1219 lines
161 KiB
XML
1219 lines
161 KiB
XML
<document id="555C64726B3C1E759D376BDD9633069E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.280590" ID-GBIF-Dataset="35f6ecad-68d3-44cb-9183-d1c9617c2c57" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="280590" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460462301487" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cárdenas, Paco & Rapp, Hans Tore" docDate="2012" docId="A61787B7DC6DFFBCFF33FF5EFD11FB2C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03253p053.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3253" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Characella pachastrelloides Carter 1876" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="5A2EFFCFDC69FFB6FFA4FFC9FFB8FFE8" masterDocTitle="A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing Astrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new species" masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698304409925" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="2DA6F8D2AB74EC10B3B5C66501ED7DE6" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="2E4C8715389C6F4A647856F6B0E15A2E">
|
||
<mods:title id="E390F01493B0D1C963FDF502ABF0F50F">A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing Astrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new species</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="89A5BDD06D584628CB528788B6504C43" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="146D2E8CF07562DF7347743CCD33CB93">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="F50E795ED64477271CC4941FB35A472D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="2D66033D629BA4419E1283BCA7E9F4E1">Cárdenas, Paco</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="6ABD4BE6D24FAFC3CA03F97C46FFC110" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="F255322A58D0B5C0AB36E8BD19D8724A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="23AACF7585791C08FB019CAE8B8BACD4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="357E929CCC2C69C47099A209CEAE0DA9">Rapp, Hans Tore</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="9C13724DF83CF125A2994B35BF5F42B1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="381E07A983B38AFBBA01D679F48C3C22" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="075C21E72872FE602341C2250276516A">
|
||
<mods:title id="90D5EC0183D010D5BEF4A6FF67C47A09">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="B0390DCA509FA56ED1580549BDA38928">
|
||
<mods:date id="B4DA49FF8EC3C3F714AFCD298ACEB0F4">2012</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="0233FB18EAC2DB31E0070F54887670F3" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="810978FEDB011385492D2F363F6878E3">3253</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="3981E1E6338811D885B1240DA2E1F7D8" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="5FC8F8F164891C589449D2A0B5F7459E">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="F62DCD5733012D6865004D86578AD2AD">52</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="E8B5A53E7E3023144BEED6370812D122">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2F99377A8FC1E3A0877BCD50DBD5177F" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.280590</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="173497E187DB0223085A5CBAD3455446" type="GBIF-Dataset">35f6ecad-68d3-44cb-9183-d1c9617c2c57</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="454D59EDB177284776BC8AB8829FC799" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="74C955D1EEB14C94A57C90F249075E76" type="Zenodo-Dep">280590</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="A61787B7DC6DFFBCFF33FF5EFD11FB2C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6166229" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119512831" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6166229" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A61787B7DC6DFFBCFF33FF5EFD11FB2C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A61787B7DC6DFFBCFF33FF5EFD11FB2C" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC6DFFB2FF33FF5EFEB2FEF0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF33FF5EFD24FF59" blockId="4.[151,668,151,210]" box="[151,668,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading id="754981CDDC6DFFB2FF33FF5EFD24FF59" bold="true" box="[151,668,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FF33FF5EFD24FF59" authority="Carter, 1876" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,668,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF33FF5EFD24FF59" bold="true" box="[151,668,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF33FF5EFE50FF59" bold="true" box="[151,488,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Characella pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FE52FF5EFD2CFF59" author="Carter" box="[502,660,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Carter, H. J. (1876) Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, (105), 226 - 240; (106), 307 - 324; (107), 388 - 410; (108), 458 - 479, pls XII - XVI." type="journal article" year="1876">Carter, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF33FF73FE37FF3A" blockId="4.[151,668,151,210]" box="[151,399,186,210]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC6DFFB2FF3AFF73FE90FF3A" box="[158,296,186,210]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1792,1815]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1395,1418]" captionTargetBox-0="[248,1349,183,1791]" captionTargetBox-1="[221,1371,179,1871]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1417,537,1361]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[248,1350,183,1803]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[221,1372,179,1872]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[151,1436,517,1374]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. ZMBN 80248 collected in Norway. Scale: 1 cm; B. ZMBN 25629 from the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (Arnesen, 1932). Scale: 1 cm; C. ZMAPOR 20375 from Mingulay Reef, Scotland. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the skeletal architecture of cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 80248]; E. Cross-section of main atrium. Notice the tough contractile membrane surrounding the oscule. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 20375]; F. Close-up of thick section D showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 80248]; G. Thick section of the membrane surrounding the oscule. scc: sub-cortical canals. Scale: 1 mm [ZMAPOR 20375]; H. Crosssection showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 25629]; I. Anatriaenes in situ. Scale: 200 µm [ZMBN 85225]." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Spicules of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. Oxea I [ZMBN 80248]. mxI: microxea I; B. Oxea II [ZMBN 80248]; C. Microxea I [ZMBN 80248]; D. Dichotriaene [ZMBN 25629]; E. microxeas II [ZMBN 80248]; F. Amphiaster [ZMBN 80248]; G. Amphiaster [ZMBN 85225]; H. Amphiaster [ZMBN 25629]. Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868) [MNHN-DT 756, holotype]. I. Whole specimen; J. Amphiasters. Notice the additional actines on the central shaft for the smaller one. Notice the underdeveloped actines and the disappearance of the central shaft on the largest one." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. A. Geographical distribution of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876) and Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868). The molecular phylogenetic tree obtained in Cárdenas et al. (2011) is mapped in relation with the specimens sequenced; B. Geographical distribution of C. pachastrelloides and C. tripodaria in relation with bathymetry." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/280591/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/280592/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/280593/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figures 1 –3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="633C031ADC6DFFB2FE97FF73FE3FFF3A" box="[307,391,186,210]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[125,202,489,510]" captionText="TABLE 2. Individual spicule dimensions for specimens of Characella pachastrelloides and Characella tripodaria (in µm) with dimensions of the specimens. Means are in bold; other values are ranges;" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF33FECAFEB2FEF0" blockId="4.[151,1436,259,526]" box="[151,266,259,280]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Synonymy.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC6DFFB2FF33FEE8FB7DFDE6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF33FEE8FD4AFEDF" blockId="4.[151,1436,259,526]" box="[151,754,289,311]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FF33FEE8FDA6FEDF" authority="Carter, 1876" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,542,289,311]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stelletta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF33FEE8FE2DFEDF" box="[151,405,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stelletta pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FE38FEEBFDA6FEDF" author="Carter" box="[412,542,289,311]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Carter, H. J. (1876) Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, (105), 226 - 240; (106), 307 - 324; (107), 388 - 410; (108), 458 - 479, pls XII - XVI." type="journal article" year="1876">Carter, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FD83FEEBFD19FEDF" author="Carter" box="[551,673,289,311]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Carter, H. J. (1876) Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, (105), 226 - 240; (106), 307 - 324; (107), 388 - 410; (108), 458 - 479, pls XII - XVI." type="journal article" year="1876">Carter 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 403.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF33FE89FB51FEBD" blockId="4.[151,1436,259,526]" box="[151,1257,320,342]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FF33FE89FE4EFEBE" authority="Topsent, 1890" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,502,320,342]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sollasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF33FE89FEE9FEBE" box="[151,337,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Characella sollasi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FEF3FE88FE4EFEBE" author="Topsent" box="[343,502,320,342]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Topsent, E. (1890 b) Notice preliminaire sur les spongiaires recueillis durant les campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 15, 26 - 32, 65 - 71." type="journal article" year="1890" yearSuffix="b">Topsent, 1890b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FDA4FE88FD20FEBE" author="Topsent" box="[512,664,320,342]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Topsent, E. (1890 b) Notice preliminaire sur les spongiaires recueillis durant les campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 15, 26 - 32, 65 - 71." type="journal article" year="1890" yearSuffix="b">Topsent 1890b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 70;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FD46FE88FCD5FEBD" author="Topsent" box="[738,877,320,342]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Topsent, E. (1892) Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 2, 1 - 165, pls I - XI." type="journal article" year="1892">Topsent 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 40;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FC1CFE89FB1EFEBD" author="Ferrer-Hernandez" box="[952,1190,320,342]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Ferrer-Hernandez, F. (1914) Esponjas del Cantabrico. Parte 2. III. Myxospongia. IV. Tetraxonida. V. Triaxonida. Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Ser. Zoologica, 17, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1914">Ferrer-Hernández 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 11.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF33FE96FCCCFE59" blockId="4.[151,1436,259,526]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FF33FE96FDF9FE9C" authority="Sollas 1888" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,577,350,373]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF33FE96FE0FFE9D" box="[151,439,351,373]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Characella pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FE62FE97FDF9FE9C" author="Sollas" box="[454,577,350,372]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25, 1 - 458, pls I - XLIV, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, p. 407;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FD39FE96FC91FE9C" author="Topsent" box="[669,809,351,372]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 280, pls 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1904">Topsent 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 96;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FCDCFE97FBA8FE9C" author="Stephens" box="[888,1040,350,372]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Stephens, J. (1915) Sponges of the Coasts of Ireland. I. - The Triaxonia and part of the Tetraxonida. Fisheries, Ireland Scientific Investigations, 1914, 1 - 43, pls I - V." type="journal article" year="1915">Stephens 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 14;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FBFBFE96FB54FE9C" author="Topsent" box="[1119,1260,351,372]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Mediterranee provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert l er de Monaco. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 74, 1 - 376, pls I - XI." type="journal article" year="1928">Topsent 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 133;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FAECFE96FF44FE7A" author="Arnesen" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Arnesen, E. (1932) Spongia. In: Report on the Scientific Results of the " Michael Sars " North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition, 1910. Bergen Museum, Bergen, pp. 1 - 29, pls I - V." type="journal article" year="1932">Arnesen 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 13;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FEE3FEB4FDA5FE7B" author="Levi" box="[327,541,381,403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Levi, C. & Vacelet, J. (1958) Eponges recoltees dans l'Atlantique Oriental par le " President Theodore Tissier " (1955 - 1956). Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches maritimes, 22, 225 - 246." type="journal article" year="1958">Lévi & Vacelet 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 231;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FDD0FEB4FCC5FE7A" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[628,893,381,403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Boury-Esnault, N., Pansini, M. & Uriz, M. J. (1994) Spongiaires bathyaux de la mer d'Alboran et du golfe ibero-marocain. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 160, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Boury-Esnault
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FCABFEB7FC84FE7B" box="[783,828,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 46;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FC6DFEB4FBC0FE7B" author="Maldonado" box="[969,1144,381,403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Maldonado, M. (1996) On the presence of anatriaenes in Pachastrellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): evidence for a new phylogenetic family concept. Journal of Natural History, 30, 389 - 405." type="journal article" year="1996">Maldonado 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 394;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FB6BFEB4FAC6FE7A" author="Maldonado" box="[1231,1406,381,403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Maldonado, M. (2002) Family Pachastrellidae Carter, 1875. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 141 - 162." type="book chapter" year="2002">Maldonado 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 148; van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FE81FE55FE68FE59" author="Soest" box="[293,464,412,434]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="van Soest, R. W. M., Cleary, D. F. R., de Kluijver, M. J., Lavaleye, M. S. S., Maier, C. & van Duyl, F. C. (2007) Sponge diversity and community composition in Irish bathyal coral reefs. Contributions to Zoology, 76, 121 - 142." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Soest
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FEC6FE54FE36FE5A" box="[354,398,412,434]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="633C031ADC6DFFB2FE7EFE52FD9DFE59" box="[474,549,411,433]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[125,202,489,510]" captionText="TABLE 2. Individual spicule dimensions for specimens of Characella pachastrelloides and Characella tripodaria (in µm) with dimensions of the specimens. Means are in bold; other values are ranges;" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FD9DFE52FCB2FE59" author="Cardenas" box="[569,778,411,434]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Cardenas, P., Xavier, J. R., Reveillaud, J., Schander, C. & Rapp, H. T. (2011) Molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae p) reveals an unexpected high level of spicule homoplasy. PLoS ONE, 6, e 18318. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0018318." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Cárdenas
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FD39FE54FD71FE5A" box="[669,713,412,434]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Table S1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF33FE73FC8AFE38" blockId="4.[151,1436,259,526]" box="[151,818,442,465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FF33FE73FDEFFE39" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,599,442,465]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF33FE73FE1FFE38" box="[151,423,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stryphnus pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FE11FE73FDF6FE39" author="Schmidt" box="[437,590,442,465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig), iii - iv, 1 - 88, pls I - VI." type="book chapter" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FDC4FE72FD59FE38" author="Burton" box="[608,737,442,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Burton, M. (1954) Sponges. in: The ' Rosaura' Expedition. Part 5. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 2, 215 - 239, pl. 9." type="journal article" year="1954">Burton 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 220.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF33FE13FA2CFE18" blockId="4.[151,1436,259,526]" box="[151,1428,473,496]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FF67FE13FDD2FE07" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[195,618,473,495]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Ancorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF67FE13FE75FE07" box="[195,461,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ancorina pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FE70FE10FDD2FE07" author="Schmidt" box="[468,618,473,495]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig), iii - iv, 1 - 88, pls I - VI." type="book chapter" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, p. 68 =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FD66FE10FBFDFE07" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[706,1093,473,495]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="connectens">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FD66FE10FC13FE07" box="[706,939,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Characella connectens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FC15FE10FBFDFE07" author="Schmidt" box="[945,1093,473,495]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig), iii - iv, 1 - 88, pls I - VI." type="book chapter" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FB6BFE10FA37FE18" author="Maldonado" box="[1231,1423,473,496]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Maldonado, M. (2002) Family Pachastrellidae Carter, 1875. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 141 - 162." type="book chapter" year="2002">Maldonado (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF33FE30FB7DFDE6" blockId="4.[151,1436,259,526]" box="[151,1221,504,526]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FF67FE31FD8AFDE6" authority="Topsent, 1892" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1892" box="[195,562,504,526]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sollasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF67FE31FE3FFDE6" box="[195,391,504,526]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Poecillastra sollasi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FE30FE31FD92FDE6" author="Topsent" box="[404,554,504,526]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Topsent, E. (1892) Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 2, 1 - 165, pls I - XI." type="journal article" year="1892">Topsent, 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FDC8FE31FCF6FDE5" author="Soest" box="[620,846,504,526]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="van Soest, R. W. M. & Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados Deep-Water Sponges. In: Hummelinck, P. W. & Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.) Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen, No. 122., Amsterdam, pp. 1 - 175." type="book chapter" year="1988">Soest & Stentoft 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 36 =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FC02FE31FB9AFDE6" box="[934,1058,504,526]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FC02FE31FB9AFDE6" box="[934,1058,504,526]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Poecillastra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (this study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC6DFFB2FF33FDF2FE1DFC62" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF33FDF2FE20FD9D" blockId="4.[151,1436,570,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF33FDF2FEB8FDBB" box="[151,256,571,595]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="48AFAE64DC6DFFB2FEA2FDF2FEEFFDBA" box="[262,343,571,594]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ZMBN</collectionCode>
|
||
80248, Brattholmen, Hjeltefjord, western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FC94FDF2FC33FDBB" box="[816,907,571,595]" name="Norway" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
, depth:
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6DFFB2FC46FDF3FBE8FDBA" box="[994,1104,570,594]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="110.0" valueMax="140.0" valueMin="80.0">80-140 m</quantity>
|
||
, deep-water
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FB7AFDF2FA24FDBB" box="[1246,1436,571,595]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Lophelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pertusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FB7AFDF2FA24FDBB" box="[1246,1436,571,595]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lophelia pertusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reef, triangular dredge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF63FD49FD81FD70" blockId="4.[151,1436,570,2016]" box="[199,569,640,664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF63FD49FD81FD70" box="[199,569,640,664]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Comparative material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF63FD6AFE1DFC62" blockId="4.[151,1436,570,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FF63FD6AFDB4FD53" box="[199,524,675,699]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF63FD6AFDB4FD53" box="[199,524,675,699]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Characella pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MNHN-DN22, Norman Collection, slide, Porcupine expedition; ZMAPOR 20375, Mingulay reef,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FE03FD0CFDB4FD35" box="[423,524,709,733]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC6DFFB2FDB8FD0CFD19FD35" box="[540,673,709,733]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="15" value="56.824165">56°49'27''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC6DFFB2FD16FD0CFCA7FD35" box="[690,799,709,733]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="15" value="-7.3686113">7°22'7''W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6DFFB2FC8BFD0CFC16FD35" box="[815,942,709,733]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.325" metricValueMax="1.3699999999999999" metricValueMin="1.28" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="132.5" valueMax="137.0" valueMin="128.0">128-137 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC6DFFB2FC67FD0CFBB3FD35" box="[963,1035,709,733]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[221,1371,179,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1372,179,1872]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. Oxea I [ZMBN 80248]. mxI: microxea I; B. Oxea II [ZMBN 80248]; C. Microxea I [ZMBN 80248]; D. Dichotriaene [ZMBN 25629]; E. microxeas II [ZMBN 80248]; F. Amphiaster [ZMBN 80248]; G. Amphiaster [ZMBN 85225]; H. Amphiaster [ZMBN 25629]. Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868) [MNHN-DT 756, holotype]. I. Whole specimen; J. Amphiasters. Notice the additional actines on the central shaft for the smaller one. Notice the underdeveloped actines and the disappearance of the central shaft on the largest one." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280592/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C, E, G);
|
||
<collectionCode id="48AFAE64DC6DFFB2FB21FD0FFB6EFD35" box="[1157,1238,710,733]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ZMBN</collectionCode>
|
||
25629,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC6DFFB2FA9FFD0CFA2FFD35" box="[1339,1431,709,733]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="925" value="35.533333">35º32'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC6DFFB2FF33FD2EFF4FFD17" box="[151,247,743,767]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="925" value="-7.116667">07º07'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Ibero-Moroccan Gulf,
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6DFFB2FDA5FD2EFDEEFD17" box="[513,598,743,767]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.215" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1215.0">1215 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FDC1FD2EFCBCFD17" author="Arnesen" box="[613,772,743,767]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Arnesen, E. (1932) Spongia. In: Report on the Scientific Results of the " Michael Sars " North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition, 1910. Bergen Museum, Bergen, pp. 1 - 29, pls I - V." type="journal article" year="1932">Arnesen 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC6DFFB2FCBFFD2EFCE7FD17" box="[795,863,743,767]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[221,1371,179,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1372,179,1872]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. Oxea I [ZMBN 80248]. mxI: microxea I; B. Oxea II [ZMBN 80248]; C. Microxea I [ZMBN 80248]; D. Dichotriaene [ZMBN 25629]; E. microxeas II [ZMBN 80248]; F. Amphiaster [ZMBN 80248]; G. Amphiaster [ZMBN 85225]; H. Amphiaster [ZMBN 25629]. Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868) [MNHN-DT 756, holotype]. I. Whole specimen; J. Amphiasters. Notice the additional actines on the central shaft for the smaller one. Notice the underdeveloped actines and the disappearance of the central shaft on the largest one." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280592/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, H); ZMAPOR 18041, Gulf of Cadiz,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FA80FD2EFADFFD17" box="[1316,1383,743,767]" name="Spain" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6DFFB2FAD6FD2EFF08FCCA" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.42" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="742.0">742 m</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="48AFAE64DC6DFFB2FF19FCC2FEB6FCCA" box="[189,270,779,802]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ZMBN</collectionCode>
|
||
85225,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC6DFFB2FEC9FCC3FE72FCCA" box="[365,458,778,802]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="925" value="38.266666">38º16'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC6DFFB2FE73FCC3FD91FCCA" box="[471,553,778,802]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="925" value="-9.166667">9º10'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Setúbal canyon, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FC9BFCC3FC19FCCA" box="[831,929,778,802]" name="Portugal" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6DFFB2FC0AFCC3FBBDFCCA" box="[942,1029,778,802]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.451" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1451.0">1451 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC6DFFB2FBB2FCC3FBE4FCCA" box="[1046,1116,778,802]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[221,1371,179,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1372,179,1872]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. Oxea I [ZMBN 80248]. mxI: microxea I; B. Oxea II [ZMBN 80248]; C. Microxea I [ZMBN 80248]; D. Dichotriaene [ZMBN 25629]; E. microxeas II [ZMBN 80248]; F. Amphiaster [ZMBN 80248]; G. Amphiaster [ZMBN 85225]; H. Amphiaster [ZMBN 25629]. Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868) [MNHN-DT 756, holotype]. I. Whole specimen; J. Amphiasters. Notice the additional actines on the central shaft for the smaller one. Notice the underdeveloped actines and the disappearance of the central shaft on the largest one." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280592/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="5A001061DC6DFFB2FBE8FCC3FBE4FCCA" box="[1100,1116,778,802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I);
|
||
<collectionCode id="48AFAE64DC6DFFB2FBD9FCC2FB76FCCA" box="[1149,1230,779,802]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ZMBN</collectionCode>
|
||
85241, Guilvinec Canyon, Bay of Biscay,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC6DFFB2FE60FCE4FD9BFCAD" box="[452,547,813,837]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="925" value="46.9">46°54'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC6DFFB2FD91FCE4FD20FCAD" box="[565,664,813,837]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="925" value="-5.3166666">05°19'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6DFFB2FD0FFCE4FC97FCAD" box="[683,815,813,837]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.834999999999999" metricValueMax="6.909999999999999" metricValueMin="6.76" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="683.5" valueMax="691.0" valueMin="676.0">
|
||
676-
|
||
<specimenCount id="38B8FD28DC6DFFB2FD7AFCE4FC97FCAD" box="[734,815,813,837]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="generic">691 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FCE5FCE4FB09FCAD" box="[833,1201,813,837]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FCE5FCE4FC07FCAD" box="[833,959,813,837]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Characella</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FC5DFCE4FB09FCAD" box="[1017,1201,813,837]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MNHN-DCL3228, Manila,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FF52FC86FECFFC8F" box="[246,375,847,871]" name="Philippines" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6DFFB2FE20FC86FDBAFC8F" box="[388,514,847,871]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="185.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="170.0">170-200 m</quantity>
|
||
, MUSORSTOM 1, St. 51; MNHN-DCL3229, slide, Manila,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FB1AFC86FA87FC8F" box="[1214,1343,847,871]" name="Philippines" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6DFFB2FAE8FC86FA20FC8F" box="[1356,1432,847,871]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="198.0">198 m</quantity>
|
||
, MUSORSTOM 2, St. 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC6DFFB2FF63FC5CFC64F8BE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF63FC5CFBAAFC45" blockId="4.[151,1436,570,2016]" box="[199,1042,917,941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FF63FC5CFDC4FC45" authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" box="[199,636,917,941]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF63FC5CFE07FC45" box="[199,447,917,941]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Characella tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FE69FC5CFDCBFC45" author="Schmidt" box="[461,627,917,941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schmidt, O. (1868) Die Spongien der Kuste von Algier. Mit Nachtragen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, i - iv, 1 - 44, pls I - V. pp." type="book chapter" year="1868">Schmidt, 1868</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MNHN-DT756,
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC6DFFB2FCE2FC5CFC13FC45" box="[838,939,917,941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FC12FC5CFBB6FC45" box="[950,1038,917,941]" name="Algeria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF63FC71FD91FC1A" blockId="4.[151,1436,570,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FF63FC71FD8EFC27" authority="Levi, 1964" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1964" box="[199,566,951,976]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF63FC71FE17FC38" box="[199,431,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Characella tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FE1CFC7EFD8EFC27" author="Levi" box="[440,566,951,975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Levi, C. (1964) Spongiaires des zones bathyale, abyssale et hadale. Galathea Report. Scientific Reports of the Danish Deep-Sea Expedition Round the World, 1950 - 52, 7, 63 - 112, pls. II - XI." type="journal article" year="1964">Lévi, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MNHN-DCL1396, slide of
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC6DFFB2FC26FC7EFC5FFC27" box="[898,999,951,975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC6DFFB2FC51FC7EFBF7FC27" box="[1013,1103,951,975]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="925" value="-29.916666">29°55'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC6DFFB2FBF9FC7EFB00FC27" box="[1117,1208,951,975]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="925" value="31.333334">31°20'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Off Durban,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FAFFFC7EFF5AFC1A" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6DFFB2FF48FC13FE8DFC1A" box="[236,309,986,1010]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="430.0">430 m</quantity>
|
||
, Galathea expedition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF63FC34FAE0FBFD" blockId="4.[151,1436,570,2016]" box="[199,1368,1021,1046]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FF63FC34FE11FBFD" box="[199,425,1021,1045]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dilifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF63FC34FE11FBFD" box="[199,425,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Poecillastra dilifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FE7FFC34FD19FBFD" author="Laubenfels" box="[475,673,1021,1045]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="de Laubenfels, M. W. (1934) New sponges from the Puerto-Rican deep. Smithsonian Miscellanous Collections, 91, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1934">Laubenfels, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), MNHN-DNBE1, slide of
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC6DFFB2FC72FC37FB81FBFE" box="[982,1081,1022,1046]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FBE0FC37FB74FBFD" box="[1092,1228,1021,1045]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6DFFB2FB73FC34FAECFBFD" box="[1239,1364,1021,1045]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.935" metricValueMax="5.4799999999999995" metricValueMin="4.39" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="493.5" valueMax="548.0" valueMin="439.0">
|
||
439-
|
||
<specimenCount id="38B8FD28DC6DFFB2FAAEFC34FAECFBFD" box="[1290,1364,1021,1045]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="generic">548 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF63FBE9FD15FBB2" blockId="4.[151,1436,570,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FF63FBE9FEE8FBD0" box="[199,336,1056,1080]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF63FBE9FEE8FBD0" box="[199,336,1056,1080]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Poecillastra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., ZMAPOR 5300, originally identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FCEBFBE9FB91FBD0" box="[847,1065,1056,1080]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sollasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FCEBFBE9FB91FBD0" box="[847,1065,1056,1080]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Poecillastra sollasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FBCEFBD6FADFFBDF" author="Soest" box="[1130,1383,1055,1079]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="van Soest, R. W. M. & Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados Deep-Water Sponges. In: Hummelinck, P. W. & Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.) Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen, No. 122., Amsterdam, pp. 1 - 175." type="book chapter" year="1988">Soest & Stentoft 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), off Paynes Bay,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FE82FB8BFE2BFBB2" box="[294,403,1090,1114]" name="Barbados" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6DFFB2FE3AFB8BFE5FFBB2" box="[414,487,1090,1114]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="216.0">216 m</quantity>
|
||
, det. P. Cárdenas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF63FBAFFED9FAEF" blockId="4.[151,1436,570,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF63FBAFFE2EFB95" box="[199,406,1125,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Outer morphology</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC6DFFB2FE02FBACFE5DFB95" box="[422,485,1125,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1792,1815]" captionTargetBox="[248,1349,183,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[248,1350,183,1803]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. ZMBN 80248 collected in Norway. Scale: 1 cm; B. ZMBN 25629 from the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (Arnesen, 1932). Scale: 1 cm; C. ZMAPOR 20375 from Mingulay Reef, Scotland. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the skeletal architecture of cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 80248]; E. Cross-section of main atrium. Notice the tough contractile membrane surrounding the oscule. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 20375]; F. Close-up of thick section D showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 80248]; G. Thick section of the membrane surrounding the oscule. scc: sub-cortical canals. Scale: 1 mm [ZMAPOR 20375]; H. Crosssection showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 25629]; I. Anatriaenes in situ. Scale: 200 µm [ZMBN 85225]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280591/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A). ZMBN 80248 is a massive fragment
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6DFFB2FC10FBACFC53FB95" box="[948,1003,1125,1149]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6DFFB2FBFFFBACFB2AFB95" box="[1115,1170,1125,1149]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Surface and choanosome color in ethanol is cream. The specimen is not compressible. Surface is irregular, strongly hispid and dirty (due to trapped sediments). The specimen is partly stained purple due to the encrusting sponge
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FB78FB62FE3EFB0D" authority="Topsent, 1913" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1913" class="Demospongiae" family="Ianthellidae" genus="Hexadella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Verongida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dedritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FB78FB62FF6CFB0D" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hexadella dedritifera</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FF7EFB07FE3EFB0D" author="Topsent" box="[218,390,1229,1253]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Topsent, E. (1913 b) Spongiaires provenant des campagnes scientifiques de la ' Princesse Alice' dans les Mers du Nord (1898 - 1899 - 1906 - 1907). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 45, 1 - 67, pls I - V." type="journal article" year="1913" yearSuffix="b">Topsent, 1913b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which turns from bright yellow to purple in ethanol. There is no visible cortex. No oscules or pores were found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF63FADAFB43F9F5" blockId="4.[151,1436,570,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF63FADAFE9EFAC3" box="[199,294,1299,1323]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Skeleton</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC6DFFB2FE91FADBFECDFAC2" box="[309,373,1298,1322]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1792,1815]" captionTargetBox="[248,1349,183,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[248,1350,183,1803]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. ZMBN 80248 collected in Norway. Scale: 1 cm; B. ZMBN 25629 from the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (Arnesen, 1932). Scale: 1 cm; C. ZMAPOR 20375 from Mingulay Reef, Scotland. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the skeletal architecture of cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 80248]; E. Cross-section of main atrium. Notice the tough contractile membrane surrounding the oscule. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 20375]; F. Close-up of thick section D showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 80248]; G. Thick section of the membrane surrounding the oscule. scc: sub-cortical canals. Scale: 1 mm [ZMAPOR 20375]; H. Crosssection showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 25629]; I. Anatriaenes in situ. Scale: 200 µm [ZMBN 85225]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280591/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D, F). There is no real separated cortex, just a dense accumulation of paratangential microxeas II, reinforced by an underlying dense layer of paratangential microxeas I. This layer is 150–200 µm thick, thus invisible to the naked eye. Both orthotriaenes and dichotriaenes are present, more or less positioned radially with their cladomes tangential to the cortex. Some oxeas and triaenes cross the surface; they are responsible of the strong hispidation. Apart from the radial position of some triaenes, the arrangement of the spicules in the choanosome is confused. Amphiasters are commonly found in the cortex area but are also moderately present in the choanosome. Both kinds of microxeas are abundant in the choanosome, but the microxeas I are clearly predominant and form a dense meshwork. There is also a contamination of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6DFFB2FCEBF9CCFC19F9F5" box="[847,929,1541,1565]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FCEBF9CCFC19F9F5" box="[847,929,1541,1565]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Geodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sterrasters in the choanosome.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF63F9E1FC64F8BE" blockId="4.[151,1436,570,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF63F9E1FE9CF9A8" box="[199,292,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spicules</emphasis>
|
||
(ZMBN 80248) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC6DFFB2FE49F9EEFD8BF9D7" box="[493,563,1575,1599]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[221,1371,179,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1372,179,1872]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. Oxea I [ZMBN 80248]. mxI: microxea I; B. Oxea II [ZMBN 80248]; C. Microxea I [ZMBN 80248]; D. Dichotriaene [ZMBN 25629]; E. microxeas II [ZMBN 80248]; F. Amphiaster [ZMBN 80248]; G. Amphiaster [ZMBN 85225]; H. Amphiaster [ZMBN 25629]. Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868) [MNHN-DT 756, holotype]. I. Whole specimen; J. Amphiasters. Notice the additional actines on the central shaft for the smaller one. Notice the underdeveloped actines and the disappearance of the central shaft on the largest one." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280592/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). (a) oxeas I, stout, most are curved (once or twice), length: 2184-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FA87F9E1FAE3F9A8" box="[1315,1371,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1769</emphasis>
|
||
-1210 µm; width: 20-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FEE3F982FEDBF98B" box="[327,355,1611,1635]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">37</emphasis>
|
||
-52 µm. (b) oxeas II, foreign?, slightly curved, smooth, sometimes modified to a style, rare, length: 300-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FEBBF9A4FEE6F96D" box="[287,350,1645,1669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">381.4</emphasis>
|
||
-438 µm (N=21); width:
|
||
<date id="5A001061DC6DFFB2FDD3F9A4FD5BF96D" box="[631,739,1645,1669]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1913-07-09" valueMax="1913-07-11" valueMin="1913-07-09">
|
||
9-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FD2AF9A4FD03F96D" box="[654,699,1645,1669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11.7</emphasis>
|
||
-13
|
||
</date>
|
||
µm (N=21). (c) ortho- and dichotriaenes, some with deformities such as irregular or additional clads, rhabdome length: 168-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FCCCF959FC2AF940" box="[872,914,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">408</emphasis>
|
||
-630 µm; rhabdome width: 11-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FB4AF959FAB2F940" box="[1262,1290,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">33</emphasis>
|
||
-49 µm; clad length for orthotriaenes: 83-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FE73F97AFDB9F923" box="[471,513,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">175</emphasis>
|
||
-316 µm (N=18); clad length for dichotriaenes: 70-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FBEFF97AFBDFF923" box="[1099,1127,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">99</emphasis>
|
||
-129 µm + 72-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FAB4F97AFA82F923" box="[1296,1338,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">135</emphasis>
|
||
-194 µm (N=12). (d) amphiaster, 9-14 actines, microspiny, length: 13-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FCD8F91CFC20F905" box="[892,920,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">18</emphasis>
|
||
-29 µm. (e) microxea I, in high numbers, microspiny, usually straight but sometimes curved, sometimes modified to a microstyle, length: 80-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FAACF931FA8AF8F8" box="[1288,1330,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">195</emphasis>
|
||
-259 µm; width: 2-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF59F8D2FE98F8DB" box="[253,288,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">4.4</emphasis>
|
||
-5 µm. (f) microxea II, faintly microspiny, straight or bent, often centrotylotes, sometimes modified to a microstyle or a microstrongyle, length: 24-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FD2FF8F4FD1FF8BD" box="[651,679,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">35</emphasis>
|
||
-49 µm; width: 2-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FCC9F8F4FC28F8BD" box="[877,912,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2.6</emphasis>
|
||
-4 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC6DFFB1FF63F8A9FD49FF47" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6DFFB2FF63F8A9FD4FF808" blockId="4.[151,1436,570,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FF63F8A9FEE8F890" box="[199,336,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC6DFFB2FEC2F896FE14F89F" box="[358,428,1887,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1395,1418]" captionTargetBox="[151,1417,537,1361]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,517,1374]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Geographical distribution of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876) and Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868). The molecular phylogenetic tree obtained in Cárdenas et al. (2011) is mapped in relation with the specimens sequenced; B. Geographical distribution of C. pachastrelloides and C. tripodaria in relation with bathymetry." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280593/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FE65F8A9FDA3F890" box="[449,539,1888,1912]" name="Norway" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
(this study);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FD16F896FCACF89F" box="[690,788,1887,1911]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(this study); Porcupine Bank (van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FB3BF896FAE7F89F" author="Soest" box="[1183,1375,1887,1912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="van Soest, R. W. M., Cleary, D. F. R., de Kluijver, M. J., Lavaleye, M. S. S., Maier, C. & van Duyl, F. C. (2007) Sponge diversity and community composition in Irish bathyal coral reefs. Contributions to Zoology, 76, 121 - 142." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Soest
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FB47F8A8FAA4F890" box="[1251,1308,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FAD0F8A9FF7FF872" name="Ireland" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FF7DF84BFE3DF872" author="Stephens" box="[217,389,1922,1946]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Stephens, J. (1915) Sponges of the Coasts of Ireland. I. - The Triaxonia and part of the Tetraxonida. Fisheries, Ireland Scientific Investigations, 1914, 1 - 43, pls I - V." type="journal article" year="1915">Stephens 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FE39F84BFE44F872" box="[413,508,1922,1946]" name="Portugal" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FDA9F84BFD19F872" author="Carter" box="[525,673,1922,1946]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Carter, H. J. (1876) Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, (105), 226 - 240; (106), 307 - 324; (107), 388 - 410; (108), 458 - 479, pls XII - XVI." type="journal article" year="1876">Carter, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FD0BF84AFCECF872" author="Topsent" box="[687,852,1922,1946]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Topsent, E. (1892) Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 2, 1 - 165, pls I - XI." type="journal article" year="1892">Topsent, 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study); Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FB57F84BFA2FF872" author="Arnesen" box="[1267,1431,1922,1946]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Arnesen, E. (1932) Spongia. In: Report on the Scientific Results of the " Michael Sars " North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition, 1910. Bergen Museum, Bergen, pp. 1 - 29, pls I - V." type="journal article" year="1932">Arnesen 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FF33F86CFE79F855" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[151,449,1957,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Boury-Esnault, N., Pansini, M. & Uriz, M. J. (1994) Spongiaires bathyaux de la mer d'Alboran et du golfe ibero-marocain. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 160, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Boury-Esnault
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6DFFB2FEE7F86FFEC4F855" box="[323,380,1957,1981]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Azores Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FD2AF86CFC94F855" author="Topsent" box="[654,812,1957,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 280, pls 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1904">Topsent 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FC9DF86CFCCCF855" author="Topsent" box="[825,884,1957,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Mediterranee provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert l er de Monaco. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 74, 1 - 376, pls I - XI." type="journal article" year="1928">1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FC25F86CFBCAF855" author="Levi" box="[897,1138,1957,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Levi, C. & Vacelet, J. (1958) Eponges recoltees dans l'Atlantique Oriental par le " President Theodore Tissier " (1955 - 1956). Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches maritimes, 22, 225 - 246." type="journal article" year="1958">Lévi & Vacelet 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Canary Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FAE5F86CFF6AF808" author="Topsent" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Mediterranee provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert l er de Monaco. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 74, 1 - 376, pls I - XI." type="journal article" year="1928">Topsent 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FF79F800FED6F808" author="Burton" box="[221,366,1992,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Burton, M. (1954) Sponges. in: The ' Rosaura' Expedition. Part 5. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 2, 215 - 239, pl. 9." type="journal article" year="1954">Burton 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);?
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6DFFB2FE29F801FDB5F808" box="[397,525,1992,2016]" name="Philippines" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6DFFB2FDB8F801FD53F808" author="Levi" box="[540,747,1992,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Levi, C. & Levi, P. (1989) Spongiaires (MUSORSTOM 1 & 2). In: J. Forest (Ed.). Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, Vo l u m e 4. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie), 143, 1 - 260." type="journal article" year="1989">Lévi & Lévi 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7AC16629DC6CFFB3FF33F8C9FD9AF805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280591/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[248,1349,183,1791]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6CFFB3FF33F8C9FD9AF805" blockId="5.[151,1437,1792,2029]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6CFFB3FF33F8C9FEABF8FE" bold="true" box="[151,275,1792,1815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6CFFB3FEBEF8C9FD69F8FE" authority="Carter, 1876" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1876" box="[282,721,1792,1814]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6CFFB3FEBEF8C9FD80F8FE" box="[282,568,1792,1814]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Characella pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
(Carter, 1876)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A. ZMBN 80248 collected in Norway. Scale: 1 cm; B. ZMBN 25629 from the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (Arnesen, 1932). Scale: 1 cm; C. ZMAPOR 20375 from Mingulay Reef, Scotland. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the skeletal architecture of cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 80248]; E. Cross-section of main atrium. Notice the tough contractile membrane surrounding the oscule. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 20375]; F. Close-up of thick section D showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 80248]; G. Thick section of the membrane surrounding the oscule. scc: sub-cortical canals. Scale: 1 mm [ZMAPOR 20375]; H. Crosssection showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 25629]; I. Anatriaenes
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6CFFB3FF33F811FF6DF805" box="[151,213,2008,2029]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
. Scale: 200 µm [ZMBN 85225].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="7AC16629DC6FFFB0FF33F8ABFB58F81B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280592/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[221,1371,179,1871]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6FFFB0FF33F8ABFB58F81B" blockId="6.[151,1437,1890,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6FFFB0FF33F8ABFEACF890" bold="true" box="[151,276,1890,1913]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Spicules of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6FFFB0FE32F8ABFCE8F890" authority="Carter, 1876" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1876" box="[406,848,1890,1912]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6FFFB0FE32F8ABFD0EF890" box="[406,694,1890,1912]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Characella pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
(Carter, 1876)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A. Oxea I [ZMBN 80248]. mxI: microxea I; B. Oxea II [ZMBN 80248]; C. Microxea I [ZMBN 80248]; D. Dichotriaene [ZMBN 25629]; E. microxeas II [ZMBN 80248]; F. Amphiaster [ZMBN 80248]; G. Amphiaster [ZMBN 85225]; H. Amphiaster [ZMBN 25629].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6FFFB0FBF5F869FF6AF83C" authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6FFFB0FBF5F869FA8AF85E" box="[1105,1330,1952,1974]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Characella tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
(Schmidt, 1868)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[MNHN-DT 756, holotype]. I. Whole specimen; J. Amphiasters. Notice the additional actines on the central shaft for the smaller one. Notice the underdeveloped actines and the disappearance of the central shaft on the largest one.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6EFFB1FF63FF51FD49FF47" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,464]" box="[199,753,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FF63FF51FEABFF58" box="[199,275,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Depth.</emphasis>
|
||
140 m-
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6EFFB1FECEFF5EFE06FF47" box="[362,446,151,175]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8039999999999998" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="1804.0">1804 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6EFFB1FE68FF5EFD5EFF47" author="Topsent" box="[460,742,151,175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Mediterranee provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert l er de Monaco. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 74, 1 - 376, pls I - XI." type="journal article" year="1928">Topsent 1928; this study</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC6EFFBCFF63FF74FAC7FCFC" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6EFFB1FF63FF74FA8DFE27" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FF63FF74FEF1FF3C" box="[199,329,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
This is the first record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6EFFB1FDCDFF74FCF9FF3C" box="[617,833,188,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FDCDFF74FCF9FF3C" box="[617,833,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC6EFFB1FCC0FF74FC07FF3D" box="[868,959,189,213]" name="Norway" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which extends its distribution range to the north (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC6EFFB1FF45FF16FE9DFF1F" box="[225,293,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1395,1418]" captionTargetBox="[151,1417,537,1361]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,517,1374]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Geographical distribution of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876) and Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868). The molecular phylogenetic tree obtained in Cárdenas et al. (2011) is mapped in relation with the specimens sequenced; B. Geographical distribution of C. pachastrelloides and C. tripodaria in relation with bathymetry." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280593/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Our specimen was found in shallower waters than in previous records; we thus also stretch the depth range of that species. This should not come as a surprise since fjords are known to harbour deep-sea benthic organisms at shallower depths (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6EFFB1FE52FEEEFD17FED7" author="Stromgren" box="[502,687,295,319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Stromgren, T. (1970) Emergence of Paramuricea placomus (L.) and Primnoa resedaeformis (Gunn.) in the inner part of Trondheimsfjord (West coast of Norway). Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab, 4, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1970">Strømgren 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6EFFB1FD1EFEEEFD4DFED7" author="Stromgren" box="[698,757,295,319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Stromgren, T. (1971) Vertical and horizontal distribution of Lophelia pertusa (Linne) in Trondheimsfjorden on the West coast of Norway. Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab, 6, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6EFFB1FCA5FEEEFC7AFED7" author="Fossa" box="[769,962,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Fossa, J. H., Mortensen, P. B. & Furevik, D. M. (2002) The deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa in Norwegian waters: distribution and fishery impacts. Hydrobiologia, 471, 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Fosså
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FCE3FEE0FCC7FEA8" box="[839,895,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It should be noted that on the Norwegian coast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6EFFB1FF7AFE84FE0FFE8C" box="[222,439,332,356]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FF7AFE84FE0FFE8C" box="[222,439,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can easily be confused with another
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6EFFB1FCF0FE85FC54FE8C" box="[852,1004,332,356]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Astrophorida</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6EFFB1FC52FE85FAE0FE8C" authority="Vosmaer, 1885" authorityName="Vosmaer" authorityYear="1885" box="[1014,1368,332,356]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fortis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FC52FE85FB1FFE8C" box="[1014,1191,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Stryphnus fortis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6EFFB1FB0AFE84FAE0FE8C" author="Vosmaer" box="[1198,1368,332,356]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Vosmaer, G. C. J. (1885) The Sponges of the ' Willem Barents' Expedition 1880 and 1881. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 12, 1 - 47, pls I - V." type="journal article" year="1885">Vosmaer, 1885</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They share a very similar massive morphology, with brownish hispid surfaces, large atria, and identical epibionts (e.g. encrusting sponges such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6EFFB1FE4FFE5CFD34FE44" box="[491,652,404,428]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ianthellidae" genus="Hexadella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Verongida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dedritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FE4FFE5CFD34FE44" box="[491,652,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. dedritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6EFFB1FC83FE5CFC3EFE44" box="[807,902,404,428]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fortis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FC83FE5CFC3EFE44" box="[807,902,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. fortis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a more conspicuous cortex with larger megascleres, sanidasters (8–12 µm) and large oxyasters (50–80 µm). Also, it does not possess microxeas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7AC16629DC6EFFB1FF33FABAFBCEFA2F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280593/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[151,1417,537,1361]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6EFFB1FF33FABAFBCEFA2F" blockId="7.[151,1436,1395,1479]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FF33FABAFEACFA60" bold="true" box="[151,276,1395,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
A. Geographical distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6EFFB1FDC0FABAFBA4FA61" authority="Carter, 1876" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1876" box="[612,1052,1395,1417]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FDC0FABAFC3CFA61" box="[612,900,1395,1417]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Characella pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
(Carter, 1876)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6EFFB1FBF4FABAFF6DFA40" authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FBF4FABAFA89FA61" box="[1104,1329,1395,1417]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Characella tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
(Schmidt, 1868)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The molecular phylogenetic tree obtained in Cárdenas
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FCACFA5AFC83FA40" box="[776,827,1426,1448]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011) is mapped in relation with the specimens sequenced; B. Geographical distribution of
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FE7DFA7BFCEDFA2F" box="[473,853,1457,1479]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6EFFB1FE7DFA7BFD26FA2F" box="[473,670,1457,1479]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">C. pachastrelloides</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6EFFB1FD74FA7BFCEDFA2F" box="[720,853,1457,1479]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">C. tripodaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in relation with bathymetry.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6EFFB1FF63FA3AFD4CF8EF" blockId="7.[151,1436,1523,2015]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Taking advantage that the Scottish specimen was nearly complete, we report here the first detailed observation of the oscule for this species. ZMAPOR 20375 was a massive lumpy specimen (
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6EFFB1FBBCF9DEFBE5F9C7" box="[1048,1117,1559,1583]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="17.0">17 cm</quantity>
|
||
high,
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6EFFB1FB07F9DEFB50F9C7" box="[1187,1256,1559,1583]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="14.0">14 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC6EFFB1FA9AF9DEFAC4F9C7" box="[1342,1404,1559,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1792,1815]" captionTargetBox="[248,1349,183,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[248,1350,183,1803]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. ZMBN 80248 collected in Norway. Scale: 1 cm; B. ZMBN 25629 from the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (Arnesen, 1932). Scale: 1 cm; C. ZMAPOR 20375 from Mingulay Reef, Scotland. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the skeletal architecture of cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 80248]; E. Cross-section of main atrium. Notice the tough contractile membrane surrounding the oscule. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 20375]; F. Close-up of thick section D showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 80248]; G. Thick section of the membrane surrounding the oscule. scc: sub-cortical canals. Scale: 1 mm [ZMAPOR 20375]; H. Crosssection showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 25629]; I. Anatriaenes in situ. Scale: 200 µm [ZMBN 85225]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280591/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C) which had a large oscule (ca.
