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<mods:title id="689F5EEF7487BBB657CBBD1119D5E6AE">Intraspecific versus interspecific variation in Miocene Great Basin mylagaulids: implications for systematics and evolutionary history</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2826FFD3ED314EDC6B47FA1B" authority="INDET." authorityName="INDET." box="[340,602,1436,1457]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">MYLAGAULIDAE INDET.</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37065352826FFD4ED1B4E826BEAF8C5" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="447" pageId="19" pageNumber="446" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2826FFD3ED1B4E826B2DFA72" blockId="19.[382,560,1474,1496]" box="[382,560,1474,1496]" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">
<figureCitation id="13512A3B2826FFD3ED1B4E826B18FA7D" box="[382,517,1474,1495]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="19.[826,905,1063,1082]" captionTargetBox="[864,1405,200,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-429@19.[862,1407,197,1033]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 14. Occlusal morphology of the fourth premolars of the Virgin Valley specimens of indeterminate mylagaulids. Numbers refer to wear stages described in the text. Anterior is to the left of the figure. A, UCMP 11572, left p4 (mirrored); B, UCMP 11662, right p4; C, UCMP 41026, right P4. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406384/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">FIGURES 14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13512A3B2826FFD3EE714E826B2DFA72" box="[532,560,1474,1496]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[144,223,1124,1143]" captionTargetBox="[214,691,200,1091]" captionTargetId="figure-578@20.[211,691,196,1094]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Occlusal morphology of the dp4m2 of an indeterminate mylagaulid from the Mascall Formation of Oregon. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406386" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406386/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">15</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2826FFD3ECC14EA96B5FF996" blockId="19.[164,779,1512,1596]" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2826FFD3ECC14EA9683DFA54" box="[164,288,1513,1534]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">Synonymy:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2826FFD3ED494EA868C3FA54" box="[300,478,1512,1534]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Mylagaulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2826FFD3ED494EA868AFFA57" box="[300,434,1512,1533]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">Mylagaulus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(in part)
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2826FFD3EE324EA86A1BFA54" author="Shotwell JA" box="[599,774,1512,1534]" pageId="19" pageNumber="446" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref17079" refString="Shotwell JA. 1963. The Juntura Basin: studies in earth history and paleoecology. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 53: 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="1963">Shotwell, 1963</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2826FFD3ECC14D476883F9B6" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1937" box="[164,414,1543,1564]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Mylagaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monodon">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2826FFD3ECC14D476883F9B6" box="[164,414,1543,1564]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">Mylagaulus monodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in part)
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2826FFD3EE724D476BA5F9B6" author="Kellogg L" box="[535,696,1543,1565]" pageId="19" pageNumber="446" pagination="421 - 437" refId="ref16574" refString="Kellogg L. 1910. Rodent fauna of the late Tertiary beds at Virgin Valley and Thousand Creek, Nevada. University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology 5: 421 - 437." type="journal article" year="1910">Kellogg, 1910</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2826FFD3EEAC4D476806F991" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Mylagaulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2826FFD3EEAC4D4769ECF991" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">Mylagaulus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(in part)
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2826FFD3EDF54D666B23F996" author="Shotwell JA" box="[400,574,1574,1596]" pageId="19" pageNumber="446" pagination="451 - 484" refId="ref17057" refString="Shotwell JA. 1958. Evolution and biogeography of the aplodontid and mylagaulid rodents. Evolution 12: 451 - 484." type="journal article" year="1958">Shotwell, 1958</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2826FFD3ECC14D246D7EFADC" blockId="19.[164,779,1636,1903]" lastBlockId="19.[826,1441,1285,1399]" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2826FFD3ECC14D246864F9D3" box="[164,377,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">Referred material:</emphasis>
From Juntura Formation (Black Butte Fauna): UOMNH F-5451 (UO 2334), UOMNH F-15694 (UO 2339), p4s; UOMNH F-15695 (UO 2339), fragmentary fourth premolar; UOMNH F5770 (UO 2341), partial right mandible with m1. From Virgin Valley Formation UCMP 41026 (UCMP 1090, Virgin Valley 9), left and right mandibles with partial left incisor, left m2-m3, partial right incisor and right p4; UCMP 11572 (UCMP 1065, Virgin Valley 2), partial mandible with p4; UCMP 11662 (UCMP 1065, Virgin Valley 2), isolated p4. From Mascall Formation (JDNM 4): JODA 2329, partial left mandible with dp4m2 and erupting p4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2826FFD3EF5F4EE56C45F9BC" blockId="19.[826,1441,1445,1559]" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2826FFD3EF5F4EE56AD1FA10" box="[826,972,1445,1466]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">Distribution:</emphasis>
Early Hemingfordian John Day Formation,
<collectingRegion id="49AEF85C2826FFD3EF1D4E846AD3FA73" box="[888,974,1476,1497]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">Oregon</collectingRegion>
; Early Barstovian Virgin Valley Formation, and Mascall Formation of
<collectingRegion id="49AEF85C2826FFD3E89F4EA26C4DFA5D" box="[1274,1360,1506,1527]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">Oregon</collectingRegion>
; Late Clarendonian the Juntura Formation,
<collectingRegion id="49AEF85C2826FFD3E89B4D416C49F9BC" box="[1278,1364,1537,1558]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">Oregon</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2826FFD4EF5F4D066C44FDC0" blockId="19.[826,1442,1605,1903]" lastBlockId="20.[806,1421,198,618]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="447" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2826FFD3EF5F4D066AA7F9F1" box="[826,954,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">Discussion:</emphasis>
Specimen UOMNH F-5451 is a p
<quantity id="4C929B5B2826FFD3E95E4D066C75F9F1" box="[1339,1384,1605,1627]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="19" pageNumber="446" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
very early stage of wear (stage 1). The tooth is damaged and no description or identification of it is possible. A single juvenile specimen (JODA 2329,
<figureCitation id="13512A3B2826FFD3E96C4DE16C4AF91D" box="[1289,1367,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[144,223,1124,1143]" captionTargetBox="[214,691,200,1091]" captionTargetId="figure-578@20.[211,691,196,1094]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Occlusal morphology of the dp4m2 of an indeterminate mylagaulid from the Mascall Formation of Oregon. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406386" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406386/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
) from the Mascall Formation could not be confidently identified. It is most likely either
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2826FFD3E8C74D9E6C1EF95E" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="2000" box="[1186,1283,1758,1780]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Alphagaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2826FFD3E8C74D9E6C1EF95E" box="[1186,1283,1758,1780]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">Al. vetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2826FFD3E9574D9F6C87F95E" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[1330,1434,1759,1780]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gazini">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2826FFD3E9574D9F6C87F95E" box="[1330,1434,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="446">H. gazini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both known to be present in the Mascall Formation. The lack of an adult dentition precludes definitive identification to a mylagaulid species. The m1 is close to being pushed out of the tooth row by the erupting absent in all specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2821FFD4E80D4B866DD4FF76" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="2000" box="[1128,1225,198,220]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Alphagaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4E80D4B866DD4FF76" box="[1128,1225,198,220]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">Al. vetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, these Virgin Valley specimens share with
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2821FFD4E96D4BA46C74FF50" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="2000" box="[1288,1385,228,250]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Alphagaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4E96D4BA46C74FF50" box="[1288,1385,228,250]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">Al. vetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a common general tooth shape. The shape of the fossettids of the
<specimenCount id="9D6CFD372821FFD4EF944A626DA4FE92" box="[1009,1209,290,312]" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
is intermediate between
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2821FFD4EFF74A006AEEFEFC" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="2000" box="[914,1011,320,342]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Alphagaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4EFF74A006AEEFEFC" box="[914,1011,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">Al. vetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2821FFD4E85D4A016DBDFEFC" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[1080,1184,321,342]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gazini">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4E85D4A016DBDFEFC" box="[1080,1184,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">H. gazini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The orientation of the lakes is closer to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2821FFD4E8E94A1F6DF0FEDE" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="2000" box="[1164,1261,351,372]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Alphagaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4E8E94A1F6DF0FEDE" box="[1164,1261,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">Al. vetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In UOMNH F-41026, we can also recognize an additional fossette located in the posterolabial corner of the tooth, labially to the metafossette and posteriorly to the parafossette of
