrgops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopyrgops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Neopyrgops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Coptorhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptorhynchus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Coptorhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the long-horned beetle
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Doliops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doliops" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Doliops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which can be an outstanding example of the mimetic complex. This occurrence has also been observed among spiders, and other insects of the orders
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Heteroptera">Heteroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which show superficial resemblance and body coloration and pattern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416" author="Wallace, AR" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan and Company, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B18" refString="Wallace, AR, 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the tTheory of Natural Selection, with some of its applications. Macmillan and Company, New York, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416" title="Darwinism: an exposition of the tTheory of Natural Selection, with some of its applications." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416" year="1889">Wallace 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Cabras et al. unpublished).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="davaoensis" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. was collected at nearly the same locality as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. kitangladensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="kitangladensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">M. kitangladensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cabras, Medina & Zhang, 2019. This suggests a possible mimicry between these two species, for they have similar elytral markings. Photographic documentation suggests the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. (O.) davaoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="davaoensis" subGenus="O.">M. (O.) davaoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. in Marilog District, Davao City, where
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. kitangladensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="kitangladensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">M. kitangladensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cabras, Medina & Zhang, 2019 was also documented. The importance of the geographic distribution of the model as the limiting factor for the effectiveness of the mimicry complex has already been established. As
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00401.x" author="Ries, L" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="1798 - 1803" refId="B13" refString="Ries, L, Mullen, SP, 2008. A rare model limits the distribution of its more common mimic: a twist on frequency-dependent Batesian mimicry. Evolution 62 (7): 1798 - 1803, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00401.x" title="A rare model limits the distribution of its more common mimic: a twist on frequency-dependent Batesian mimicry." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00401.x" volume="62" year="2008">Ries and Mullen (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned "the advantage of mimicry does not extend beyond the range of the model", although allopatric convergence of colors has also been documented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. belongs to a mimetic complex involving
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rukmane" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyrhynchus tikoi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tikoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Pachyrhynchus tikoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Rukmane, 2016,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Barsevskis" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Doliops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doliops valainisi" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valainisi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Doliops valainisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Barsevskis, 2013, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polycatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycatus mimicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Polycatus mimicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bramanti, Bramanti, & Rukmane, 2020, with all species sharing a superficial resemblance. These four species were collected in an area of less than 500 m diameter and at times from the same plant.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (O.) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="O.">Metapocyrtus (O.) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. tikoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="tikoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">P. tikoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were very abundant in the secondary forest of Lantapan, Bukidnon, and could be easily interchanged due to their uncanny resemblance. Some
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polycatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Polycatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have previously been recorded to possibly be part of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
mimicry complex. Sometimes they exhibit a perfect mimicry, looking exactly like some
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
models, while at other times they exhibit imperfect mimicry and do not have exactly the same pattern. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/9.4.409" author="Forsman, A" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="409 - 413" refId="B11" refString="Forsman, A, Appelsqvist, S, 1998. Visual predators impose correlational selection on prey color pattern and behavior. Behavioral Ecology 9 (4): 409 - 413, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/9.4.409" title="Visual predators impose correlational selection on prey color pattern and behavior." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/9.4.409" volume="9" year="1998">Forsman and Appelqvist (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, even only the superficial resemblance and coloration of the elytra of imperfect mimicry is enough to fool visual predators which mostly rely on patterns and coloration in their choice of prey.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polycatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Polycatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the rostrum which is entirely continuous with the head, the complete metepisternal suture, the distinct squamose scutellum, the definite epistome on the rostrum, and the antenna club which has the first joint much longer than the rest, together with its basal half narrowed into a conspicuous peduncle. As expected in this case of Batesian mimicry, mimics (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polycatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycatus mimicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Polycatus mimicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Barsevskis" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Doliops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doliops valainisi" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valainisi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Doliops valainisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were much less numerous in the field than models (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rukmane" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyrhynchus tikoi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tikoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Pachyrhynchus tikoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Rukmane 2016).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figures6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529751" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" start="Figures 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Figures 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Mimicry of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="davaoensis" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">A</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. (O.) davaoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="davaoensis" subGenus="O.">M. (O.) davaoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabras, Medina & Zhang" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus kitangladensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kitangladensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus kitangladensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">C</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rukmane" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyrhynchus tikoi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tikoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Pachyrhynchus tikoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">D</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. (O.) hirakui" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="O.">M. (O.) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.nov.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">E</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polycatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycatus mimicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Polycatus mimicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |