treatments-xml/data/91/34/27/91342773C2B155CDAD77B9FC8FFA4217.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.74.10159" ID-PMC="PMC5234547" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-74-19" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFFE8D127E250B6CFFF2FFEFCF5ECC52" ID-PubMed="28127235" ID-Zenodo-Dep="165482" ModsDocID="1314-2003-74-19" checkinTime="1478665661613" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Saerkinen, Tiina &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2016" docId="91342773C2B155CDAD77B9FC8FFA4217" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 74: 19-33" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 74" docPubDate="2016-11-08" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.74.10159" docTitle="Solanum michaelis Saerkinen &amp; S. Knapp 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FFFE8D127E250B6CFFF2FFEFCF5ECC52" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="FFFE8D127E250B6CFFF2FFEFCF5ECC52" masterDocTitle="Two new non-spiny Solanum (Solanaceae) from the Gran Chaco Americano and a key for the herbaceous glandular-pubescent solanums from the region" masterLastPageNumber="33" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1668141865699" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Two new non-spiny Solanum (Solanaceae) from the Gran Chaco Americano and a key for the herbaceous glandular-pubescent solanums from the region</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, EH 3 5 LR Edinburgh, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, SW 7 5 BD London, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2016-11-08</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>74</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>19</mods:start>
<mods:end>33</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.74.10159</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.74.10159</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-74-19</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFFE8D127E250B6CFFF2FFEFCF5ECC52</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">165482</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182226484" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:91342773C2B155CDAD77B9FC8FFA4217" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/91342773C2B155CDAD77B9FC8FFA4217" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName LSID="91342773-C2B1-55CD-AD77-B9FC8FFA4217" authority="Särkinen &amp; S. Knapp" authorityName="Saerkinen &amp; S. Knapp" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum michaelis" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="michaelis" status="sp. nov.">
Solanum michaelis 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
&amp; S.Knapp
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="21">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Solanum michaelis. A Fruiting stem B Inflorescence with details of indumentum of simple, multi-cellular eglandular and glandular trichomes along the stem, calyx and corolla C Flower at full anthesis with buds D Maturing fruit (A-D Nee &amp; Flores 54821: photos by Michael Nee)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.74.10159.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/110007" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
Like 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sarrachoides" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sarrachoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Solanum sarrachoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sendtn. and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum physalifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="physalifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Solanum physalifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Rusby but differing in having larger anthers 2.5-3.2 mm long, and similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tweedianum" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tweedianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Solanum tweedianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hook. in having long calyx lobes but differing in having a shorter calyx tube in both flower (0.8-1.3 mm) and fruit (2.0-2.5 mm).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2007-03-21" collectorName="over Rio Pilcomayo, M. Nee, R. Flores" country="Bolivia" county="Rio Pilcomayo" elevation="815" latitude="-21.45" location="Palos Blancos" longLatPrecision="925" longitude="-63.67917" municipality="Villa Montes" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tarija" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
<collectingCountry name="Bolivia">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Bolivia" name="Tarija">Tarija</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Prov. Gran Chaco, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.45" unit="km" value="44.5">44.5 km</quantity>
(by rd) W from upper bridge 
<collectorName>
over 
<collectingCounty>Rio Pilcomayo</collectingCounty>
</collectorName>
and 17.7 
<locationDeviation location="Palos Blancos">NE of Palos Blancos</locationDeviation>
, on rd from 
<collectingMunicipality>Villa Montes</collectingMunicipality>
to 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:91342773C2B155CDAD77B9FC8FFA4217:08A2789E04B67A360F46491F52323FDA" country="Bolivia" county="Rio Pilcomayo" latitude="-21.45" longLatPrecision="925" longitude="-63.67917" municipality="Villa Montes" name="Palos Blancos" stateProvince="Tarija">Palos Blancos</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="21" direction="south" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-21.45">21°27'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="63" direction="west" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-63.67917">63°40'45&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.15" unit="m" value="815.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.15" unit="m" value="815.0">815 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="2007-03-21">21 Mar 2007</collectingDate>
(fl,fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
<collectorName>M. Nee</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>R. Flores</collectorName>
S. 54821
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
: LPB; isotypes: BM [BM001211859], MO [sheet number 6073914, barcode MO-2113149], NY [NY00853628], UT [UT-126715]; [records indicate that duplicates were sent to CAS, CORD, G, MEXU, NSW, SI, USZ, US, UT, WIS])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
Decumbent to erect subwoody herb to 1 m tall, spreading to up to 2 m in diameter. Stems 3-4 mm in diameter at base, spreading or erect, terete, straw coloured, glabrescent; new growth densely glandular-papillate and pubescent with a mixture of patent, simple, uniseriate eglandular and glandular trichomes, the trichomes of several lengths, 1-celled to 17-celled, 0.2-2 mm long, translucent, if glandular then with a terminal gland (this often breaking off). Sympodial units difoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, (2.4-)4.0-7.6 cm long, (1.4-)2.3-3.0(-4.0) cm wide, ovate; adaxial surface moderately pubescent with both eglandular and glandular hairs along lamina and veins; abaxial surface more densely pubescent along veins; major veins 3-5 pairs; base truncate to rounded; margins entire to shallowly and unevenly lobed (mostly near the base); apex acute; petiole (0.7-)1.5-2.0 cm long, pubescent with spreading eglandular and glandular hairs like those on the stem. Inflorescences 2.5-3.5 cm long, lateral, internodal to leaf-opposed, simple, racemose, with (6-)7-10(-12) flowers, pubescent with both eglandular and glandular trichomes like those on stem; peduncle 1.4-3.3 cm long; pedicels spaced 0-1 mm apart, 6-10 mm long, ca. 0.2 mm in diameter at base and apex, straight and spreading at anthesis, articulated at the base. Buds ellipsoid, white or purple-tinged, densely pubescent with spreading, multicellular hairs (see under calyx), the corolla not strongly exerted from the calyx, exceeding the calyx lobes by less than 
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
of their lenghts before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 0.8-1.3 mm long, the lobes 1.4-3.7 mm long, 0.6-1.0 mm wide, triangular with long-acuminate apices, densely pubescent with both eglandular and glandular trichomes, the eglandular trichomes 1.5-3.5 mm long. Corolla 0.7-1.3 cm in diameter, white with a green-black basal central star, stellate, lobed 1/2 way to the base, the lobes 2.5-3.2 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, reflexed at anthesis, later spreading, sparsely pubescent abaxially with multicellular simple spreading eglandular uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long, densely papillate on the tips and margins. Stamens equal; filament tube 0.1-0.25 mm long; free portion of the filaments 0.2-0.3 mm long, adaxially pubescent with tangled eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes; anthers 2.5-3.2 mm long, 0.9-1.1 mm wide, ellipsoid, 
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="22" start="start">yellow</pageBreakToken>
, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary subglobose, glabrous; style 4-5 mm long, exerted 1.5-2.0 mm beyond the anther cone, densely pubescent with 4-celled simple uniseriate trichomes in the basal 
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
or 3/5 where included in the anther cone; stigma capitate, the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a subglobose berry, slightly flattened, 5-12 mm in diameter, green and mottled with white vein-like reticulations (black when ripe fide 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Fuentes &amp; Navarro 2607</emphasis>
), the surface of the pericarp shiny; fruiting pedicels 1.6-2.0 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1.0 mm in diameter at the apex, spaced 1-2 mm apart, strongly recurving, dropping off with the fruit leaving raised pedicels scars to 0.1 mm high; fruiting calyx tube 2.0-2.5 mm long, the lobes 5-8 mm long and 3.0-3.5 mm wide, spreading to reflexed. Seeds 15-25 per berry, 1.7-2.0 mm long, 1.1-1.5 mm wide, tear-drop shaped, pale brown, the surface minutely pitted, the hilum positioned subapically, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells absent.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="985551" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.74.10159.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/110007" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen &amp; S. Knapp" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum michaelis" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="michaelis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Solanum michaelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">A</emphasis>
Fruiting stem 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">B</emphasis>
Inflorescence with details of indumentum of simple, multi-cellular eglandular and glandular trichomes along the stem, calyx and corolla 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
Flower at full anthesis with buds 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">D</emphasis>
Maturing fruit (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">A-D</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Nee &amp; Flores 54821</emphasis>
: photos by Michael Nee).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
(Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution map of Solanum michaelis." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.74.10159.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/110010" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">2</figureCitation>
). Endemic to Bolivia in the Departments of Tarija and Santa Cruz; although the species is to be expected in adjacent Paraguay. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen &amp; S. Knapp" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum michaelis" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="michaelis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Solanum michaelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows in dry Chaco vegetation and in lower inter-Andean valleys, along slopes in sandy soils in mostly unshaded dry creek beds on bare soil, often in areas 
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="23" start="start">that</pageBreakToken>
have been burned, or in more humid Chaco vegetation at the edge of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“palmares”">&quot;palmares&quot;</normalizedToken>
(stands of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Morong" authorityYear="1893" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Copernicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Copernicia alba" order="Arecales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Copernicia alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Morong) between 300-900 m elevation.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="985553" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.74.10159.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/110010" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Distribution map of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen &amp; S. Knapp" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum michaelis" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="michaelis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum michaelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Flowering in March and between June and September, fruiting from June to September probably toward the end of the rainy season (Jan-Apr) and then sporadically with occasional rains during the dry season.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
The species epithet honours Dr Michael Nee, whose collections from Bolivia have provided the much needed material to complete descriptions of many recently published new species within 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including the two described here. His collections and taxonomic work over the past 50 years have contributed to the understanding of morphological diversity of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. His taxonomic work in the genus has been fundamental in resolving and typifying the 6,967 published names of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
The preliminary IUCN (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Standards and Petitions Subcommittee" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B18" refString="IUCN, 2014. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11. Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf [12Dec2014]" title="Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2014">IUCN 2014</bibRefCitation>
) threat status of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen &amp; S. Knapp" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum michaelis" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="michaelis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum michaelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is Endangered (EN) based on the small known extent of the species occurrence (EOO=2,716 km2) as well as the extremely small observed area of occupancy (AOO=20 km2). Although collection densities in the tropical Andes remain low, the very narrow distribution of the new species suggests conservation concern, because 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen &amp; S. Knapp" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum michaelis" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="michaelis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum michaelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is likely to be highly vulnerable to grazing pressure and changes in rainfall patterns due to its ephemeral ecology. The Chaco woodlands in Bolivia and Paraguay are highly threatened by land use change due to agricultural expansion and logging (
<bibRefCitation author="Huang, C" journalOrPublisher="Global and Planetary Change" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 12" publicationUrl="10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.009" refId="B17" refString="Huang, C, Kim, S, Song, K, Townshend, JRG, Davis, P, Altstatt, A, Rodas, O, Yanosky, A, Clay, R, Tucker, CJ, Musinsky, J, 2009. Assessment of Paraguay'S, forest cover change using Landsat observations. Global and Planetary Change 67: 1 - 12, DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.009" title="Assessment of Paraguay'S, forest cover change using Landsat observations." url="10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.009" volume="67" year="2009">Huang et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Two populations of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen &amp; S. Knapp" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum michaelis" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="michaelis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum michaelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known to occur within the protected area network in Bolivia, one in the Parque Nacional de Gran Chaco Kaa-lya along the border with Paraguay, and another in the Parque Nacional de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aguaragüe">Aguaraguee</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Additional specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1992-06-19" collectingDateMax="1999-05-22" collectingDateMin="1992-06-19" collectorName="A. Fuentes, de la Brecha, R. Chavez de Michel, de Puerto Guarani, B. Mostacedo" country="Bolivia" county="Prov. Cordillera" elevation="320" latitude="-20.5" location="Chavez de Michel" longLatPrecision="1267" longitude="-62.25" municipality="Parque Nacional Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Santa Cruz">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<collectingCountry name="Bolivia">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<collectingCounty>Prov. Cordillera</collectingCounty>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>
Parque Nacional 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaa-Iyá">Kaa-Iya</normalizedToken>
del Gran Chaco
</collectingMunicipality>
, hito 27 de noviembre, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="16" value="-20.087778">20°05'16&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="19" value="-61.921947">61°55'19&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" unit="m" value="320.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" unit="m" value="320.0">320 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1998-07-17">17 Jul 1998</collectingDate>
(fl,fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<collectorName>A. Fuentes</collectorName>
2607
</emphasis>
(NY); alrededor del pueblo 
<collectorName>de la Brecha</collectorName>
, 
<collectingDate value="1999-05-22">22 May 1999</collectingDate>
(fl,fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<collectorName>
R. 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:91342773C2B155CDAD77B9FC8FFA4217:1A72D42C5D1C0E4C724AEC15424707F1" country="Bolivia" county="Prov. Cordillera" latitude="-20.5" longLatPrecision="1267" longitude="-62.25" municipality="Parque Nacional Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco" name="Chavez de Michel" stateProvince="Santa Cruz">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chávez">Chavez</normalizedToken>
de Michel
</location>
</collectorName>
2677
</emphasis>
(LPB, NY); 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
<collectorName>
de Puerto 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guaraní">Guarani</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
, al N frontera Paraguaya, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.5">20°30'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="62" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-62.25">62°15'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="m" value="400.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1992-06-19">19 Jun 1992</collectingDate>
(fl,fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<collectorName>B. Mostacedo</collectorName>
380
</emphasis>
(MO)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1977-09-10" collectingDateMax="2007-03-23" collectingDateMin="1977-09-10" collectorName="A. Krapovickas, M. Nee" country="Bolivia" county="Prov. Gran Chaco" elevation="400" latitude="-21.5375" location="Yacuiba-Villa Montes" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-63.802776" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tarija">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<collectingRegion country="Bolivia" name="Tarija">Tarija</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<collectingCounty>Prov. Gran Chaco</collectingCounty>
</emphasis>
, 
<locationDeviation location="Palmar Grande">
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
S de Palmar Grande
</locationDeviation>
, camino 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:91342773C2B155CDAD77B9FC8FFA4217:D819406F5AC8A531E722BAABAE9F09F9" country="Bolivia" county="Prov. Gran Chaco" latitude="-21.5375" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-63.802776" name="Yacuiba-Villa Montes" stateProvince="Tarija">Yacuiba-Villa Montes</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1977-09-10">10 Sep 1977</collectingDate>
(fl,fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<collectorName>A. Krapovickas</collectorName>
31088
</emphasis>
(MO); 
<locationDeviation location="Palmar Grande">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
N de Palmar Grande
</locationDeviation>
, 
<locationDeviation location="Villa Montes">
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" unit="km" value="38.0">38 km</quantity>
S de Villa Montes
</locationDeviation>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="21" direction="south" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-21.45">21°27'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="63" direction="west" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-63.5">63°30'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="m" value="400.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1977-09-10">10 Sep 1977</collectingDate>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<collectorName>A. Krapovickas</collectorName>
31137
</emphasis>
(K, MO); 
<locationDeviation location="Chuvere">
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="km" value="0.5">0.5 km</quantity>
E of Chuvere
</locationDeviation>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="21" direction="south" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="15" value="-21.5375">21°32'15&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="63" direction="west" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="10" value="-63.802776">63°48'10&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" unit="m" value="870.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" unit="m" value="870.0">870 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="2007-03-23">23 Mar 2007</collectingDate>
(fl,fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<collectorName>M. Nee</collectorName>
54876
</emphasis>
(MO, NY)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen &amp; S. Knapp" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum michaelis" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="michaelis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum michaelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the co-occurring and morphologically similar 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sarrachoides" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sarrachoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum sarrachoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the higher elevation yungas species 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum physalifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="physalifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum physalifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having larger anthers (2.5-3.2 mm long), while both 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sarrachoides" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sarrachoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum sarrachoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum physalifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="physalifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum physalifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have anthers &lt;2.2 mm long. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum physalifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="physalifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum physalifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has similar shiny green-mottled berries, but occurs at higher elevations (1,400-2,900 m) in yungas or wet forest vegetation and has broadly ovate calyx lobes that partially enclose the fruit at maturity. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tweedianum" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tweedianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum tweedianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has similar sized anthers but a longer calyx tube (ca. 1.5-2.0 mm in flower and to ca. 5 mm or more in fruit) which fully encloses the berry both during development and at fruit maturity (
<bibRefCitation author="Barboza, GE" editor="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="13. Instituto de Botanica Darwinion, San Isidro, Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" pagination="231 - 264" refId="B4" refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Solanum Grupo VII. Moreloide. In: Barboza, GE, Ed., Flora Argentina: Flora Vascular de la Republica Argentina, Dicotyledoneae, Solanaceae Vol. 13. Instituto de Botanica Darwinion, San Isidro, Argentina: 231 - 264" title="Solanum Grupo VII. Moreloide." volumeTitle="Flora Argentina: Flora Vascular de la Republica Argentina, Dicotyledoneae, Solanaceae Vol." year="2013">Barboza et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen &amp; S. Knapp" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum michaelis" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="michaelis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum michaelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has similarly long calyx lobes but a shorter calyx tube in both flower (0.8-1.3 mm) and fruit (2.0-2.5 mm) that does not enclose the fruit and appears to sometimes have reflexed calyx lobes at fruit maturity (e.g., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Fuentes &amp; Navarro 2607</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>