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6EFFB1FE59F9F2FD81F9BB" box="[509,569,1595,1619]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter) placed at its summit. It is similar to a Portuguese specimen described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6EFFB1FE8BF9A9FDD6F99F" author="Topsent" box="[303,622,1631,1655]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Topsent, E. (1892) Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 2, 1 - 165, pls I - XI." type="journal article" year="1892">Topsent (1892, pl. II, fig. 3)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This oscule had a tough contractile membrane around it. Other smaller oscules (
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6EFFB1FF5DF94AFEC0F973" box="[249,376,1667,1691]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.7 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide) were irregularly distributed. Exhalant openings are numerous in the
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC6EFFB1FB6DF94AFAB6F973" box="[1225,1294,1667,1691]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
deep atrium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC6EFFB1FF3BF96EFF66F957" box="[159,222,1703,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1792,1815]" captionTargetBox="[248,1349,183,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[248,1350,183,1803]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. ZMBN 80248 collected in Norway. Scale: 1 cm; B. ZMBN 25629 from the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (Arnesen, 1932). Scale: 1 cm; C. ZMAPOR 20375 from Mingulay Reef, Scotland. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the skeletal architecture of cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 80248]; E. Cross-section of main atrium. Notice the tough contractile membrane surrounding the oscule. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 20375]; F. Close-up of thick section D showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 80248]; G. Thick section of the membrane surrounding the oscule. scc: sub-cortical canals. Scale: 1 mm [ZMAPOR 20375]; H. Crosssection showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 25629]; I. Anatriaenes in situ. Scale: 200 µm [ZMBN 85225]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280591/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E). A section in the tough contractile membrane showed that the structure of the cortex is identical to the rest of the specimen but that large sub-cortical canals appear (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC6EFFB1FC95F902FCCBF90B" box="[817,883,1739,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1792,1815]" captionTargetBox="[248,1349,183,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[248,1350,183,1803]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. ZMBN 80248 collected in Norway. Scale: 1 cm; B. ZMBN 25629 from the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (Arnesen, 1932). Scale: 1 cm; C. ZMAPOR 20375 from Mingulay Reef, Scotland. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the skeletal architecture of cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 80248]; E. Cross-section of main atrium. Notice the tough contractile membrane surrounding the oscule. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 20375]; F. Close-up of thick section D showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 80248]; G. Thick section of the membrane surrounding the oscule. scc: sub-cortical canals. Scale: 1 mm [ZMAPOR 20375]; H. Crosssection showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 25629]; I. Anatriaenes in situ. Scale: 200 µm [ZMBN 85225]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280591/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
G). We have observed such canals in the cortex outside the oscule, but never in such a regular pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC6EFFBEFF63F8DAFA99FE8C" blockId="7.[151,1436,1523,2015]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,2012]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The intra-specific variability of the spicules observed during the last revision of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6EFFB1FB1EF8DDFED1F8A7" authority="Maldonado 1996" authorityName="Maldonado" authorityYear="1996" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FB1EF8DDFA23F8C4" box="[1210,1435,1812,1836]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC6EFFB1FF3AF8FEFED9F8A7" author="Maldonado" box="[158,353,1847,1871]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Maldonado, M. (1996) On the presence of anatriaenes in Pachastrellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): evidence for a new phylogenetic family concept. Journal of Natural History, 30, 389 - 405." type="journal article" year="1996">Maldonado 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is here confirmed (
|
||
<tableCitation id="633C031ADC6EFFB1FDECF8FEFD25F8A7" box="[584,669,1847,1871]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,1154,1178]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,1391,1997]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Locality of collection, museum voucher numbers and Genbank accession numbers of sequences available of streptaster-bearing North-East Atlantic Astrophorida examined in this study. Table modified from Cárdenas et al. (2011, Table S 1). In bold, specimens collected on the Norwegian coast. Abbreviations: MNHN, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; ZMA, Zoölogisch Museum van de Universiteit van Amsterdam; ZMBN, Bergen Museum." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7AC16629DC6BFFB4FF33FB4BFB4AFB11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" tableUuid="7AC16629DC6BFFB4FF33FB4BFB4AFB11">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Oxeas II have never been observed in this species before. Due to their rarity, we cannot rule out the possibility that these Haplosclerida-like oxeas II could in fact be foreign spicules incorporated in the choanosome. This is supported by the numerous foreign
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6EFFB1FBABF8B6FBD9F87F" box="[1039,1121,1919,1943]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FBABF8B6FBD9F87F" box="[1039,1121,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Geodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sterrasters observed in our sections (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC6EFFB1FEA5F86AFEFAF853" box="[257,322,1955,1979]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1792,1815]" captionTargetBox="[248,1349,183,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[248,1350,183,1803]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. ZMBN 80248 collected in Norway. Scale: 1 cm; B. ZMBN 25629 from the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (Arnesen, 1932). Scale: 1 cm; C. ZMAPOR 20375 from Mingulay Reef, Scotland. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the skeletal architecture of cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 80248]; E. Cross-section of main atrium. Notice the tough contractile membrane surrounding the oscule. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 20375]; F. Close-up of thick section D showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 80248]; G. Thick section of the membrane surrounding the oscule. scc: sub-cortical canals. Scale: 1 mm [ZMAPOR 20375]; H. Crosssection showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 25629]; I. Anatriaenes in situ. Scale: 200 µm [ZMBN 85225]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280591/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Only one oxea II was found in the Scottish specimen. On the other hand, these oxeas II might characterize a derived Norwegian population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC6EFFB1FD69F801FC12F837" box="[717,938,1991,2015]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC6EFFB1FD69F801FC12F837" box="[717,938,1991,2015]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but more specimens and genetic data are needed to conclude. Also, as noted before us,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFD01FF51FCC7FF58" box="[677,895,152,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFD01FF51FCC7FF58" box="[677,895,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can either have orthotriaenes, dichotriaenes, or both (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFF72FF75FECAFF3C" author="Topsent" box="[214,370,188,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Mediterranee provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert l er de Monaco. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 74, 1 - 376, pls I - XI." type="journal article" year="1928">Topsent 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFED9FF75FD87FF3C" author="Maldonado" box="[381,575,188,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Maldonado, M. (1996) On the presence of anatriaenes in Pachastrellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): evidence for a new phylogenetic family concept. Journal of Natural History, 30, 389 - 405." type="journal article" year="1996">Maldonado 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When dichotriaenes are present, the protoclades are usually shorter than the deuteroclades. We also noticed that the morphology of the triaenes (length and width) could be quite variable between specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC61FFBEFE21FECDFE69FEF4" box="[389,465,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1792,1815]" captionTargetBox="[248,1349,183,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[248,1350,183,1803]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. ZMBN 80248 collected in Norway. Scale: 1 cm; B. ZMBN 25629 from the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (Arnesen, 1932). Scale: 1 cm; C. ZMAPOR 20375 from Mingulay Reef, Scotland. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the skeletal architecture of cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 80248]; E. Cross-section of main atrium. Notice the tough contractile membrane surrounding the oscule. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 20375]; F. Close-up of thick section D showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 80248]; G. Thick section of the membrane surrounding the oscule. scc: sub-cortical canals. Scale: 1 mm [ZMAPOR 20375]; H. Crosssection showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 25629]; I. Anatriaenes in situ. Scale: 200 µm [ZMBN 85225]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280591/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
F, H). For example, the rhabdome of the triaenes was quite short in our Norwegian specimen (mean of 480 µm) and quite long in the Ibero-Moroccan specimens (ca 770 µm). The different environment (shallower depth, colder water) of the Norwegian specimen may explain these differences.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC61FFBEFF63FEA6FBEBFCB4" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFF63FEA6FE23FE6F" author="Maldonado" box="[199,411,367,391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Maldonado, M. (1996) On the presence of anatriaenes in Pachastrellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): evidence for a new phylogenetic family concept. Journal of Natural History, 30, 389 - 405." type="journal article" year="1996">Maldonado (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
acknowledges the presence of anatriaenes in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC61FFBEFC45FEA6FBFBFE6F" box="[993,1091,367,391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFBF1FEA6FB59FE6F" author="Carter" box="[1109,1249,367,391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Carter, H. J. (1876) Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, (105), 226 - 240; (106), 307 - 324; (107), 388 - 410; (108), 458 - 479, pls XII - XVI." type="journal article" year="1876">Carter 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and specimens from the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFDA3FE5DFC80FE44" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[519,824,404,428]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Boury-Esnault, N., Pansini, M. & Uriz, M. J. (1994) Spongiaires bathyaux de la mer d'Alboran et du golfe ibero-marocain. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 160, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Boury-Esnault
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFD13FE5CFD53FE44" box="[695,747,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but remains uncertain whether these are exogenous elements incorporated from the sediment. However, these same anatriaenes have been found in other specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC61FFBEFF72FE15FE9DFE1C" box="[214,293,476,500]" name="Ireland" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFE91FE15FE66FE1C" author="Stephens" box="[309,478,476,500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Stephens, J. (1915) Sponges of the Coasts of Ireland. I. - The Triaxonia and part of the Tetraxonida. Fisheries, Ireland Scientific Investigations, 1914, 1 - 43, pls I - V." type="journal article" year="1915">Stephens 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the Azores (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFDDAFE15FCD4FE1C" author="Levi" box="[638,876,476,500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Levi, C. & Vacelet, J. (1958) Eponges recoltees dans l'Atlantique Oriental par le " President Theodore Tissier " (1955 - 1956). Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches maritimes, 22, 225 - 246." type="journal article" year="1958">Lévi & Vacelet 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in ZMBN 85225, our sample from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC61FFBEFA99FE15FA24FE1C" box="[1341,1436,476,500]" name="Portugal" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC61FFBEFF3BFE36FF59FDFF" box="[159,225,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1792,1815]" captionTargetBox="[248,1349,183,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[248,1350,183,1803]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. ZMBN 80248 collected in Norway. Scale: 1 cm; B. ZMBN 25629 from the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (Arnesen, 1932). Scale: 1 cm; C. ZMAPOR 20375 from Mingulay Reef, Scotland. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the skeletal architecture of cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 80248]; E. Cross-section of main atrium. Notice the tough contractile membrane surrounding the oscule. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 20375]; F. Close-up of thick section D showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 80248]; G. Thick section of the membrane surrounding the oscule. scc: sub-cortical canals. Scale: 1 mm [ZMAPOR 20375]; H. Crosssection showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 25629]; I. Anatriaenes in situ. Scale: 200 µm [ZMBN 85225]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280591/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="5A001061DC61FFBEFF71FE36FF59FDFF" box="[213,225,511,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I). In our opinion, anatriaenes were clearly not exogenous since thick sections of this specimen show them perpendicular to the sponge surface, with their cladome outside and their rhabdome crossing the cortex and the choanosome under it. They furthermore resemble the ones found in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC61FFBEFC7CFD8EFB82FDB7" box="[984,1082,583,607]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFBEFFD8EFA36FDB7" author="Maldonado" box="[1099,1422,583,607]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Maldonado, M. (1996) On the presence of anatriaenes in Pachastrellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): evidence for a new phylogenetic family concept. Journal of Natural History, 30, 389 - 405." type="journal article" year="1996" yearSuffix="c">
|
||
Maldonado 1996,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC61FFBEFABBFD8EFAC7FDB7" box="[1311,1407,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1972,1995]" captionTargetBox="[197,1401,181,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[197,1402,181,1953]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Spicules of Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [MNHN DT- 756, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops; B. Microxea I; C. Microxea II; D. microstrongyle; E. Amphiasters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280598/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
c
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Actually,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFEA2FDA4FE0AFD6C" author="Topsent" box="[262,434,620,644]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Topsent, E. (1892) Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 2, 1 - 165, pls I - XI." type="journal article" year="1892">Topsent (1892)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
based his description of a new species from West
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC61FFBEFC5BFDA5FBE6FD6C" box="[1023,1118,620,644]" name="Portugal" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFBD5FDA5FAF9FD6C" box="[1137,1345,620,644]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sollasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFBD5FDA5FAF9FD6C" box="[1137,1345,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Characella sollasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on the absence of anatriaenes and of oxyasters (both observed in the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFBE0FD59FAA5FD40" box="[1092,1309,656,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFBE0FD59FAA5FD40" box="[1092,1309,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Carter). After examining slides from the Porcupine expedition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFC82FD7DFC0DFD24" author="Carter" box="[806,949,692,716]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Carter, H. J. (1876) Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, (105), 226 - 240; (106), 307 - 324; (107), 388 - 410; (108), 458 - 479, pls XII - XVI." type="journal article" year="1876">Carter 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFC6BFD7CFBC6FD24" author="Topsent" box="[975,1150,692,716]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 280, pls 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1904">Topsent (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later suggested that the anatriaenes and oxyasters from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC61FFBEFD96FD1EFD2CFD07" box="[562,660,727,751]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
were probably exogenous and thus synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFB7DFD11FAFDFD18" box="[1241,1349,728,752]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sollasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFB7DFD11FAFDFD18" box="[1241,1349,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. sollasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFA26FD11FEF7FCFC" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFA26FD11FEF7FCFC" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He was right concerning the oxyasters but wrong concerning the anatriaenes. This further underlines the fact that depending on the specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFCA1FCE9FC66FCD0" box="[773,990,800,824]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFCA1FCE9FC66FCD0" box="[773,990,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, anatriaenes can be absent or quite rare and thus easily overlooked. These were in fact not found in the Norwegian specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC61FFBEFF63FCAEFC5AF970" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
This last result casts serious doubts on the validity of the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFC3DFCA1FBAFFC68" box="[921,1047,872,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFC3DFCA1FBAFFC68" box="[921,1047,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Characella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in the area:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFAA4FCA1FA2DFC68" box="[1280,1429,872,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFAA4FCA1FA2DFC68" box="[1280,1429,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Records of this species are scarce (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC61FFBEFDE3FC45FD1EFC4C" box="[583,678,908,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1395,1418]" captionTargetBox="[151,1417,537,1361]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,517,1374]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Geographical distribution of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876) and Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868). The molecular phylogenetic tree obtained in Cárdenas et al. (2011) is mapped in relation with the specimens sequenced; B. Geographical distribution of C. pachastrelloides and C. tripodaria in relation with bathymetry." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280593/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
) but we notice that its distribution clearly overlaps that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFA26FC44FEF7FC20" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFA26FC44FEF7FC20" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Spicule measurements of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC61FFBEFD03FC66FCB1FC2F" box="[679,777,943,967]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFC8AFC79FC7AFC20" box="[814,962,944,968]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFC8AFC79FC7AFC20" box="[814,962,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
match those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFBD1FC79FAF5FC20" box="[1141,1357,944,968]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFBD1FC79FAF5FC20" box="[1141,1357,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="633C031ADC61FFBEFAF8FC66FF1CFC04" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,1154,1178]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,1391,1997]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Locality of collection, museum voucher numbers and Genbank accession numbers of sequences available of streptaster-bearing North-East Atlantic Astrophorida examined in this study. Table modified from Cárdenas et al. (2011, Table S 1). In bold, specimens collected on the Norwegian coast. Abbreviations: MNHN, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; ZMA, Zoölogisch Museum van de Universiteit van Amsterdam; ZMBN, Bergen Museum." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7AC16629DC6BFFB4FF33FB4BFB4AFB11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="7AC16629DC6BFFB4FF33FB4BFB4AFB11">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The triaenes, apparently smaller in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFDECFC1CFD64FC04" box="[584,732,980,1004]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFDECFC1CFD64FC04" box="[584,732,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are in fact similar in size to those of the Norwegian specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFF10FC31FE34FBF8" box="[180,396,1016,1040]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFF10FC31FE34FBF8" box="[180,396,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Also, we found a second category of smooth oxeas while reexamining the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC61FFBEFB70FC3EFA82FBE7" box="[1236,1338,1015,1039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFAE0FC30FF59FBDC" author="Topsent" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Topsent, E. (1938) Contribution nouvelle a la connaissance des Eponges des cotes d'Algerie. Les especes nouvelles d'O. Schmidt, 1868. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique, Monaco, 758, 19 - 32." type="journal article" year="1938">Topsent (1938)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had considered them to be a contamination from a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFC8EFBD4FC3BFBDC" box="[810,899,1053,1076]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Reniera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFC8EFBD4FC3BFBDC" box="[810,899,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Reniera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but since they also match the oxeas II found in our Norwegian specimen, they might actually belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFCAAFB89FC1AFBB0" box="[782,930,1088,1112]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFCAAFB89FC1AFBB0" box="[782,930,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At this moment, we are unsure on the status to give to these oxeas. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFD9DFBADFCB6FB94" author="Maldonado" box="[569,782,1124,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Maldonado, M. (1996) On the presence of anatriaenes in Pachastrellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): evidence for a new phylogenetic family concept. Journal of Natural History, 30, 389 - 405." type="journal article" year="1996">Maldonado (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, only three differences discriminate these two species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFA26FBACFEB2FB48" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFA26FBACFEB2FB48" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has (i) anatriaenes, (ii) few amphiasters and (iii) amphiasters with numerous actines (although he does not give any specific range or number). We have therefore looked at the quantity and morphology of the amphiasters present in our anatriaenes-bearing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFD64FB19FC86FB00" box="[704,830,1232,1256]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFD64FB19FC86FB00" box="[704,830,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Characella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens. Amphiasters in some of the specimens examined were a bit less abundant; all these specimens came from the Gulf of Cadiz (ZMBN 25628, ZMAPOR 18041, Balgim specimen). But, the amphiasters of our specimens all had 7–11 actines, versus
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC61FFBEFB11FAD1FAB2FAD8" box="[1205,1290,1304,1328]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.921" metricValueMax="4.572" metricValueMin="1.27" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="11.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="5.0">5–18 in</quantity>
|
||
the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC61FFBEFA9EFAD1FA24FAD8" box="[1338,1436,1304,1328]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFF12FAF4FEF3FABC" box="[182,331,1340,1364]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFF12FAF4FEF3FABC" box="[182,331,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On average, the amphiasters of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFD48FAF4FC38FABC" box="[748,896,1340,1364]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFD48FAF4FC38FABC" box="[748,896,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC61FFBEFC34FAF5FC4DFABC" box="[912,1013,1340,1364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
) clearly had extra actines (or buds of actines) on the central shaft (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC61FFBEFE5EFAA9FDFCFA90" box="[506,580,1376,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[221,1371,179,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1372,179,1872]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. Oxea I [ZMBN 80248]. mxI: microxea I; B. Oxea II [ZMBN 80248]; C. Microxea I [ZMBN 80248]; D. Dichotriaene [ZMBN 25629]; E. microxeas II [ZMBN 80248]; F. Amphiaster [ZMBN 80248]; G. Amphiaster [ZMBN 85225]; H. Amphiaster [ZMBN 25629]. Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868) [MNHN-DT 756, holotype]. I. Whole specimen; J. Amphiasters. Notice the additional actines on the central shaft for the smaller one. Notice the underdeveloped actines and the disappearance of the central shaft on the largest one." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280592/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
J). Underdeveloped actines were common, making the amphiasters very irregular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC61FFBEFEADFA4DFEF7FA74" box="[265,335,1412,1436]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[221,1371,179,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1372,179,1872]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. Oxea I [ZMBN 80248]. mxI: microxea I; B. Oxea II [ZMBN 80248]; C. Microxea I [ZMBN 80248]; D. Dichotriaene [ZMBN 25629]; E. microxeas II [ZMBN 80248]; F. Amphiaster [ZMBN 80248]; G. Amphiaster [ZMBN 85225]; H. Amphiaster [ZMBN 25629]. Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868) [MNHN-DT 756, holotype]. I. Whole specimen; J. Amphiasters. Notice the additional actines on the central shaft for the smaller one. Notice the underdeveloped actines and the disappearance of the central shaft on the largest one." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280592/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
J). Often, the central shaft was shortened or missing, giving these amphiasters the appearance of euasters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC61FFBEFEA4FA61FEFAFA28" box="[256,322,1448,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[221,1371,179,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1372,179,1872]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. Oxea I [ZMBN 80248]. mxI: microxea I; B. Oxea II [ZMBN 80248]; C. Microxea I [ZMBN 80248]; D. Dichotriaene [ZMBN 25629]; E. microxeas II [ZMBN 80248]; F. Amphiaster [ZMBN 80248]; G. Amphiaster [ZMBN 85225]; H. Amphiaster [ZMBN 25629]. Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868) [MNHN-DT 756, holotype]. I. Whole specimen; J. Amphiasters. Notice the additional actines on the central shaft for the smaller one. Notice the underdeveloped actines and the disappearance of the central shaft on the largest one." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280592/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
J), which is what
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFDA7FA61FD22FA28" author="Carter" box="[515,666,1448,1472]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Carter, H. J. (1876) Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, (105), 226 - 240; (106), 307 - 324; (107), 388 - 410; (108), 458 - 479, pls XII - XVI." type="journal article" year="1876">Carter (1876)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
may have observed. The amphiasters from the Alboran specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFF33FA04FE8AFA0C" box="[151,306,1484,1508]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFF33FA04FE8AFA0C" box="[151,306,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had extra actines but no underdeveloped/irregular actines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFBA6FA05FB6CFA0C" author="Maldonado" box="[1026,1236,1484,1508]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Maldonado, M. (1996) On the presence of anatriaenes in Pachastrellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): evidence for a new phylogenetic family concept. Journal of Natural History, 30, 389 - 405." type="journal article" year="1996">Maldonado, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Conversely,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFA26FA04FEF7F9E0" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFA26FA04FEF7F9E0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
amphiasters never had extra actines on the shaft (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC61FFBEFCD3FA39FC00F9E0" box="[887,952,1520,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[221,1371,179,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1372,179,1872]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. Oxea I [ZMBN 80248]. mxI: microxea I; B. Oxea II [ZMBN 80248]; C. Microxea I [ZMBN 80248]; D. Dichotriaene [ZMBN 25629]; E. microxeas II [ZMBN 80248]; F. Amphiaster [ZMBN 80248]; G. Amphiaster [ZMBN 85225]; H. Amphiaster [ZMBN 25629]. Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868) [MNHN-DT 756, holotype]. I. Whole specimen; J. Amphiasters. Notice the additional actines on the central shaft for the smaller one. Notice the underdeveloped actines and the disappearance of the central shaft on the largest one." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280592/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F–H), and they were all fairly regular (fully developed and always with a shaft). In our opinion, the irregular amphiasters with additional actines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFA26F9DCFEB2F9B8" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFA26F9DCFEB2F9B8" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be due to the environment and we therefore doubt the validity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFB26F9F1FAA3F9B8" box="[1154,1307,1592,1616]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFB26F9F1FAA3F9B8" box="[1154,1307,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, consistent small differences have been shown to be of importance in sponge taxonomy and we therefore prefer to cautiously keep it as a valid species, until genetic data can settle the matter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC61FFBEFF63F96DFD5BF8CF" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
When we map the bathymetry over the distribution of these two species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC61FFBEFBECF96DFB29F954" box="[1096,1169,1700,1724]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1395,1418]" captionTargetBox="[151,1417,537,1361]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,517,1374]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Geographical distribution of Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876) and Characella tripodaria (Schmidt, 1868). The molecular phylogenetic tree obtained in Cárdenas et al. (2011) is mapped in relation with the specimens sequenced; B. Geographical distribution of C. pachastrelloides and C. tripodaria in relation with bathymetry." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280593/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B), we notice that the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFE9BF901FDA1F908" box="[319,537,1736,1760]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFE9BF901FDA1F908" box="[319,537,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFDF5F901FD5EF908" box="[593,742,1736,1760]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFDF5F901FD5EF908" box="[593,742,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
perfectly follow the shelf break of the European and African continental margins. This also might explain why both species are often associated with deep-water corals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFF3AF8C6FEDAF8CF" author="Maldonado" box="[158,354,1807,1831]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Maldonado, M. (1996) On the presence of anatriaenes in Pachastrellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): evidence for a new phylogenetic family concept. Journal of Natural History, 30, 389 - 405." type="journal article" year="1996">Maldonado 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFE39F8C6FDE3F8CF" author="Soest" box="[413,603,1807,1832]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="van Soest, R. W. M., Cleary, D. F. R., de Kluijver, M. J., Lavaleye, M. S. S., Maier, C. & van Duyl, F. C. (2007) Sponge diversity and community composition in Irish bathyal coral reefs. Contributions to Zoology, 76, 121 - 142." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Soest
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFE44F8D8FDA0F8C0" box="[480,536,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC61FFBEFF63F8FDFC5FF834" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
28S sequences were identical for all the specimens sequenced. On the other hand, we found 1 bp. difference between the COI of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFED9F891FDEEF898" box="[381,598,1880,1904]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFED9F891FDEEF898" box="[381,598,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC61FFBEFD39F89EFD4FF887" box="[669,759,1879,1903]" name="Norway" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC61FFBEFD5BF89EFCD8F887" box="[767,864,1879,1903]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFC3CF891FBCAF898" box="[920,1138,1880,1904]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFC3CF891FBCAF898" box="[920,1138,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC61FFBEFB1CF89EFAAFF887" box="[1208,1303,1879,1903]" name="Portugal" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC61FFBEFA84F89EFAE7F887" box="[1312,1375,1879,1903]" name="Spain" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC61FFBEFACAF89EFF1AF87C" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1792,1815]" captionTargetBox="[248,1349,183,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[248,1350,183,1803]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Characella pachastrelloides (Carter, 1876). A. ZMBN 80248 collected in Norway. Scale: 1 cm; B. ZMBN 25629 from the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (Arnesen, 1932). Scale: 1 cm; C. ZMAPOR 20375 from Mingulay Reef, Scotland. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the skeletal architecture of cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 80248]; E. Cross-section of main atrium. Notice the tough contractile membrane surrounding the oscule. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 20375]; F. Close-up of thick section D showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 80248]; G. Thick section of the membrane surrounding the oscule. scc: sub-cortical canals. Scale: 1 mm [ZMAPOR 20375]; H. Crosssection showing the arrangement of microxeas, oxeas and triaenes in the cortex. Scale: 500 µm [ZMBN 25629]; I. Anatriaenes in situ. Scale: 200 µm [ZMBN 85225]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280591/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Over such a geographical distance and with such a small genetic difference, studies have shown that sponge species can be cryptic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC61FFBEFE08F869FD1DF850" author="Cardenas" box="[428,677,1952,1976]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Cardenas, P., Xavier, J., Tendal, O. S., Schander, C. & Rapp, H. T. (2007) Redescription and resurrection of Pachymatisma normani (Demospongiae, Geodiidae), with remarks on the genus Pachymatisma. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87, 1511 - 1525." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Cárdenas
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFD86F868FDE6F850" box="[546,606,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but in our case, no clear morphological difference justifies the splitting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC61FFBEFEBCF80CFE49F834" box="[280,497,1988,2012]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC61FFBEFEBCF80CFE49F834" box="[280,497,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into a northern and a southern NEA species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7AC16629DC60FFBFFFD9FE20F814FE16" box="[125,1964,489,510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFFD9FE20F814FE16" blockId="9.[125,1964,489,1103]" box="[125,1964,489,510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFFD9FE20FF59FE16" bold="true" box="[125,225,489,510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Individual spicule dimensions for specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC60FFBFFD3EFE20FC25FE16" box="[666,925,489,510]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFD3EFE20FC25FE16" box="[666,925,489,510]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Characella pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC60FFBFFC6DFE20FB2CFE16" box="[969,1172,489,510]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFC6DFE20FB2CFE16" box="[969,1172,489,510]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Characella tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in µm) with dimensions of the specimens. Means are in bold; other values are ranges;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF37FDC1FC47FDF5" blockId="9.[125,1964,489,1103]" box="[147,1023,518,541]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">= 30 unless stated otherwise between parentheses. - = not referred; n.f. = not found in this study.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF5FFDEFFA8FFD87" blockId="9.[125,1964,489,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Material Depth amphiaster Microxea I Microxea II Triaene Orthotriaenes (clads) or Oxeas I Oxeas II Anatriaenes (m) (length) (length/width) (length/width) rhabdome dichotriaenes (length/width) (length/width) (length/width/clads) (length/width) (protoclade +</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFB6DFDBFFA8FFD61" blockId="9.[125,1964,489,1103]" box="[1225,1335,630,649]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">deuteroclade)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF0FFD5BF901FD57" blockId="9.[125,1964,489,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC60FFBFFF0FFD5BFE29FD4C" box="[171,401,658,676]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFF0FFD5BFE29FD4C" box="[171,401,658,676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Characella pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
80-140 13-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFDCDFD58FD35FD4C" bold="true" box="[617,653,657,676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">18.1</emphasis>
|
||
-29 80-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFD53FD58FC9DFD4C" bold="true" box="[759,805,657,676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">194.9</emphasis>
|
||
-259/ 24-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFC34FD58FC0CFD4C" bold="true" box="[912,948,657,676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">35.2</emphasis>
|
||
-49/ 168-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFBBAFD58FBF4FD4C" bold="true" box="[1054,1100,657,676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">407.8</emphasis>
|
||
-630/ 83-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFB75FD58FB47FD4C" bold="true" box="[1233,1279,657,676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">175.1</emphasis>
|
||
-316 (18) 1210-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFA68FD58F9BFFD4C" bold="true" box="[1484,1543,657,676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1769.1</emphasis>
|
||
- 300-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFF9D3FD58F91FFD4C" bold="true" box="[1655,1703,657,676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">381.4</emphasis>
|
||
-438/ n.f. ZMBN 80248 * 2-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFCACFD65FC99FD57" bold="true" box="[776,801,684,703]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">4.4</emphasis>
|
||
-5 2-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFC33FD65FC08FD57" bold="true" box="[919,944,684,703]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2.6</emphasis>
|
||
-4 11-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFB81FD65FBF1FD57" bold="true" box="[1061,1097,684,703]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">32.6</emphasis>
|
||
-49 (orthotriaenes) 2184/ 9
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFF9D4FD65F924FD57" bold="true" box="[1648,1692,684,703]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFF9D3FD65F924FD57" bold="true" box="[1655,1692,684,703]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">11.7</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
-13
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF68FD0FFAF2FD1C" blockId="9.[125,1964,489,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Hjeltefjord,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC60FFBFFE8AFD0FFEC8FD31" box="[302,368,710,729]" name="Norway" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
70-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFB7BFD0FFABBFD31" bold="true" box="[1247,1283,710,729]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">98.8</emphasis>
|
||
-129 + 20-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFA6DFD0FFA66FD31" bold="true" box="[1481,1502,710,729]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">37</emphasis>
|
||
-52 (21) 72-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFB75FD28FB47FD1C" bold="true" box="[1233,1279,737,756]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">135.6</emphasis>
|
||
-194 (12)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFB67FD35FA84FCE7" blockId="9.[125,1964,489,1103]" box="[1219,1340,764,783]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">(dichotriaenes)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF16FCDFF8E5FCAC" blockId="9.[125,1964,489,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Cape
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC60FFBFFF45FCDFFE86FCC1" box="[225,318,790,809]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">St. Vincent</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC60FFBFFEE2FCDFFE33FCC1" box="[326,395,790,809]" name="Portugal" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
683 13 245/ 46.5/ 850/ 490 3660-4620/ - 3660-6640/
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC60FFBFFF5DFCF8FEFCFCAC" box="[249,324,817,836]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFF5DFCF8FEFCFCAC" bold="true" box="[249,324,817,836]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">holotype</emphasis>
|
||
</typeStatus>
|
||
6.4 8.5 70 (orthotriaenes) 84-100 21/
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF39FC85FA60FC7C" blockId="9.[125,1964,489,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC60FFBFFF07FC85FEBDFCB7" author="Sollas" box="[163,261,844,863]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25, 1 - 458, pls I - XLIV, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC60FFBFFEAAFC85FE22FCB7" author="Maldonado" box="[270,410,844,863]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Maldonado, M. (1996) On the presence of anatriaenes in Pachastrellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): evidence for a new phylogenetic family concept. Journal of Natural History, 30, 389 - 405." type="journal article" year="1996">Maldonado 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) 100-170 (rare) West of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC60FFBFFEBAFCAFFEDBFC91" box="[286,355,870,889]" name="Portugal" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
300-736 20 200-220/ 35-40/ - - 2500-3200/ - n.f. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC60FFBFFF41FC48FEEFFC7C" author="Topsent" box="[229,343,897,916]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Topsent, E. (1892) Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 2, 1 - 165, pls I - XI." type="journal article" year="1892">Topsent 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) - - (orthotriaenes) -
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF79FC55F82EFC47" blockId="9.[125,1964,489,1103]" box="[221,1942,924,943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
ZMBN 85225 * 1393 13-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFDCDFC55FD35FC47" bold="true" box="[617,653,924,943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">21.0</emphasis>
|
||
-39 155-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFD58FC55FC92FC47" bold="true" box="[764,810,924,943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">219.7</emphasis>
|
||
-287/ 20-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFC34FC55FC0CFC47" bold="true" box="[912,948,924,943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">31.0</emphasis>
|
||
-39/ 540-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFBBCFC55FBFEFC47" bold="true" box="[1048,1094,924,943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">827.9</emphasis>
|
||
-1052/ 428-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFB40FC55FAAAFC47" bold="true" box="[1252,1298,924,943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">721.4</emphasis>
|
||
-1026 Up to 3000/ n.f.
|
||
<date id="5A001061DC60FFBFF8ACFC55F8DDFC47" box="[1800,1893,924,943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2750" valueMax="2901">
|
||
2750-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFF89EFC55F8DDFC47" bold="true" box="[1850,1893,924,943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2901</emphasis>
|
||
</date>
|
||
-3052
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF12FC7FF8E6FBF1" blockId="9.[125,1964,489,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Setúbal canyon,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC60FFBFFE99FC7FFE3AFC21" box="[317,386,950,969]" name="Portugal" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
4-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFCACFC7FFC99FC21" bold="true" box="[776,801,950,969]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5.0</emphasis>
|
||
-6 3-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFC33FC7FFC08FC21" bold="true" box="[919,944,950,969]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3.0</emphasis>
|
||
-3 51-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFB82FC7FFBF2FC21" bold="true" box="[1062,1098,950,969]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">66.4</emphasis>
|
||
-81 (N=15) 30-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFA09FC7FFA6AFC21" bold="true" box="[1453,1490,950,969]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">49.5</emphasis>
|
||
-85 (10) (2)/ (N=17) (orthotriaenes) 20-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFF884FC18F8FDFC0C" bold="true" box="[1824,1861,977,996]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">27.4</emphasis>
|
||
-30 (10) / 61-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFF8BAFC25F8F6FC17" bold="true" box="[1822,1870,1004,1023]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">145.2</emphasis>
|
||
-204 (10) ZMBN 25629 * 1215 13-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFDCDFBCFFD35FBF1" bold="true" box="[617,653,1030,1049]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">16.4</emphasis>
|
||
-25 166-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFD58FBCFFC92FBF1" bold="true" box="[764,810,1030,1049]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">242.9</emphasis>
|
||
-290/ 26-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFC2BFBCFFC0BFBF1" bold="true" box="[911,947,1030,1049]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">33.5</emphasis>
|
||
-44/ 489-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFBBCFBCFFBFEFBF1" bold="true" box="[1048,1094,1030,1049]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">769.7</emphasis>
|
||
-1020/ 102-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFB7BFBCFFAB5FBF1" bold="true" box="[1247,1293,1030,1049]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">141.9</emphasis>
|
||
-193 + 1578-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFA68FBCFF9BFFBF1" bold="true" box="[1484,1543,1030,1049]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2672.1</emphasis>
|
||
- n.f. n.f.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF60FBE8FA55FBDC" blockId="9.[125,1964,489,1103]" box="[196,1517,1057,1076]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Ibero-Moroccan Gulf 5-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFCACFBE8FC99FBDC" bold="true" box="[776,801,1057,1076]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5.0</emphasis>
|
||
-7 90-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFB40FBE8FAAAFBDC" bold="true" box="[1252,1298,1057,1076]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">215.7</emphasis>
|
||
-306 3025/
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF7BFBF5F9B0FBA7" blockId="9.[125,1964,489,1103]" box="[223,1544,1084,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC60FFBFFF40FBF5FEE0FBA7" author="Arnesen" box="[228,344,1084,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Arnesen, E. (1932) Spongia. In: Report on the Scientific Results of the " Michael Sars " North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition, 1910. Bergen Museum, Bergen, pp. 1 - 29, pls I - V." type="journal article" year="1932">Arnesen 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) 2-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFC33FBF5FC08FBA7" bold="true" box="[919,944,1084,1103]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2.0</emphasis>
|
||
-2 31-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFB81FBF5FBF1FBA7" bold="true" box="[1061,1097,1084,1103]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">62.4</emphasis>
|
||
-90 (dichotriaenes) 40-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFA18FBF5FA59FBA7" bold="true" box="[1468,1505,1084,1103]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">70.4</emphasis>
|
||
-100
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF60FBB8F8EEFB6C" blockId="9.[143,1933,1137,1718]" box="[196,1878,1137,1156]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Ibero-Moroccan Gulf 948-
|
||
<date id="5A001061DC60FFBFFE51FBB8FDA6FB6C" box="[501,542,1137,1156]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1515-12-20" valueMax="1515-12-25" valueMin="1515-12-20">1515</date>
|
||
12-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFDD4FBB8FD3CFB6C" bold="true" box="[624,644,1137,1156]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">20</emphasis>
|
||
-25 175-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFCA5FBB8FC98FB6C" bold="true" box="[769,800,1137,1156]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">216</emphasis>
|
||
-260/ 32-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFC33FBB8FC13FB6C" bold="true" box="[919,939,1137,1156]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">20</emphasis>
|
||
-50/ 580-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFB81FBB8FBFCFB6C" bold="true" box="[1061,1092,1137,1156]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">770</emphasis>
|
||
-950/ 480-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFB4AFBB8FAB5FB6C" bold="true" box="[1262,1293,1137,1156]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">534</emphasis>
|
||
-560
|
||
<date id="5A001061DC60FFBFFA23FBB8FA5BFB6C" box="[1415,1507,1137,1156]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2100" valueMax="2537">
|
||
2100-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFA1DFBB8FA5BFB6C" bold="true" box="[1465,1507,1137,1156]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2537</emphasis>
|
||
</date>
|
||
-2980/ - -/
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF0BFB45FA60FB07" blockId="9.[143,1933,1137,1718]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC60FFBFFF10FB45FE30FB77" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[180,392,1164,1183]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Boury-Esnault, N., Pansini, M. & Uriz, M. J. (1994) Spongiaires bathyaux de la mer d'Alboran et du golfe ibero-marocain. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 160, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Boury-Esnault
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFE95FB45FEE2FB76" box="[305,346,1164,1182]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (rare) 4-
|
||
<date id="5A001061DC60FFBFFCB4FB45FB91FB77" box="[784,1065,1164,1183]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1955-04-04" valueMax="1955-05-06" valueMin="1955-04-04">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFCB4FB45FCA2FB77" bold="true" box="[784,794,1164,1183]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">4</emphasis>
|
||
-6 4-5 55
|
||
</date>
|
||
-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFB8BFB45FBFBFB77" bold="true" box="[1071,1091,1164,1183]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">68</emphasis>
|
||
-75 (ortho- and 50-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFA6DFB45FA66FB77" bold="true" box="[1481,1502,1164,1183]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">61</emphasis>
|
||
-70 -/ dichotriaenes) 105-115 (rare) Azores Islands 523-845 (rare) - Up to 40/ Up to 500-800/ 110 + 230-280 3000-4000/ - n.f. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC60FFBFFF41FB15FEEFFB07" author="Topsent" box="[229,343,1244,1263]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 280, pls 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1904">Topsent 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) - - (ortho- and -
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFB63FB3FFA81FAE1" blockId="9.[143,1933,1137,1718]" box="[1223,1337,1270,1289]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">dichotriaenes)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF46FAD8F8EEFACC" blockId="9.[143,1933,1137,1718]" box="[226,1878,1297,1316]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Azores Islands 370-460 13-14 110-275/ 20-25/ 550/ 550 1600-2750/ - -/</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF66FAE5F8E6FA9C" blockId="9.[143,1933,1137,1718]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC60FFBFFF6CFAE5FECDFAD7" author="Levi" box="[200,373,1324,1343]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Levi, C. & Vacelet, J. (1958) Eponges recoltees dans l'Atlantique Oriental par le " President Theodore Tissier " (1955 - 1956). Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches maritimes, 22, 225 - 246." type="journal article" year="1958">Lévi & Vacelet 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (rare)
|
||
<date id="5A001061DC60FFBFFCA3FAE5FBF9FAD7" box="[775,1089,1324,1343]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1917-02-04" valueMax="1917-03-07" valueMin="1917-02-04">4-7 2-3 17</date>
|
||
(orthotriaenes) 45 -/ 110 (rare) 170-500/ 1500-3000/ n.f. n.f.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF3AFAB5FA4BFA67" blockId="9.[143,1933,1137,1718]" box="[158,1523,1404,1423]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC60FFBFFF3AFAB5FE26FA66" box="[158,414,1404,1423]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFF3AFAB5FF42FA66" box="[158,250,1404,1422]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Characella</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFEBCFAB5FE26FA66" box="[280,414,1404,1422]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
170-520 25-30 90-210/ 25-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFC34FAB5FC0CFA67" bold="true" box="[912,948,1404,1423]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">32.6</emphasis>
|
||
-38/ 200-600/ 20-70 25-100
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF6BFA5FFA83FA41" blockId="9.[143,1933,1137,1718]" box="[207,1339,1430,1449]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Manila,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC60FFBFFEB6FA5FFED5FA41" box="[274,365,1430,1449]" name="Philippines" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
3-6 3-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFC2AFA5FFC1FFA41" bold="true" box="[910,935,1430,1449]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">4.1</emphasis>
|
||
-4.5 20-75 (orthotriaenes)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF0EFA78FC02FA2C" blockId="9.[143,1933,1137,1718]" box="[170,954,1457,1476]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC60FFBFFF0BFA78FEFCFA2C" author="Levi" box="[175,324,1457,1476]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Levi, C. & Levi, P. (1989) Spongiaires (MUSORSTOM 1 & 2). In: J. Forest (Ed.). Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, Vo l u m e 4. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie), 143, 1 - 260." type="journal article" year="1989">Lévi & Lévi 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) except * (10)*
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF60FA05FEFCF9C7" blockId="9.[143,1933,1137,1718]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC60FFBFFF60FA05FEC0FA36" box="[196,376,1484,1502]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tripodaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFF60FA05FEC0FA36" box="[196,376,1484,1502]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Characella tripodaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
? 10-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFDC5FA05FD3DFA37" bold="true" box="[609,645,1484,1503]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">18.4</emphasis>
|
||
-30.2 115-180/ 35-45/ 180-400/ 180-400 1000-1600/ 267-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFF9D5FA05F919FA37" bold="true" box="[1649,1697,1484,1503]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">343.6</emphasis>
|
||
-406*/ -/ BNHM:68:3:2:36 (15)* 1.5-2.5 1.5-2.5 15-22 (orthotriaenes)
|
||
<date id="5A001061DC60FFBFFA1FFA2FF9CBFA11" box="[1467,1651,1510,1529]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1940-10-05">10-40 5</date>
|
||
-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFF9DEFA2FF92DFA11" bold="true" box="[1658,1685,1510,1529]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">7.0</emphasis>
|
||
-10* 10/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC60FFBFFEA4F9C8FE85F9FC" box="[256,317,1537,1556]" name="Algeria" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(few) foreign? 25
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC60FFBFFF5DF9D5FEFCF9C7" bold="true" box="[249,324,1564,1583]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC60FFBFFF5DF9D5FEFCF9C7" box="[249,324,1564,1583]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF09F9FFFE37F9A1" blockId="9.[143,1933,1137,1718]" box="[173,399,1590,1609]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC60FFBFFF17F9FFFEF8F9A1" author="Maldonado" box="[179,320,1590,1609]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Maldonado, M. (1996) On the presence of anatriaenes in Pachastrellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): evidence for a new phylogenetic family concept. Journal of Natural History, 30, 389 - 405." type="journal article" year="1996">Maldonado 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) except *
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF46F998F8D1F971" blockId="9.[143,1933,1137,1718]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Alboran Island 70-120 10-17 121-243/ 30-50/ 200-524/ 200-524 900-2430/ - 1300-3000/ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC60FFBFFF7EF9A5FEDFF997" author="Maldonado" box="[218,359,1644,1663]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Maldonado, M. (1996) On the presence of anatriaenes in Pachastrellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): evidence for a new phylogenetic family concept. Journal of Natural History, 30, 389 - 405." type="journal article" year="1996">Maldonado 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (rare)
|
||
<date id="5A001061DC60FFBFFCA3F9A5FB8CF997" box="[775,1076,1644,1663]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1925-02-03" valueMax="1925-04-05" valueMin="1925-02-03">3-5 2-4 25</date>
|
||
-30 (orthotriaenes)
|
||
<date id="5A001061DC60FFBFFA1FF9A5F8FCF997" box="[1467,1860,1644,1663]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1958-09-20">20-58 9</date>
|
||
-19/ 20-75
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC60FFBFFF2BF968FE7FF95E" blockId="9.[143,1933,1137,1718]" box="[143,455,1697,1718]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">spicules measured for this study.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC63FFBCFF63FF51FAC7FCFC" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1220]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
We have re-examined the specimen identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFD4DFF51FC79FF58" box="[745,961,152,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sollasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFD4DFF51FC79FF58" box="[745,961,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Poecillastra sollasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ZMAPOR 5300) from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC63FFBCFB5EFF5EFADBFF47" box="[1274,1379,151,175]" name="Barbados" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
(van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC63FFBCFF33FF75FE29FF3C" author="Soest" box="[151,401,188,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="van Soest, R. W. M. & Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados Deep-Water Sponges. In: Hummelinck, P. W. & Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.) Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen, No. 122., Amsterdam, pp. 1 - 175." type="book chapter" year="1988">Soest & Stentoft 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has a clear plate-like morphology, clearly different from the massive
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFB18FF74FA25FF3C" box="[1212,1437,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFB18FF74FA21FF3C" box="[1212,1433,188,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">C. pachastrelloides</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Its calthrop-like triaenes are significantly smaller than the NEA triaenes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFB9AFF29FAA7FF10" box="[1086,1311,224,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFB9AFF29FAA7FF10" box="[1086,1311,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Also, its microscleres are very different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFD92FECCFCA8FEF4" box="[566,784,260,284]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFD92FECCFCA8FEF4" box="[566,784,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (i) most of its microxeas are conspicuously centrotylote, (ii) the streptasters are mainly plesiasters (sometimes modified to amphiasters) and few metasters-spirasters, (iii) plesiasters are very large (diameters of
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC63FFBCFDFDFE85FD12FE8C" box="[601,682,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
|
||
are common, and we observed sizes up to
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC63FFBCFB38FE85FB46FE8C" box="[1180,1278,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFAB7FE85FF51FE60" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dilifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFAB7FE85FF51FE60" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Poecillastra dilifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC63FFBCFF59FEA6FED9FE6F" box="[253,353,367,391]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
USNM 22331) from the Puerto-Rico trench has a very similar external morphology to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC63FFBCFF33FE5DFEB9FE44" box="[151,257,404,428]" name="Barbados" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimen. However, a comparison with a slide of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC63FFBCFCD4FE5CFC69FE45" box="[880,977,405,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFC5EFE5CFBD1FE44" box="[1018,1129,404,428]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dilifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFC5EFE5CFBD1FE44" box="[1018,1129,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. dilifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNHN-DNBE1) showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFF6CFE70FE8DFE38" box="[200,309,440,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dilifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFF6CFE70FE8DFE38" box="[200,309,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. dilifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had (i) only one size of microxea, of length 77.5-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFCC5FE71FC18FE38" box="[865,928,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">178.3</emphasis>
|
||
-262 µm (vs. two sizes: 155–220 µm and 36– 60 µm in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC63FFBCFE88FE15FE2EFE1C" box="[300,406,476,500]" name="Barbados" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimens), (ii) much thicker microxeas, width 2-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFC6FFE15FC56FE1C" box="[971,1006,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4.8</emphasis>
|
||
-7.5 µm (vs. 2–5 µm), (iii) much more spirasters and (iv) smaller plesiasters, diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="E9469B44DC63FFBCFD4FFE36FCDFFDFF" box="[747,871,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="30.5" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="23.0">23-38 mm</quantity>
|
||
. For these reasons, we temporarily consider the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC63FFBCFF33FDEDFEB9FDD4" box="[151,257,548,572]" name="Barbados" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimens different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFDE3FDECFD04FDD4" box="[583,700,548,572]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dilifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFDE3FDECFD04FDD4" box="[583,700,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. dilifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC63FFBCFCA9FDEDFCCFFDD4" box="[781,887,548,572]" name="Barbados" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimens are atypical because they possess simultaneously
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFEEFFD81FE71FD88" box="[331,457,584,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFEEFFD81FE71FD88" box="[331,457,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Characella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
characters (two size categories of microxeas) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFBBEFD81FB1BFD88" box="[1050,1187,584,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFBBEFD81FB1BFD88" box="[1050,1187,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Poecillastra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
characters (spirasters and metasters, plate-like external morphology). Both genera have been shown to be phylogenetically quite distinct and it has been suggested to prioritize the morphology of the streptasters (amphiasters vs. spirasters-metastersplesiasters) to better separate these genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC63FFBCFDDDFD7DFCDCFD24" author="Cardenas" box="[633,868,692,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Cardenas, P., Xavier, J. R., Reveillaud, J., Schander, C. & Rapp, H. T. (2011) Molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae p) reveals an unexpected high level of spicule homoplasy. PLoS ONE, 6, e 18318. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0018318." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Cárdenas
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFD4EFD7CFC99FD24" box="[746,801,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Until a comprehensive revision of these genera is made, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC63FFBCFEB6FD1EFEC4FD07" box="[274,380,727,751]" name="Barbados" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
species is named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFDF0FD11FD65FD18" box="[596,733,728,752]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFDF0FD11FD65FD18" box="[596,733,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Poecillastra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. We suspect this species to be new but a comprehensive revision of western Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFE71FD35FDE6FCFC" box="[469,606,764,788]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFE71FD35FDE6FCFC" box="[469,606,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Poecillastra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFDC2FD35FD5CFCFC" box="[614,740,764,788]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFDC2FD35FD5CFCFC" box="[614,740,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Characella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is required, a task beyond the purpose of our study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC63FFBCFF63FCE9FD11FB2C" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC63FFBCFF63FCE9FD11FB2C" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1220]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFF63FCE9FE09FCD0" box="[199,433,800,824]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFF63FCE9FE09FCD0" box="[199,433,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Characella tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Durban (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC63FFBCFDC3FCD6FCB9FCDF" box="[615,769,799,823]" name="South Africa" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
), synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFC53FCE9FB6DFCD0" box="[1015,1237,800,824]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFC53FCE9FB6DFCD0" box="[1015,1237,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC63FFBCFAACFCD6FF5BFCB4" author="Levi" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Levi, C. & Levi, P. (1989) Spongiaires (MUSORSTOM 1 & 2). In: J. Forest (Ed.). Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, Vo l u m e 4. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie), 143, 1 - 260." type="journal article" year="1989">Lévi & Lévi (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, is actually fairly different.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFDBAFC8CFD19FCB4" box="[542,673,836,860]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFDBAFC8CFD19FCB4" box="[542,673,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNHN-DCL 1396) had a few spirasters mixed with a majority of amphiasters. These spirasters are never present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFD60FCA1FC24FC68" box="[708,924,872,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFD60FCA1FC24FC68" box="[708,924,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We therefore propose to resurect
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFABFFCA1FA24FC68" box="[1307,1436,872,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFABFFCA1FA24FC68" box="[1307,1436,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid species until further specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC63FFBCFD66FC45FCEEFC4C" box="[706,854,908,932]" name="South Africa" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
can be examined. We also stress that this species should remain in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFE20FC79FDBAFC20" box="[388,514,944,968]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFE20FC79FDBAFC20" box="[388,514,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Characella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus since it has two sizes of microxeas and amphiasters as the main streptaster.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFF33FC1DFE43FC04" authority="Levi, 1993" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,507,980,1004]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="flexibilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFF33FC1DFEC3FC04" box="[151,379,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Characella flexibilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC63FFBCFE27FC1DFE43FC04" author="Levi" box="[387,507,980,1004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Levi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes par le ' Jean Charcot'. Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM. Volume 11. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie), 158, 9 - 87." type="journal article" year="1993">Lévi, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC63FFBCFD9BFC1CFD55FC04" box="[575,749,980,1004]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
is also fairly close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFC44FC1CFB00FC04" box="[992,1208,980,1004]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFC44FC1CFB00FC04" box="[992,1208,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but is discriminated by its cup/blade morphology and its elasticity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC63FFBCFD18FC3EFC8FFBE7" author="Levi" box="[700,823,1015,1039]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Levi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes par le ' Jean Charcot'. Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM. Volume 11. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie), 158, 9 - 87." type="journal article" year="1993">Lévi 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the other hand, we re-examined specimens and slides (MNHN-DCL3228–3229) of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFDFCFBD4FC8AFBDC" box="[600,818,1052,1076]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFDFCFBD4FC8AFBDC" box="[600,818,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected in Manila (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC63FFBCFB80FBD5FB1EFBDC" box="[1060,1190,1052,1076]" name="Philippines" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC63FFBCFB19FBD5FA37FBDC" author="Levi" box="[1213,1423,1052,1076]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Levi, C. & Levi, P. (1989) Spongiaires (MUSORSTOM 1 & 2). In: J. Forest (Ed.). Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, Vo l u m e 4. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie), 143, 1 - 260." type="journal article" year="1989">Lévi & Lévi 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The only difference with our NEA specimens is slightly wider microxeas II: they were 3-
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFB1BFB89FB5AFBB0" box="[1215,1250,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4.1</emphasis>
|
||
-4.5 µm (N=10, MNHN-DCL3229) whereas the ones we measured in the NEA specimens were on average thinner than 3 µm (
|
||
<tableCitation id="633C031ADC63FFBCFF3AFB4EFF4EFB77" box="[158,246,1159,1183]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[125,202,489,510]" captionText="TABLE 2. Individual spicule dimensions for specimens of Characella pachastrelloides and Characella tripodaria (in µm) with dimensions of the specimens. Means are in bold; other values are ranges;" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Genetic data is now needed to investigate if this is a cryptic species, different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFB18FB41FA2DFB48" box="[1212,1429,1160,1184]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pachastrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFB18FB41FA2DFB48" box="[1212,1429,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. pachastrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as suggested by its remote geographic location.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |