treatments-xml/data/46/32/AB/4632AB1DD266D0F366E083E0204DF21C.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.500.9244" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c87e8bf9-d50f-488f-bda1-88f00667d536" ID-PMC="PMC4432240" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-500-61" ID-PubMed="25987871" ID-ZBK="E6B958CD5FED45F2BDD890BBA1D32087" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-500-61" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 500" ModsDocTitle="A new gall crab species (Brachyura, Cryptochiridae) associated with the free-living coral Trachyphylliageoffroyi (Scleractinia, Merulinidae)" checkinTime="1451244391452" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="van der Meij, Sancia E. T." docDate="2015" docId="4632AB1DD266D0F366E083E0204DF21C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 500: 61-72" docOrigin="ZooKeys 500" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.500.9244" docTitle="Lithoscaptus semperi Meij, 2015, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="65F0D837-961A-42B7-8F9E-2C806DD54238" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="68" masterDocId="FFE7FF836437FFE0EB02FF9D05686F38" masterDocTitle="A new gall crab species (Brachyura, Cryptochiridae) associated with the free-living coral Trachyphylliageoffroyi (Scleractinia, Merulinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="61" pageNumber="62" updateTime="1668160236778" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new gall crab species (Brachyura, Cryptochiridae) associated with the free-living coral Trachyphylliageoffroyi (Scleractinia, Merulinidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>van der Meij, Sancia E. T.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>500</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>61</mods:start>
<mods:end>72</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.500.9244</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.500.9244</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-500-61</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">E6B958CD5FED45F2BDD890BBA1D32087</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">E6B958CD5FED45F2BDD890BBA1D32087</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152059862" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:65F0D837-961A-42B7-8F9E-2C806DD54238" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4632AB1DD266D0F366E083E0204DF21C" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Taxon classification Animalia Decapoda Cryptochiridae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/65F0D837-961A-42B7-8F9E-2C806DD54238" class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus semperi" order="Decapoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semperi">Lithoscaptus semperi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="62">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1, 2, 3
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
Tigabu Isl. (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="6.8975">06°53'51&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.46">117°27'36&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), Kudat, Sabah (N Borneo), Malaysia.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="coral host holotype">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Coral host holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia geoffroyi" order="Scleractinia" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">Trachyphyllia geoffroyi</taxonomicName>
(Audouin, 1826).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="dna barcoding">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="62">DNA barcoding.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
A COI sequence (partially, 
<bibRefCitation author="Folmer, O" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="294 - 297" title="DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates." volume="3" year="1994">Folmer et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
) of paratype RMNH.Crus.D.54331 has been deposited in GenBank under accession number KP688583.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="63" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
Holotype. RMNH.Crus.D.56962, ovig. female, 6.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4.6. Allotype (with holotype), male, 3.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.5. Collected by the author from 13 m depth on 8 September 2012. Paratype. RMNH.Crus.D.54331, Lubani Rock, Kudat, Sabah (N Borneo), Malaysia (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.895833">06°53'45.0&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="117.38772">117°23'15.8&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), 10-15 m, 07.ix.2012, 1 ovig. female, 6.2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4.7, leg. SET van der Meij.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
Indonesia: RMNH.Crus.D.56957, Aer Perang, Lembeh Strait (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.4736111">01°28'25&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="125.23389">125°14'02&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), ca. 10 m, 02.ii.2012, 1 female, leg. BT Reijnen; RMNH.Crus.D.56958, Tanjung Labuhankompeni, Lembeh Strait (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.4319444">01°25'55&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="125.18611">125°11'10&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), 28 m, 04.ii.2012, 1 female, leg. BW Hoeksema; RMNH.Crus.D.56959, Kelapadua, Lembeh Strait (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.4386111">01°26'19&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="125.21361">125°12'49&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), 20 m, 09.ii.2012, 2 juvenile males, leg. BW Hoeksema; RMNH.Crus.D.54250, Tanjung Nanas I, Lembeh Strait (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.4608334">01°27'39&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="125.22639">125°13'35&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), 25-30 m, 17.ii.201, 1 ovig. female, 1 female, leg. BW Hoeksema; Malaysia: RMNH.Crus.D.54259, Lubani Rock, Kudat (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="6.895833">06°53'45&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.3875">117°23'15&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), 10-15 m, 07.ix.2012, 1 ovig. female (slightly damaged), leg. BW Hoeksema; RMNH.Crus.D.54280, Lubani Rock, Kudat (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="6.895833">06°53'45&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.3875">117°23'15&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), 10-15 m, 07.ix.2012, 1 ovig. female, 1 male, leg. BW Hoeksema; RMNH.Crus.D.56960, Lubani Rock, Kudat (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="6.895833">06°53'45&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.3875">117°23'15&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), 10-15 m, 07.ix.2012, 1 male, leg. SET van der Meij; RMNH.Crus.D.56961, Lubani Rock, Kudat (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="6.895833">06°53'45&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.3875">117°23'15&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), 10-15 m, 07.ix.2012, 1 ovig. female, leg. SET van der Meij; RMNH.Crus.D.54312, Tigabu Is., Kudat (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="6.8975">06°53'51&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.46">117°27'36&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), 9 m, 08.ix.2012, 1 ovig. female (damaged), 1 male, leg. SET van der Meij; RMNH.Crus.D.56963, Fairway Shoal, Kudat (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="7.1183333">07°07'06&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.511665">117°30'42&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), 12 m, 10.ix.2012, 1 male, leg. BT Reijnen; RMNH.Crus.D.56964, Belaruan, Kudat (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="7.0305557">07°01'50&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.01139">117°00'41&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), ca. 15m, 20.ix.2012, 1 male, leg. BW Hoeksema; RMNH.Crus.D.54258, Tajau, Kudat (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="6.993334">06°59'36&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="116.840836">116°50'27&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), 21 m, 25.ix.2012, 1 female, 1 male, leg. BW Hoeksema. All material was collected from the scleractinian coral 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia geoffroyi" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">Trachyphyllia geoffroyi</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="description of female holotype">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Description of female holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Carapace (Fig. 1A) rectangular, longer than broad, CL 1.4 times longer than CW; widest near midlength, dorsal surface in lateral view strongly convex in both directions, deflected anteriorly (Fig. 1B); anterior half of carapace with small, sharp tubercles, posterior half smooth with few, rounded granules, cardiointestinal region slightly inflated. Frontal margin armed with small anteriorly directed spines. Frontal margin on ventral side features few, small tubercles. Pterygostomial region fused to carapace.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
Figure 1. Ovigerous female holotype (6.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4.6) of 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus semperi" order="Decapoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semperi">Lithoscaptus semperi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (RMNH.Crus.D.56962) A habitus, dorsal view B carapace, lateral view C anterior margin of carapace, ventral view D close-up of antennule E MXP3 F left P1 (cheliped) G left P2 H left P3 I left P4 J left P5. Scale bars 1 mm; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–J">F-J</normalizedToken>
share scale bars.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Eyestalk exposed dorsally, slightly granular, small spines on mesial margin. Cornea anterolateral. Lateral margin of stalk at same level as anterolateral angle; distal margin with small spines (Fig. 1A, C). Distal segment of antennules with protruding article, visible from ventral side (Fig. 1C, D).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Antennular peduncle dorsal surface with small, sharp tubercles, slightly inflated distomesially; apex extending beyond tip of eyestalk; spines on mesial margin larger than those on distal margin. Ventral surface smooth, slightly tapering anteriorly in ventral view (Fig. 1C).</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
MXP3 (Fig. 1E) exopod rectangular; ischium subtriangular, smooth, mesial and distal margins straight, anteromesial lobe with few simple setae; merus with distolateral 
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="64" start="start">projection</pageBreakToken>
, simple setae; distal portion of carpus with short, simple setae, dactylus with bundle of setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
P1 (chelipeds, Fig. 1F) slender; carpus length twice height, scattered small tubercles on dorsal surface, simple setae; propodus length twice height, somewhat granu 
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="65" start="start">lated</pageBreakToken>
, few, scattered setae, fingers slender, mesial surface of fingers smooth, cutting edge entire, tips of fingers crossing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">P2 (Fig. 1G) longer, coarser than P1; ischium without setae; merus stout, plump, smooth with few, small rounded tubercles on distal half of dorsal surface, simple setae on lateral surface, numerous plumose setae on dorsal surface; joint between merus, carpus not extending more than at right angle; carpus smooth with small rounded tubercles on dorsal surface, simple setae on dorsal surface; propodus slightly shorter than carpus, surface smooth with small rounded tubercles on dorsal surface, simple setae on lateral and dorsal surface; dactylus half-length of propodus, smooth, sharp, curved ventrally.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">P3 (Fig. 1H) ischium without setae; merus length 1.5 times height, rounded, few rounded tubercles on distal half of dorsal surface, simple setae along dorsal, lateral surface; joint between merus, carpus not extending more than at right angle; carpus length 2.5 times height, rounded tubercles on dorsal surface, simple setae on lateral and dorsal surface; propodus length twice height, rounded tubercles on dorsal surface, scattered simple setae; dactylus similar length as propodus, smooth, sharp, slightly curved ventrally.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">P4 (Fig. 1I) similar to P3, less coarse; ischium without setae; merus length 1.5 times height, small rounded tubercles close to joint with carpus, carpus length 2.5 times height, rounded tubercles on distal half of dorsal surface, scattered simple setae; propodus half-length carpus, rounded tubercles on distal half of dorsal surface, few scattered simple setae; dactylus similar length as propodus, smooth, sharp, straight.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">P5 (Fig. 1J) ischium without setae; merus, carpus, propodus, dactylus all of equal length, all with short simple setae; carpus, propodus slender compared to merus; dactylus smooth, sharp, slightly curved ventrally.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">P3, P4 decreasing in size from P2.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Abdomen enlarged, lateral margins fringed with setae (Fig. 1A, B).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Gonopore (vulva); reniform, size half the height of sternite 6.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="description of male allotype">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Description of male allotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Carapace (Fig. 2A) subrectangular to trapezoid, CL 1.5 times longer than CW, widest near anterior half, convex in lateral view, deflected anteriorly, with broad W-shaped depression (Fig. 2A, B). Anterior half of carapace and carapace margins with small spines, posterior half of carapace smooth.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
Figure 2. Male allotype (3.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.5) of 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus semperi" order="Decapoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semperi">Lithoscaptus semperi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (RMNH.Crus.D.56962) A habitus, dorsal view B carapace, lateral view C anterior margin of carapace, ventral view D close-up of antennule E MXP3 F thoracic sternites G right P1 (cheliped) H right P2 I right P3 J right P4 K right P5. Scale bar 1 mm; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–K">F-K</normalizedToken>
share scale bars.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Ocular peduncles with small spines on distal margin, cornea elliptical, longer than broad; antennal article extending beyond eyestalk, with spines along margins (Fig. 2C). Antennule slender compared to holotype, distal segment of antennules with protruding article (Fig. 2D).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">MXP3 (Fig. 2E) exopod rectangular; ischium smooth, triangular, few scattered simple setae on distal and lateral margins, merus with distolateral projection, simple setae; propodus, dactylus of similar length, latter with bundle of short setae.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">P1 (chelipeds, Fig. 2G) stout; merus length twice height, smooth; carpus with rounded and conical tubercles, simple setae on dorsal surface; propodus stout, with conical tubercles, simple setae on dorsal surface; fingers slender, mesial surfaces of dactyl slightly gaping, tips of fingers crossing.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="66" start="start">P</pageBreakToken>
2 (Fig. 2H) ischium without setae; merus relatively stout, smooth, length twice height, simple short setae on lateral and dorsal surface; carpus, propodus of similar length; carpus with few rounded tubercles and setae on dorsal surface; propodus smooth except for rounded tubercles on dorsal surface, few setae on lateral, dorsal surface, dactylus smooth, sharp, curved ventrally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
P3 and P4 (Fig. 2I, J) similar to P2, somewhat smaller; ischium without setae; merus smooth, simple short setae on lateral and dorsal surface; carpus, propodus of 
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="67" start="start">same</pageBreakToken>
length, few rounded tubercles and setae on dorsal surface; dactylus smooth, sharp, curved ventrally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">P5 (Fig. 2K) ischium with few setae; merus, carpus, propodus smooth, with simple short setae on dorsal and lateral surface; dactylus smooth, sharp, curved.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">P3, P4 decreasing in size from P2.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Abdomen teardrop-shaped, widest at 4th somite; telson slightly pointed with few simple setae (Fig. 2F).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Gonopod 1 almost straight, tapering, apex sharply pointed. Distal margin with 2-3 non-plumose short simple setae, medial margin without setae (examined in RMNH.Crus.D.56964).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="67" type="colour">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Colour.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
Female (Fig. 3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
): Overall off-white. Pereiopods opaque, carpus, dactylus P1and P2 translucent violet, sometimes with a pale orange line. Eyes with wide longitudinal brownish-red lines. Male (Fig. 3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
): Carapace opaque with an off-white distinctive pattern over the whole carapace surface. Pereiopods opaque, P1 carpus, dactylus translucent violet, sometimes with a pale orange line. Eyes brown-red. In juvenile males (Fig. 3E), the carapace pattern is pale orange, pereiopods off-white.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
Figure 3. Colour in life of 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus semperi" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semperi">Lithoscaptus semperi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
non-ovigerous female (4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.2; RMNH.Crus.D.54258) dorsal view and ventral view 
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
male (2.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.9; RMNH.Crus.D.54258) dorsal view and ventral view E juvenile male (2.0 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.6; RMNH.Crus.D.56959) dorsal view F in-situ photograph of dwellings (left male, right female) of 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus semperi" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semperi">Lithoscaptus semperi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. in 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia geoffroyi" order="Scleractinia" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">Trachyphyllia geoffroyi</taxonomicName>
on Lubani Rock reef, Kudat (Malaysia). Photos by BT Reijnen/SET van der Meij.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="67" type="placement in genus">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Placement in genus.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
The placement of 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus semperi" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semperi">Lithoscaptus semperi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. in the genus 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lithoscaptus</taxonomicName>
is somewhat tentative. The first (partial) molecular reconstruction of relationships within the 
<taxonomicName family="Cryptochiridae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rank="family">Cryptochiridae</taxonomicName>
shows that the genus 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lithoscaptus</taxonomicName>
is paraphyletic (
<bibRefCitation author="Meij, SET van der" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="503 - 512" title="The curious case of Neotroglocarcinusdawydoffi (Brachyura, Decapoda): biogeographic patterns resulting from isolation." url="10.1080/14772000.2014.946979" volume="12" year="2014">van der Meij and Reijnen 2014</bibRefCitation>
). However, following the diagnosis of 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lithoscaptus</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation author="Kropp, RK" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="417 - 448" title="Revision of the genera of gall crabs (Crustacea: Cryptochiridae) occurring in the Pacific Ocean." volume="44" year="1990">Kropp (1990)</bibRefCitation>
, the new species best fits the genus, except for the absence of a proximal tooth on the cutting edge of P1 dactylus and the presence of a distomesial projection of P2 merus in females. 
<bibRefCitation author="Kropp, RK" journalOrPublisher="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="521 - 538" title="The gall crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Cryptochiridae) of the Rumphius Expeditions revisited, with descriptions of three new species." volume="42" year="1994">Kropp (1994)</bibRefCitation>
noted that his new species, 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus prionotus" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prionotus">Lithoscaptus prionotus</taxonomicName>
, had the pterygostomial region not fused to the carapace, unlike other species in the genus. It is likely that the characters defining the genus need to be redefined, or that certain species need to be moved to a new genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="67" type="comparisons">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Comparisons.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
Eight species of 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lithoscaptus</taxonomicName>
are currently recognised (
<bibRefCitation pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Ng et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 212, 
<bibRefCitation author="Davie, P" journalOrPublisher="Le Normat, Paris" pageId="8" pageNumber="69" title="World Register of Marine Species" url="http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=439231" year="2015">Davie 2015</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus semperi" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semperi">Lithoscaptus semperi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus nami" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nami">Lithoscaptus nami</taxonomicName>
(Fize &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serène">Serene</normalizedToken>
, 1957), 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus tri" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tri">Lithoscaptus tri</taxonomicName>
(Fize &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serène">Serene</normalizedToken>
, 1956) and 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus pardalotus" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pardalotus">Lithoscaptus pardalotus</taxonomicName>
Kropp, 1995 by not having the internal orbital angle extending beyond the external orbital angle. The new species can be separated from 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus grandis" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">Lithoscaptus grandis</taxonomicName>
(Takeda &amp; Tamura, 1983), 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus paradoxus" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paradoxus">Lithoscaptus paradoxus</taxonomicName>
A. Milne-Edwards, 1862 and 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus prionotus" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prionotus">Lithoscaptus prionotus</taxonomicName>
Kropp, 1994 by the smooth appearance of surface of the carapace, despite the small tubercles on the anterior half of the carapace, and the lack of noticeable spines other than the small spines on the frontal carapace margin. 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus pacificus" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacificus">Lithoscaptus pacificus</taxonomicName>
(Edmonson, 1933) and 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus helleri" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">Lithoscaptus helleri</taxonomicName>
(Fize &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serène">Serene</normalizedToken>
, 1957) lack the stout merus with prominent distomesial projection of P2 (female specimens). The off-white carapace colour and translucent violet colour on P1 and P2 in females, and the distinctive carapace pattern in males differs from patterns found on other 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lithoscaptus</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
The known distribution of 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus semperi" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semperi">
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="68" start="start">Lithoscaptus</pageBreakToken>
semperi
</taxonomicName>
sp. n. includes northern Borneo and North Sulawesi. Specimens were collected at water depths between 9 and approximately 30 meters. Its host 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia geoffroyi" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">Trachyphyllia geoffroyi</taxonomicName>
was described from the Gulf of Suez (Egypt), but this species has a wide distribution that includes the Red Sea, East Africa, Seychelles, Maldives, Nicobar Isls., 'East 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Indies’">Indies'</normalizedToken>
, China Sea, Philippines, Japan, Australia and New Caledonia (
<bibRefCitation author="Scheer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica, Stuttgart" pageId="10" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 198" title="Report on the stony corals from the Red Sea." volume="45" year="1983">Scheer and Pillai 1983</bibRefCitation>
). Based on the widespread distribution of 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia geoffroyi" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">Trachyphyllia geoffroyi</taxonomicName>
, a wider distribution range than the two presently recorded locations is expected for 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus semperi" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semperi">Lithoscaptus semperi</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="68" type="coral host">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Coral host.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Lithoscaptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithoscaptus semperi" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semperi">Lithoscaptus semperi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. is so far strictly associated with 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia geoffroyi" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">Trachyphyllia geoffroyi</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 3F). It is the first record of associated fauna for this coral host. Colonies of 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia geoffroyi" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">Trachyphyllia geoffroyi</taxonomicName>
are free-living, have flabello-meandroid colony shapes and fleshy polyps. Cryptochirids have previously been recorded to inhabit free-living corals; crabs of the genus 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Fungicola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fungicola" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Fungicola</taxonomicName>
are associated with free-living - and attached - mushroom corals (
<taxonomicName family="Fungiidae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" rank="family">Fungiidae</taxonomicName>
), whereas 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Troglocarcinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Troglocarcinus corallicola" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corallicola">Troglocarcinus corallicola</taxonomicName>
is associated with a wide range of Atlantic corals, including the free-living coral 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Faviidae" genus="Manicina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Manicina areolata" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="areolata">Manicina areolata</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Mussidae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" rank="family">Mussidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Fize, A" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de l'Institut Oceanographique de Nhatrang" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 202" title="Les Hapalocarcinides du Viet-Nam." volume="10" year="1957">
Fize and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serène">Serene</normalizedToken>
1957
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Meij, SET van der" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="1001 - 1010" title="Host species, range extensions, and an observation of the mating system of Atlantic shallow-water gall crabs (Decapoda: Cryptochiridae)." url="10.5343/bms.2014.1017" volume="90" year="2014">van der Meij 2014</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Meij, SET van der" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Zoology" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="39 - 57" title="Host relations and DNA reveal a cryptic gall crab species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Cryptochiridae) associated with mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae)." volume="84" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="68" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
<bibRefCitation author="Fize, A" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de l'Institut Oceanographique de Nhatrang" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 202" title="Les Hapalocarcinides du Viet-Nam." volume="10" year="1957">
Fize and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serène">Serene</normalizedToken>
(1957
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 163) report on 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Cryptochirus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptochirus coralliodytes" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coralliodytes">Cryptochirus coralliodytes</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Trachyphyllia</taxonomicName>
based on a record of 
<bibRefCitation author="Semper, C" journalOrPublisher="D. Appleton and company, New York" pageId="10" pageNumber="71" title="Animal life as affected by the natural conditions of existence" year="1881">Semper (1881</bibRefCitation>
: p. 221) who writes: &quot;I found them [
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Cryptochirus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptochirus coralliodytes" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coralliodytes">Cryptochirus coralliodytes</taxonomicName>
] in the Philippine Archipelago in cavities in 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Goniastraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Goniastraea Bournoni" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="Bournoni">Goniastraea Bournoni</taxonomicName>
[= 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Goniastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Goniastrea retiformis" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="retiformis">Goniastrea retiformis</taxonomicName>
(de Lamarck, 1816)], in an undetermined true 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Astræa">Astraea</normalizedToken>
, which was unfortunately lost, also in an undescribed 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Trachyphyllia</taxonomicName>
; finally I received a new form through A. Agassiz from the West Indian seas, which may perhaps form a distinct genus, though it is very nearly allied to the first. It also lives in a 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Trachyphyllia</taxonomicName>
.&quot; The coral genus 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Trachyphyllia</taxonomicName>
is described from the Red Sea and has a widespread Indo-Pacific distribution; however, it does not occur in the Atlantic Ocean. The most similar Atlantic species would be 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Faviidae" genus="Manicina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Manicina areolata" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="areolata">Manicina areolata</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1758). Furthermore, on p. 453 (note 103 belonging to p. 221) Semper writes: &quot;This crab, living in 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Trachyphyllia</taxonomicName>
, a West Indian coral, is extremely like 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Cryptochirus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptochirus" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptochirus</taxonomicName>
, and perhaps belongs to the same genus; this can only be determined by future and more exact examination. But the 'cave 
<normalizedToken originalValue="dwelling’">dwelling'</normalizedToken>
of this West Indian crab is perfectly unlike that of the Eastern species, which is found from the Red Sea as far as the Pacific Ocean; it is not cylindrical, but has one side quite flat, so that its transverse section is almost exactly a half-circle; the underside of the crab rests against the flat side of the cavity.&quot; The gall crab 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Troglocarcinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Troglocarcinus corallicola" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corallicola">Troglocarcinus corallicola</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1908 has been recorded from a wide range of hosts, including 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Faviidae" genus="Manicina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Manicina areolata" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="areolata">Manicina areolata</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Kropp, RK" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 21" title="The Atlantic gall crabs, family Cryptochiridae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)." url="10.5479/si.00810282.462" volume="462" year="1987">Kropp and Manning 1987</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Meij, SET van der" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="1001 - 1010" title="Host species, range extensions, and an observation of the mating system of Atlantic shallow-water gall crabs (Decapoda: Cryptochiridae)." url="10.5343/bms.2014.1017" volume="90" year="2014">van der Meij 2014</bibRefCitation>
). As mentioned by 
<bibRefCitation author="Semper, C" journalOrPublisher="D. Appleton and company, New York" pageId="10" pageNumber="71" title="Animal life as affected by the natural conditions of existence" year="1881">Semper (1881)</bibRefCitation>
, the dwelling of 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Troglocarcinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Troglocarcinus corallicola" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corallicola">Troglocarcinus corallicola</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Faviidae" genus="Manicina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Manicina areolata" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="areolata">Manicina areolata</taxonomicName>
is shaped like a half-circle (see e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Meij, SET van der" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="1001 - 1010" title="Host species, range extensions, and an observation of the mating system of Atlantic shallow-water gall crabs (Decapoda: Cryptochiridae)." url="10.5343/bms.2014.1017" volume="90" year="2014">Van der Meij 2014</bibRefCitation>
: Fig. 1B); therefore, it seems plausible that Semper was referring to the coral 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Faviidae" genus="Manicina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Manicina areolata" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="areolata">Manicina areolata</taxonomicName>
when he discussed a West Indian 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Trachyphyllia</taxonomicName>
. Alternatively, Semper could have been referring to the Atlantic genus 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Faviidae" genus="Colpophyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colpophyllia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Colpophyllia</taxonomicName>
because 
<bibRefCitation author="Milne Edwards, H" journalOrPublisher="Annales Des Sciences Naturelles (Serie 3, Zoologie)" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="233 - 312" title="Recherches sur les polypiers. Quatrieme memoire. Monographie des astreides (1). Tribu II. Astreens (Astreinae)." volume="11" year="1849">Milne Edwards and Haime (1849)</bibRefCitation>
, who established 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Trachyphyllia</taxonomicName>
, compared their new genus with 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Faviidae" genus="Colpophyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colpophyllia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Colpophyllia</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation author="Huang, D" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="277 - 355" title="Taxonomic classification of the reef coral families Merulinidae, Montastraeidae and Diploastraeidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)." url="10.1111/zoj.12140" volume="171" year="2014">Huang et al. [2014]</bibRefCitation>
for a discussion on the genus 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Trachyphyllia</taxonomicName>
). Like 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Faviidae" genus="Manicina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Manicina areolata" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="areolata">Manicina areolata</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Faviidae" genus="Colpophyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colpophyllia natans" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="natans">Colpophyllia natans</taxonomicName>
(Houttuyn, 1772) also hosts 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Cryptochiridae" genus="Troglocarcinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Troglocarcinus corallicola" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corallicola">Troglocarcinus corallicola</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation author="Meij, SET van der" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="1001 - 1010" title="Host species, range extensions, and an observation of the mating system of Atlantic shallow-water gall crabs (Decapoda: Cryptochiridae)." url="10.5343/bms.2014.1017" volume="90" year="2014">van der Meij 2014</bibRefCitation>
). It remains unclear whether Semper found gall crabs in Indo-Pacific corals currently recognized as 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia geoffroyi" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">Trachyphyllia geoffroyi</taxonomicName>
. Semper is not known to have formally described any gall crab species (
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Ng et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="68" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
Named after the German naturalist Carl Gottfried Semper (1832-1893), who was the first to mention gall crabs occurring in 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Trachyphyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyphyllia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Trachyphyllia</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>