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2821FFD4EFBC4A996D95FE45" author="Shotwell JA" box="[985,1160,473,495]" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" pagination="451 - 484" refId="ref17057" refString="Shotwell JA. 1958. Evolution and biogeography of the aplodontid and mylagaulid rodents. Evolution 12: 451 - 484." type="journal article" year="1958">Shotwell (1958</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 7). This character varies intraspecifically in other taxa (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2821FFD4E9514AB86A40FD81" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shotwelli">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4E9514AB86A40FD81" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">H. shotwelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). These
<specimenCount id="9D6CFD372821FFD4EFAE49566D97FD86" box="[971,1162,534,556]" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
might represent evidence for a new taxon but the scarce material currently available prevents further description.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1566362821FFD4ECF54F2468BDFB18" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406386" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5406386" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406386/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" startId="20.[144,223,1124,1143]" targetBox="[214,691,200,1091]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2821FFD4ECF54F2468BDFB18" blockId="20.[144,759,1124,1202]" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4ECF54F246818FBDD" bold="true" box="[144,261,1124,1143]" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">Figure 15.</emphasis>
Occlusal morphology of the dp4m2 of an indeterminate mylagaulid from the Mascall Formation of Oregon. Scale bar = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2821FFD4ECF54FB56810F997" blockId="20.[144,759,1269,1903]" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">
p4. The absence of well-preserved lower second molars early in wear (in order to be comparable to that erupting in JODA 2329) and published deciduous lower fourth premolars for
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2821FFD4EE394E116BA3FACC" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="2000" box="[604,702,1361,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Alphagaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4EE394E116BA3FACC" box="[604,702,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">Al. vetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2821FFD4ECF54E3069E5FA2F" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[144,248,1392,1413]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gazini">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4ECF54E3069E5FA2F" box="[144,248,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">H. gazini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
make impossible a definitive assignment of this specimen to either one of the mylagaulid species found in the Mascall Formation. The partial mandible from the Juntura Formation most likely belongs to
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2821FFD4ECF54EAA6805FA55" box="[144,280,1514,1535]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shotwelli">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4ECF54EAA6805FA55" box="[144,280,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">H. shotwelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Owing to the lack of diagnostic dental material, this specimen cannot be identified with confidence.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2821FFD4ECCD4D056BEAF8C5" blockId="20.[144,759,1269,1903]" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">
Three specimens (UCMP 41026, UCMP 11572, UCMP 11662) of mylagaulids from the early Barstovian Virgin Valley Formation exhibit a morphology intermediate between that of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2821FFD4ED904DE16B4BF91D" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="2000" box="[501,598,1697,1719]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Alphagaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4ED904DE16B4BF91D" box="[501,598,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">Al. vetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
found in the Virgin Valley Formation and the contemporaneous
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2821FFD4ECF54D9F69E5F95E" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[144,248,1759,1780]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gazini">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4ECF54D9F69E5F95E" box="[144,248,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">H. gazini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the early Barstovian of
<collectingRegion id="49AEF85C2821FFD4EE004D9F6BA6F95E" box="[613,699,1759,1780]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">Oregon</collectingRegion>
. The tooth size of these specimens is close to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2821FFD4ECF54C5C69E5F89B" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[144,248,1820,1841]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gazini">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4ECF54C5C69E5F89B" box="[144,248,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">H. gazini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Similarly, the number of lakes in these specimens is similar to that in
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2821FFD4EE714C7B6B61F8FA" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[532,636,1851,1872]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gazini">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2821FFD4EE714C7B6B61F8FA" box="[532,636,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="447">H. gazini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In particular, they both exhibit an anterolingual fossettid
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>