295 lines
39 KiB
XML
295 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="CDF5437C363AD641F537FA9FC082B913" ID-CLB-Dataset="8278" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4859.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4b8c817a-8e60-44a2-92e0-e28fa91bd9a9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4413154" ID-ZooBank="68E6BB9A-8450-4C52-8886-68EF1F764857" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1609696598146" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cooke-Mcewen, Crystal & Gates, Michael" docDate="2020" docId="B36A87953B0EFFC008C3FBE5B4495D3F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4859.3.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4859 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Disholcaspis" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="365" masterDocId="4F53FFED3B06FFCA0854FFDAB53F5F02" masterDocTitle="Contributions to Disholcaspis Dalla Torre And Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)" masterLastPageNumber="382" masterPageNumber="355" pageNumber="363" updateTime="1698851795048" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="1B1B8EFD961C0DBFFC85586CE4FF2F41" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FE60C72EF51C32BC9734EEC7E92018CB">
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<mods:title id="37CE71EA286CCE7BAB14ED0E5307D127">Contributions to Disholcaspis Dalla Torre And Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="595AB6906D26B184FD9C322203DCBB75" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="894E4456EDA5B1AA6B25C2E5D2F8A28B">Cooke-Mcewen, Crystal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3A17B3D15F57B34EF52D94784990AC1C" type="ORCID">0000-0002-4184-3755</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="EC77B1F41F2A0965CF8B716167904384">Department of Entomology, 4291 Fieldhouse Drive, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U. S. A. http: // urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 2778 C 146 - 3 F 06 - 4 F 0 B-B 8 B 4 - ADCD 8 AF 329 BB; mcewenidae @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4184 - 3755 Systematic Entomology Lab, USDA, c / o Smithsonian NMNH, 10 and Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20013. http: // urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 639 EDA 6 - 8 B 8 E- 4 D 6 B- 9 C 9 E- 24 E 0 BAE 58601. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5760 - 1371</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="81563E62B2206CA367AF7F44AE31EDC8" type="email">mcewenidae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="84D55EFFC2851F6E90641F7F744E3D49" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3433B799E33D98FD3F04DF192D21F89E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1CD5C6F85EB20D3F1E15884B5A97DA87">Gates, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D9CABA0E862F17778F79F6059535C02E" type="ORCID">0000-0002-5760-1371</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="30148181B7D6A241A46F7C519C56F0D9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="186C750A4BCC52C83384BB811A2CC128">
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<mods:date id="282C0F517677A46DB63E180F4DF32DC3">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B1ADA0ED4456B7AF2AD670C9C613B972">2020-10-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="83FD3BBD0DFF43EAD87095D3C485BFC9">4859</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2127583B28D0D69552F7F94716BF6758">3</mods:number>
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<treatment id="B36A87953B0EFFC008C3FBE5B4495D3F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535971" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177319579" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4535971" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B36A87953B0EFFC008C3FBE5B4495D3F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36A87953B0EFFC008C3FBE5B4495D3F" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="365" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">
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<subSubSection id="73D965083B0EFFC208C3FBE5B4CD5B5B" box="[151,498,1086,1113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3B7C36833B0EFFC208C3FBE5B4CD5B5B" blockId="8.[151,498,1086,1113]" box="[151,498,1086,1113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">
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<heading id="603481EF3B0EFFC208C3FBE5B4CD5B5B" bold="true" box="[151,498,1086,1113]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC208C3FBE5B4CD5B5B" bold="true" box="[151,498,1086,1113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">
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Morphology of
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC2090DFBE4B4CD5B5B" ID-CoL="632TZ" ID-ENA="1389465" box="[345,498,1086,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC2090DFBE4B4CD5B5B" bold="true" box="[345,498,1086,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">Disholcaspis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73D965083B0EFFC008C3FB5CB4495D3F" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="365" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3B7C36833B0EFFC208C3FB5CB5F95A7B" blockId="8.[151,1437,1158,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC208C3FB5CB4ED5BA3" bold="true" box="[151,466,1158,1185]" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">Asexual generation wasps:</emphasis>
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The traits that differentiate
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20B52FB5DB1165BA2" box="[774,1065,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20B52FB5DB6A85BA3" box="[774,919,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Disholcaspis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="128457EA3B0EFFC20BC9FB5DB1165BA2" box="[925,1065,1159,1184]" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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from other genera are as follows: Mesosoma (
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<figureCitation id="A3F82A063B0EFFC20975FB71B4BB5BC7" box="[289,388,1194,1221]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–7" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,196,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[151,1435,181,1631]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 2–7. (2) Gall asexual generation Disholcaspis edura; (3) Gall asexual generation D. spissa; 4–7 asexual generation D. quercusglobulus (4) dorsal mesosoma; (5) propodeum; (6) lateral metasoma; (7) ventral hypopygial spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4413158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4413158/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">Fig. 4–5</figureCitation>
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). Notauli incomplete anteriorly; scutellar foveae generally absent or not well defined, scutellum sometimes with anterior transverse impression in the place of foveae; propodeal carinae fragmented and curved to nearly form a ring or absent. Metasoma (
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<figureCitation id="A3F82A063B0EFFC20AD2FB29B7D65A0C" box="[646,745,1267,1294]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–7" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,196,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[151,1435,181,1631]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 2–7. (2) Gall asexual generation Disholcaspis edura; (3) Gall asexual generation D. spissa; 4–7 asexual generation D. quercusglobulus (4) dorsal mesosoma; (5) propodeum; (6) lateral metasoma; (7) ventral hypopygial spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4413158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4413158/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">Fig. 6–7</figureCitation>
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). Setation on metasoma generally limited to patches laterally on the second tergum; extended portion of the hypopygial spine tapering and is at most 4.5 times as long as wide; hypopygial spine with long subapical setae that reach beyond the apex of the spine but never form a dense, truncate tuft.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B7C36833B0EFFC20893FA58B72958DF" blockId="8.[151,1437,1158,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20893FA58B4C25A9E" bold="true" box="[199,509,1410,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">Variation and exceptions:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20A52FA59B64C5A9F" authority="(Bassett)" baseAuthorityName="Bassett" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[518,883,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corallina">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20A52FA59B6395A9F" box="[518,774,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">Disholcaspis corallina</emphasis>
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(Bassett)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20BD7FA59B1505A9F" authority="Kinsey" authorityName="Kinsey" authorityYear="1920" box="[899,1135,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plumbella">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20BD7FA59B1285A9F" box="[899,1047,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. plumbella</emphasis>
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Kinsey
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20C2BFA59B5EC5AC0" authority="(Gillette)" baseAuthorityName="Gillette" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="washingtonensis">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20C2BFA59B0625A9F" box="[1151,1373,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. washingtonensis</emphasis>
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(Gillette)
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC2095BFA7DB7115AC0" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" box="[271,558,1447,1474]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arizonicus">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC2095BFA7DB4985AC2" box="[271,423,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. arizonicus</emphasis>
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(Cockerell)
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</taxonomicName>
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are exceptions to the setation on the metasoma with all terga setose. As noted by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F524B723B0EFFC208EFFA11B71E5AE7" author="Melika, G. & Abrahamson, W. G." box="[187,545,1483,1509]" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" pagination="150 - 190" refId="ref17375" refString="Melika, G. & Abrahamson, W. G. (2002) Review of the world genera of oak cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). In: Melika, G. & Thuroczy, C. (Eds.), Parasitic Wasps: Evolution, Systematics, Biodiversity and Biological Control. Agroinform, Budapest, pp. 150 - 190." type="book chapter" year="2002">Melika and Abrahamson (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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there was a subset of species that differ from the rest of the genus morphologically. This subset included
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20992FA35B60C5908" authority="(Beutenmuller)" baseAuthorityName="Beutenmuller" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[454,819,1519,1546]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysolepidis">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20992FA35B741590B" box="[454,638,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. chrysolepidis</emphasis>
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(Beutenmuller)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20B6AFA35B6CA590B" authority="Weld" authorityName="Weld" box="[830,1013,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conalis">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20B6AFA35B68E590B" box="[830,945,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. conalis</emphasis>
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Weld
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20C54FA35B1B6590B" baseAuthorityName="Bassett" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1024,1161,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corallina">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20C54FA35B1B6590B" box="[1024,1161,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. corallina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20CC3FA35B0495908" authority="(Ashmead)" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[1175,1398,1519,1546]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lasia">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20CC3FA35B1D0590B" box="[1175,1263,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. lasia</emphasis>
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(Ashmead)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20DD5FA35B431592F" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20DD5FA35B435592F" authorityName="Kinsey" authorityYear="1920" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plumbella">D. plumbella</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20941F9C9B7F6592C" authority="(McCracken and Egbert)" baseAuthorityName="McCracken and Egbert" box="[277,713,1555,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reniformis">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20941F9C9B495592F" box="[277,426,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. reniformis</emphasis>
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(McCracken and Egbert)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20A87F9C9B6E7592C" authority="(Kinsey)" baseAuthorityName="Kinsey" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[723,984,1555,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20A87F9C9B652592F" box="[723,877,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. spectabilis</emphasis>
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(Kinsey)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20BB6F9C9B1E4592C" authority="(Ashmead)" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[994,1243,1555,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20BB6F9C9B16A592F" box="[994,1109,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. sulcata</emphasis>
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(Ashmead)
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20D40F9C9B5CC5952" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="washingtonensis">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20D40F9C9B5CC5952" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. washingtonensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20957F9EDB72E5952" box="[259,529,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arizonicus">
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20957F9EDB72E5952" box="[259,529,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">Disholcaspis arizonicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphologically agrees with some of the species in this subset and should also be included. Melika and Abrahamson thought that this subset all had the hypopygial spine as broad throughout its entire length and the length of the extended portion of the spine appearing equal to or less than its width. The shape of the hypopygial spine in some of these taxa were examined using SEM imaging and the shape of some was found to be more complicated than originally thought. The species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20B02F91DB6DD59E3" baseAuthorityName="Bassett" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[854,994,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corallina">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20B02F91DB6DD59E3" box="[854,994,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. corallina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20BA6F91DB15D59E3" authorityName="Kinsey" authorityYear="1920" box="[1010,1122,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plumbella">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20BA6F91DB15D59E3" box="[1010,1122,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">plumbella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20CF1F91DB06159E3" box="[1189,1374,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="washingtonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20CF1F91DB06159E3" box="[1189,1374,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">washingtonensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the hypopygial spine laterally bulbous basally followed by a very short parallel-sided thinner section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A3F82A063B0EFFC20D42F931B0645807" box="[1302,1371,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–10" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1586,1610]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,597,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-212@10.[151,1435,597,1563]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 8–10. (8) Ventral hypopygial spine, Disholcaspis corallina; (9) ventral hypopygial spine, D. chrysolepidis; (10) Quercus sp. leaf petioles curling around a Disholcaspis sexual generation gall with one leaf removed so that you can see the gall." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4413160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4413160/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The species
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC208BAF8D5B457582B" box="[238,360,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC208BAF8D5B45B582B" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[238,356,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">D. sulcata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
lasia, and
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC2098AF8D5B777582A" box="[478,584,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">arizonica</emphasis>
|
||
may also have similarly shaped hypopygial spines, but they were difficult to see and the lateral sections were not as bulbous as in the spines of the previous three species. The species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20D6BF8E9B5C45873" baseAuthorityName="Beutenmuller" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysolepidis">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20D6BF8E9B5C45873" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. chrysolepidis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC2095DF88DB4655873" box="[265,346,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC2095DF88DB4655873" box="[265,346,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">conalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC209CCF88DB72F5873" baseAuthorityName="Kinsey" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[408,528,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC209CCF88DB72F5873" box="[408,528,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have convexly tapering spines that are about as long as wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A3F82A063B0EFFC20C84F88DB02B5873" box="[1232,1300,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–10" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1586,1610]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,597,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-212@10.[151,1435,597,1563]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 8–10. (8) Ventral hypopygial spine, Disholcaspis corallina; (9) ventral hypopygial spine, D. chrysolepidis; (10) Quercus sp. leaf petioles curling around a Disholcaspis sexual generation gall with one leaf removed so that you can see the gall." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4413160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4413160/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The shape of the hypopygial spine of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC2099DF8A1B75F5897" box="[457,608,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reniformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC2099DF8A1B75F5897" box="[457,608,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. reniformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been examined. The two species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20C63F8A1B1AF5897" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[1079,1168,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lasia">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20C63F8A1B1AF5897" box="[1079,1168,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">D. lasia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0EFFC20C9DF8A1B0615897" baseAuthorityName="Beutenmuller" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1225,1374,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysolepidis">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20C9DF8A1B0615897" box="[1225,1374,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">chrysolepidis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were grouped together in recent phylogenies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F524B723B0EFFC20A03F845B60258BB" author="Nicholls, J. A. & Melika, G. & Stone, G. N." box="[599,829,1951,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="363" pagination="67 - 77" refId="ref17700" refString="Nicholls, J. A., Melika, G. & Stone, G. N. (2017) Sweet tetra-trophic interactions: Multiple evolution of nectar secretion, a defensive extended phenotype in Cynipid gall wasps. The American Naturalist, 189, 67 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 689399" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Nicholls
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20A90F845B7C358BB" box="[708,764,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Cooke-McEwen
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0EFFC20C58F845B17B58BB" box="[1036,1092,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="363">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
unpublished) but they differ in the shape of the hypopygial spine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6FBC660B3B0FFFC308C3F9ACB1D459B1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4413158" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4413158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4413158/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="364" startId="9.[151,264,1654,1678]" targetBox="[151,1435,196,1631]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="3B7C36833B0FFFC308C3F9ACB1D459B1" blockId="9.[151,1436,1654,1715]" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0FFFC308C3F9ACB404598C" bold="true" box="[151,315,1654,1678]" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">FIGURES 2–7.</emphasis>
|
||
(2) Gall asexual generation
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0FFFC30A0FF9ADB61F598D" authorityName="Weld" authorityYear="1957" box="[603,800,1655,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="364" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edura">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0FFFC30A0FF9ADB61F598D" box="[603,800,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">Disholcaspis edura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (3) Gall asexual generation
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0FFFC30C1CF9ADB19A598C" authorityName="Weld" authorityYear="1957" box="[1096,1189,1655,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="371" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spissa">
|
||
D.
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0FFFC30C33F9ADB19A598C" box="[1127,1189,1655,1678]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">spissa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 4–7 asexual generation
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0FFFC308C3F941B46259B1" baseAuthorityName="Fitch" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[151,349,1691,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="364" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusglobulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0FFFC308C3F941B46259B1" box="[151,349,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">D. quercusglobulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4) dorsal mesosoma; (5) propodeum; (6) lateral metasoma; (7) ventral hypopygial spine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3B7C36833B0FFFC00893F93BB4C85E8B" blockId="9.[151,1437,1761,2039]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="365" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0FFFC30893F93BB4A059F9" bold="true" box="[199,415,1761,1787]" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">Gall morphology:</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0FFFC309FDF93BB7EA59F9" box="[425,725,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0FFFC309FDF93BB70559F9" box="[425,570,1761,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="364" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Disholcaspis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="128457EA3B0FFFC30A10F938B7EA59F9" box="[580,725,1762,1787]" pageId="9" pageNumber="364" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
asexual generation galls are generally characterized as being monothalamus, detachable, woody, twig or root galls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A3F82A063B0FFFC30B51F8DFB64C581D" box="[773,883,1797,1823]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–7" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,196,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[151,1435,181,1631]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 2–7. (2) Gall asexual generation Disholcaspis edura; (3) Gall asexual generation D. spissa; 4–7 asexual generation D. quercusglobulus (4) dorsal mesosoma; (5) propodeum; (6) lateral metasoma; (7) ventral hypopygial spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4413158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4413158/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">Figs. 2, 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="A3F82A063B0FFFC30BD6F8DFB69F581D" box="[898,928,1797,1823]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–47" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,189,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-21@18.[151,1435,181,1629]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 42–47. Asexual female Disholcaspis erugomamma n. sp., (42) lateral mesosoma; (43) posterior mesosoma; (44) wing; (45) lateral metasoma; (46) ventral hypopygial spine; (47) galls." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4413176" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4413176/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">47</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="A3F82A063B0FFFC30BFAF8DFB6F4581D" box="[942,971,1797,1823]" captionStart="FIGURES 48–53" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,237,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-37@19.[151,1435,237,1685]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 48–53. Disholcaspis. (48) sexual female lateral habitus, D. quercusvirens, image from George Melika; (49) male lateral habitus, D. quercusvirens, image from George Melika; (50) male anterior head, D. prehensa, (51) sexual female lateral" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4413178" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4413178/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">48</figureCitation>
|
||
) with few exceptions. As with most gall wasps, the morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0FFFC309EAF8F3B7705841" box="[446,591,1833,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="364" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0FFFC309EAF8F3B7705841" box="[446,591,1833,1859]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">Disholcaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
galls is generally species specific on a given host plant and is often the only diagnostic trait for identifying species. In some species many galls develop in close approximation, while galls of other species develop singly. Some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0FFFC30A72F8ABB7885889" box="[550,695,1905,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Disholcaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="364" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0FFFC30A72F8ABB7885889" box="[550,695,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">Disholcaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are known to induce the host to secrete nectar (sometimes referred to as honeydew) from the outer gall surface of asexual galls. Functionally this is hypothesised to induce a mutualistic relationship with ants that tend the galls as a result (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F524B723B0FFFC30B2EF863B19C58D1" author="Inouye, B. D. & Agrawal, A. A." box="[890,1187,1977,2003]" pageId="9" pageNumber="364" pagination="692 - 696" refId="ref16693" refString="Inouye, B. D. & Agrawal, A. A. (2004) Ant mutulaists alter the composition and attack rate of the parasitoid community for the gall wasp Disholcaspis eldoradensis (Cynipidae). Ecological Entomology, 29, 692 - 696. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0307 - 6946.2004.00652. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Inouye and Agrawal 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F524B723B0FFFC30CFBF863B0A758D1" author="Nicholls, J. A. & Melika, G. & Stone, G. N." box="[1199,1432,1977,2003]" pageId="9" pageNumber="364" pagination="67 - 77" refId="ref17700" refString="Nicholls, J. A., Melika, G. & Stone, G. N. (2017) Sweet tetra-trophic interactions: Multiple evolution of nectar secretion, a defensive extended phenotype in Cynipid gall wasps. The American Naturalist, 189, 67 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 689399" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Nicholls
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0FFFC30D49F860B06958D1" box="[1309,1366,1977,2003]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="364">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F524B723B0FFFC308C3F807B41458F5" author="Seibert, T. F." box="[151,299,2013,2039]" pageId="9" pageNumber="364" pagination="247 - 253" refId="ref18355" refString="Seibert, T. F. (1993) A nectar-secreting gall wasp and ant mutualism: selection and counter-selection shaping gall wasp phenology, fecundity and persistence. Ecological Entomology, 18, 247 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1993. tb 01097. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Seibert 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The sugary secretions can also attract stinging wasps, which can be problematic in domestic horti- cultural settings (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F524B723B0CFFC0090DFF4DB79B5FB3" author="Eckberg, T. B. & Cranshaw, W. S." box="[345,676,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="365" pagination="290 - 293" refId="ref16272" refString="Eckberg, T. B. & Cranshaw, W. S. (1994) Occurrence of the oak bulletgall wasp, Disholcaspis quercusmamma (Walsh) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), as a street tree pest in Colorado. Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 67, 290 - 293." type="journal article" year="1994">Eckberg and Cranshaw 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC34D003B0CFFC00AECFF4DB61F5FB3" authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" box="[696,800,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="365" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
including oaks generally don’t have floral or extrafloral nectaries (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F524B723B0CFFC0095DFF61B4EE5FD7" author="Bernardello, G." box="[265,465,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="365" pagination="19 - 128" refId="ref15583" refString="Bernardello, G. (2007) Systematic survey of floral Nectaries. In: Nicolson, S. W., Nepi, M. & Pacini, E. (Eds.), Nectaries and Nectar. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 19 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5937 - 7 _ 2" type="book chapter" year="2007">Bernardello 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F524B723B0CFFC00988FF61B7935FD7" author="Taylor, D. W. & Hu, S. & Tiffney, B. H." box="[476,684,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="365" pagination="353 - 376" refId="ref18704" refString="Taylor, D. W., Hu, S. & Tiffney, B. H. (2012) Fossil floral and fruit evidence for the evolution of unusual developmental characters in Fagales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 168, 353 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2012.01217. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Taylor
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0CFFC00A66FF61B7555FD7" box="[562,618,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="365">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Weber and Keeler 2013) and, at least in southern-hemisphere galls produced by other insects, no nectar-producing structure is associated with the gall tissues, so these secretions may not be analogous to extrafloral nectaries. Instead it has been proposed that these secretions are more functionally similar to arthropod honeydew secretions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F524B723B0CFFC00A23FEFDB68D5E43" author="Aranda-Rickert, A. & Rothen, C. & Diez, P. & Gonzailez, A. M. & Marazzi, B." box="[631,946,295,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="365" pagination="765 - 774" refId="ref15420" refString="Aranda-Rickert, A., Rothen, C., Diez, P., Gonzailez, A. M. & Marazzi, B. (2017) Sugary secretions of wasp galls: a want-to-be extrafloral nectar? Annals of Botany, 120, 765 - 774. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aob / mcx 075" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Aranda-Rickert
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0CFFC00B62FEFDB6515E43" box="[822,878,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="365">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The induction of nectar secretions and the galls themselves are thought to be part of the extended phenotype of the gall wasp (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F524B723B0CFFC00C6EFE91B01D5E67" author="Nicholls, J. A. & Melika, G. & Stone, G. N." box="[1082,1314,331,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="365" pagination="67 - 77" refId="ref17700" refString="Nicholls, J. A., Melika, G. & Stone, G. N. (2017) Sweet tetra-trophic interactions: Multiple evolution of nectar secretion, a defensive extended phenotype in Cynipid gall wasps. The American Naturalist, 189, 67 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 689399" type="journal article" year="2017">
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Nicholls
|
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<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0CFFC00CFCFE91B1DF5E67" box="[1192,1248,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="365">et al.</emphasis>
|
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2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="5F524B723B0CFFC00D79FE91B4295E8B" author="Stone, G. N. & Cook, J. M." pageId="10" pageNumber="365" pagination="979 - 988" refId="ref18455" refString="Stone, G. N. & Cook, J. M. (1998) The structure of cynipid oak galls: patterns in the evolution of an extended phenotype. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 265, 979 - 988. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 1998.0387" type="journal article" year="1998">Stone and Cook 1998</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="5F524B723B0CFFC00976FEB5B4D45E8B" author="Stone, G. N. & Atkinson, R. J. & Bellido, D. & Pujade-Villar, J." box="[290,491,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="365" pagination="633 - 668" refId="ref18514" refString="Stone, G. N., Scho ¨ nrogge, K., Atkinson, R. J., Bellido, D. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2002) The population biology of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 633 - 668. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 47.091201.145247" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
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Stone
|
||
<emphasis id="09B7EA913B0CFFC0093BFEB5B4975E8B" box="[367,424,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="365">et al.</emphasis>
|
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2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
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).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3B7C36833B0CFFC00893FE49B4495D3F" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="365">
|
||
Unlike the asexual generation galls, the sexual generation galls have been found to be very similar between species with the galls looking similar to buff-colored grains of rice that are located in or near the meristem of the leafing buds in the early spring. The spring galls often disfigure the newly developing stem making it shorter and the new leaf petioles will often curl around the gall making it difficult to see the gall without spreading or removing the leaves (
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<figureCitation id="A3F82A063B0CFFC00942FDF9B4565D3F" box="[278,361,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–10" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1586,1610]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,597,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-212@10.[151,1435,597,1563]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 8–10. (8) Ventral hypopygial spine, Disholcaspis corallina; (9) ventral hypopygial spine, D. chrysolepidis; (10) Quercus sp. leaf petioles curling around a Disholcaspis sexual generation gall with one leaf removed so that you can see the gall." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4413160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4413160/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="365">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |