275 lines
37 KiB
XML
275 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1174-219" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D0C94D1974975A4B9CD9EE6F18A21120" ID-ZooBank="608FAD80206A428E9743F8ED4F3139BB" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1174-219" checkinTime="1691771919581" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ballarin, Francesco & Eguchi, Katsuyuki" docDate="2023" docId="13C2D1DCD3E0540CB9D33C3AB2B08F6B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1174: 219-272" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1174" docPubDate="2023-08-11" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251" docTitle="Nesticella occulta Ballarin & Eguchi 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="3DF252B6-7D9D-47B4-82A7-95E6F223190A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="D0C94D1974975A4B9CD9EE6F18A21120" lastPageNumber="219" masterDocId="D0C94D1974975A4B9CD9EE6F18A21120" masterDocTitle="Integrative taxonomic revision of the genera Nesticella and Howaia in Japan with the description of five new species (Araneae, Nesticidae, Nesticellini)" masterLastPageNumber="272" masterPageNumber="219" pageNumber="219" updateTime="1691771919581" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8EE1A2B725F18FF3E41FFD7369C29048">
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<mods:title id="88CF1F9E42B98AF58DC3D3F1377D305A">Integrative taxonomic revision of the genera Nesticella and Howaia in Japan with the description of five new species (Araneae, Nesticidae, Nesticellini)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9664BBE66E2345B2BC36C1E71681D11E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="7938F8253CFF2E01FD47B0BE17CB8F51">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2A5A649565B59E7B0C609C5F29D7A2F0">Ballarin, Francesco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5A93D472E0186D25BC0F7F509519B361" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1417-2519</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="AA07496939EB41952225E175BD4D80F5">Systematic Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1 - 1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, 192 - 0397, Tokyo, Japan & Department of Zoology, Museo di Storia Naturale of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria, 9, I- 37129 Verona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8CB1B8A91D23BEA67D1D08767E329345" type="email">ballarin.francesco@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="D5F694C2D4E2BDFA7C25C1B1EB412F61" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B17311CBE69D21ED69CA3680A8109255">Eguchi, Katsuyuki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="273A9E717F3AD8D1DC775802E712FD31" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1054-1295</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="4B37C3617ADED29B2FC7F4FEF184ECFC">Systematic Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1 - 1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, 192 - 0397, Tokyo, Japan & Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1 - 12 - 4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, 852 - 8523, Nagasaki, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="25EFFD392EA2F4A62E84013718ED703C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D13DB5F1C5E4131D3A384BD1F6F5EE3A">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D7DCF68F40A058B899A21B2ACD19AF88">
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<mods:date id="BC202EAE4B7ACACB049BA2D1CD40CB58">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="59562B44FF744C0E46F6964A82D4A8A8">2023-08-11</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="48796FF4C660FD7973A329C707784BA2">1174</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="66D975F307EFF263BFDBEC8F7E0607B0">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="0EADBA54933072DBAE3C833800F68945">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4643EBBB3BB0685B03AA0B7FBA0507C6" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A59A2AD6D2F57F68478C306C416DB641" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1174-219</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B0A7D8246CDF08FCAD79632EE7AA152F" type="ZooBank">608FAD80206A428E9743F8ED4F3139BB</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="13C2D1DCD3E0540CB9D33C3AB2B08F6B" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3DF252B6-7D9D-47B4-82A7-95E6F223190A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/13C2D1DCD3E0540CB9D33C3AB2B08F6B" lastPageNumber="219" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<subSubSection id="C1F7744D58643D768027F7C4F5032B57" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="BD75EAC17CD670CB51CDDE7D918EAD82" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<taxonomicName id="E79B089957746CE7A5E465456688D04D" LSID="https://zoobank.org/3DF252B6-7D9D-47B4-82A7-95E6F223190A" authority="Ballarin & Eguchi, 2023" authorityName="Ballarin & Eguchi" authorityYear="2023" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella occulta" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occulta" status="sp. nov.">Nesticella occulta</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A175DDF04CAD923FB484723353EE3C6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BBE1E11CEF61939C6BC121C65D9EF4F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="BDECC621931F1DB083CB5631D9750CE9" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<figureCitation id="B520C1D189F52818455F15E86EBC39AA" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nesticella occulta sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C female epigyne, ventral view D same, shape variation E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891295" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Figs 11A-E</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1998EC6C06AD52DA2EEBAE1581E6B518" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">; 13F</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="4E78B33C85082FEF30BE4645D41A5488" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Nesticella and Howaia species in life and their natural habitats A female of H. mogera B female of N. terrestris C female of H. alba sp. nov. D female of N. occulta sp. nov. E female of N. okinawaensis F example of the epigean habitat of Nesticella species in the Ryukyus G habitat of H. alba sp nov. (dark zone of Tsuzupisuki-abu cave) H habitat of N. occulta sp. nov. (dark zone of Kabirano-ana cave) (all photos by F. Ballarin)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891299" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">, 15D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="596A7C4F92D758718FF12949CFECEE27" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Distribution of Nesticella and Howaia species in mainland Japan and Ryukyu Archipelago A distribution of N. brevipes and N. terrestris in mainland Japan and neighboring countries B distribution of Nesticella and Howaia species endemic to the Ryukyu Archipelago C distribution of H. mogera in mainland Japan and neighboring countries D distribution of H. mogera in the Ryukyu Archipelago and neighboring countries. Colored squares refer to the type localities of the species, colored dots indicate the locations of specimens whose morphology has been checked during this study, dashed areas refer to the generally known distribution of the species, question marks refer to unclear distributions (see " remarks on misidentifications " of N. brevipes and N. terrestris)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891300" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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, 16B (Japanese name: kakure-horahimegumo
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<normalizedToken id="651D27DE6F4E250167FA3832FFF6089B" originalValue="カクレホラヒメグモ">カクレホラヒメグモ</normalizedToken>
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)
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</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43AEAC1B2BCF600258DFD6C255615FAD" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="402D8593C1CA536B196A8C68594A6967" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5571F87DEB137A937F84869CA6184807" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<materialsCitation id="D63310E1B9003DB2D62BE0D32D7B4BA5" collectingDate="2022-09-20" collectorName="F. Ballarin" country="Japan" county="Ishigaki-jima Is." latitude="24.47384" location="Kabirano-ana cave" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="124.13416" municipality="Kabira" specimenCount="♀" stateProvince="Okinawa Pref." typeStatus="Holotype">
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<specimenCount id="27268A6F039460F2FD0F973B0071F739">♀</specimenCount>
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<emphasis id="CD8FDF22D77A0223E5B33860FF7F55AC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<emphasis id="175C7C9C580A9B7F9483CF42096CC8E3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<typeStatus id="2A0F2D356F5E1E11E5586FB6FE0490EB">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<collectingCountry id="6E385D62A0275FEEF73006771D1C9ADD" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="15177BE62B543C12103F278A76D342E1" country="Japan" name="Okinawa">Okinawa Pref.</collectingRegion>
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:
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<collectingCounty id="361426BB976D5CD655D218215837E6FE">Ishigaki-jima Is.</collectingCounty>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<collectingMunicipality id="0869C2B77C9E5F7FAE6AC67F68F72117">Kabira</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<location id="282F0FA2F4A395A1FFD1DD80EA847B21" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:13C2D1DCD3E0540CB9D33C3AB2B08F6B:282F0FA2F4A395A1FFD1DD80EA847B21" country="Japan" county="Ishigaki-jima Is." latitude="24.47384" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="124.13416" municipality="Kabira" name="Kabirano-ana cave" stateProvince="Okinawa Pref.">Kabirano-ana cave</location>
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(川平の穴), long and superficial cave with many rocks, in the dark zone of the cave,
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<geoCoordinate id="B90B916D74773BABD418DA1E2AE8807F" degrees="24.47384" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="24.47384">24.47384°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="73D3871EFDB0974AE62F568BEC18FCA6" degrees="124.13416" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="124.13416">124.13416°E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<collectingDate id="448FE1221E8856DF0E81950D5A1108ED" value="2022-09-20">20.Sep.2022</collectingDate>
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,
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<collectorName id="621DC31E9A5EE0AF14BF818F9A65FBDD">F. Ballarin</collectorName>
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leg. (NSMT-Ar 25259)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="9D6A7C14F4AC423C0308E88FCA2CCC73" collectingDate="2019-04-01" collectorName="K. Uchida" country="Japan" county="Ishigaki-jima Is." latitude="24.47384" location="Kabirano-ana cave" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="124.13416" municipality="Kabira" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Okinawa" typeStatus="Paratypes">
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<emphasis id="11B7DBB4A5635E40FEE15BBC8E599AAD" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<typeStatus id="BFE84398139C4B0AC5724C669A69A81B">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<specimenCount id="65871D1572123DE9B7BB2641AFA38746" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
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, same locality as the holotype,
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<collectingDate id="179F5143BFF15677B85F38BAF4EC714E" value="2019-04-01">1.Apr.2019</collectingDate>
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,
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<collectorName id="65358890FBF315ED0F54A2BB391DA8F8">K. Uchida</collectorName>
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leg. (NSMT-Ar 25260)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="DA7C4731EAA8207E7DFF6752D91D9AD7" collectingDate="2022-01-02" collectorName="K. Uchida" country="Japan" county="Ishigaki-jima Is." latitude="24.47384" location="Kabirano-ana cave" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="124.13416" municipality="Kabira" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Okinawa" typeStatus="paratype">
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<specimenCount id="280FDADB3231794F87E8D47B1D29AC32" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
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, same locality,
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<collectingDate id="25C2F47E561079599CB24158E53AE595" value="2022-01-02">2.Jan.2022</collectingDate>
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,
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<collectorName id="68040B5CD49876306EBA7CEFC677538B">K. Uchida</collectorName>
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leg. (RMUF)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="33B020F6753D6140A77770CE7B5D940B" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" collectorName="F. Ballarin" country="Japan" county="Ishigaki-jima Is." latitude="24.47384" location="Kabirano-ana cave" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="124.13416" municipality="Kabira" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Okinawa" typeStatus="holotype">
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<specimenCount id="0C1C675D03614EE8206EDCB4AF59ACB9" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
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, same locality and date as the
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<typeStatus id="846B60247CE72B99CD854B41ACB3A50F">holotype</typeStatus>
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,
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<collectorName id="AA471627953BAA091E17C0F14E1C51B2">F. Ballarin</collectorName>
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leg. (FBPC)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="198D389CA8BFBD47AD8B721DEF8E0D53" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="2FBEE61B01D7A48DCEF2B29F4BD55097" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Other material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C1B891B75A3CBC9FC9AD7F76C013F48" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<materialsCitation id="5C441D5680513189142A0A3A8668E2CE" collectingDate="2020-10-16" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
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<specimenCount id="233CE5C3B2115F2292AE90059DDF6F46" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
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subad., same locality as the holotype,
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<collectingDate id="3F8F2CCC2E23DF8D5EF74882CE42B525" value="2020-10-16">16.Oct.2020</collectingDate>
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="24D4FC3622E2A6D1F3115864DF5D3C9C" collectingDate="2022-01-02" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
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<specimenCount id="D02B5F96ADE0EA9738F3AC683F9BDDBB" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
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subad., same locality,
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<collectingDate id="3F5489BE73E7CEEE98CE32433D9D1928" value="2022-01-02">2.Jan.2022</collectingDate>
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="8256D7634683F37BF7CD7D207273BB62" collectingDate="2022-03-28" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
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<specimenCount id="191AE6C799B6746C2531DC280C6A9DBC" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
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subad., same locality,
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<collectingDate id="9BF60ED7FAB233E49EDE3D7023276F0D" value="2022-03-28">28.Mar.2022</collectingDate>
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</materialsCitation>
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, all K. Uchida leg. (RMUF).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0058B21AE8547880ACF42F0F671994D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="DA8BB50BD2D6AAE3BC30FACF2D336232" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EF39AA2402D4EC781687C06440E4C201" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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The specific name derives from the Latin adjective
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<emphasis id="5308FA380F3E5B25E5E9659F1032BE36" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">occultus</emphasis>
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(= hidden, secret). It refers to the troglobitic lifestyle and rarity of the species, hidden in the deep recess of a single cave in Ishigaki-jima Is.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="950B4AC8F90F9FFFFBEAE4A2F53E6A6E" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="D4254E09FB284B8CCDDBCC4DE64764E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB03737E3F83E3505E41811283B6A611" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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This species closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="C428CBCEF4D2F4469657E3A266FD9CBA" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. kaohsiungensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="kaohsiungensis">
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<emphasis id="F798B5EC0B08C6CCDC3536368258C4E6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. kaohsiungensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Lin, Ballarin & Li, 2016 from Taiwan. The new species can be easily distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="9D84C7B3CCFA4039A34F2F253EA06776" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. kaohsiungensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="kaohsiungensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5FB3018BF7E7C01A2ECD32A631729E5B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. kaohsiungensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the strongly reduced eyes and the lack of pigmentation and pattern on the opisthosoma (vs eyes well-developed, clear pattern on the opisthosoma and pigmentation present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B4E346AC9592DF44E101DE4C6FEB2538" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. kaohsiungensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="kaohsiungensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD2202E8087F9CB539A6EC6A925814AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. kaohsiungensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="79B0536ADDDB5CEB290C0FC8AB0D3B8D" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nesticella occulta sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C female epigyne, ventral view D same, shape variation E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891295" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">11A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="275CE9EE3B416DFC65ACE2B34AA2283A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.627.8629" author="Lin, YC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" pagination="1 - 168" refId="B28" refString="Lin, YC, Ballarin, F, Li, SQ, 2016. A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species. ZooKeys 627: 1 - 168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.627.8629" title="A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.627.8629" volume="627" year="2016">Lin et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 69A, C). In addition, the female of this species can be distinguished from the female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CE781858A7255A8C2C7796D52EF30689" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. kaohsiungensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="kaohsiungensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D799BA63DF510E17E56A15BC7FB4A12D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. kaohsiungensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the different shape of scapus, lacking a lobated tip (vs ending with a lobated tip in the latter species) (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="08901446856AF59A86F867B2941D313C" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nesticella occulta sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C female epigyne, ventral view D same, shape variation E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891295" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">11C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B5F953CBE22AA68741CB4BA3715E9969" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13F</figureCitation>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0AEA12CB0E0D73F451E8FE76B06177B0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.627.8629" author="Lin, YC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" pagination="1 - 168" refId="B28" refString="Lin, YC, Ballarin, F, Li, SQ, 2016. A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species. ZooKeys 627: 1 - 168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.627.8629" title="A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.627.8629" volume="627" year="2016">Lin et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 69E, F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D385EA0D79F285647E2D03CD61A57083" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC8510C29D102E96CBBF4606868241F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="48D44F9D544153369315D02B981A3D9E" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E104FFC88F738245D52B9F95A5C00DA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Female (holotype).</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="0C0DB236E27B60C105AD1029FE574D2C" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nesticella occulta sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C female epigyne, ventral view D same, shape variation E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891295" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">11A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CBAE6622F62C0DE97DBD771F681F23A" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Nesticella and Howaia species in life and their natural habitats A female of H. mogera B female of N. terrestris C female of H. alba sp. nov. D female of N. occulta sp. nov. E female of N. okinawaensis F example of the epigean habitat of Nesticella species in the Ryukyus G habitat of H. alba sp nov. (dark zone of Tsuzupisuki-abu cave) H habitat of N. occulta sp. nov. (dark zone of Kabirano-ana cave) (all photos by F. Ballarin)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891299" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">15D</figureCitation>
|
||
. Total length 2.48. Prosoma 1.08 long, 0.93 wide. Carapace piriform, uniformly pale yellowish. Cephalic area as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="0B021B17486C3E2EC9B8E4EDE69F4FF6" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nesticella occulta sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C female epigyne, ventral view D same, shape variation E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891295" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">11B</figureCitation>
|
||
. Eyes completely degenerated. Cervical groove and fovea indistinct. Chelicerae uniformly brownish. Labium, maxillae, and sternum pale yellowish as carapace. Legs uniformly pale yellowish. Legs measurements: I 6.36 (2.18, 0.47, 1.48, 1.46, 0.77), II 6.13 (1.97, 0.45, 1.60, 1.42, 0.69), III 4.36 (1.43, 0.38, 0.95, 0.90, 0.70), IV 6.02 (1.94, 0.46, 1.54, 1.32, 0.76). Opisthosoma uniformly greyish, covered by long, sparse hairs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="187DB61B69223669BBA92ADEC8701660" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
Epigyne and vulva as in Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="1B0DB2E55DF98169E06E44F9B5568E59" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nesticella occulta sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C female epigyne, ventral view D same, shape variation E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891295" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">11C-E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C8F37272C531048A6683B6C48BE54C" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13F</figureCitation>
|
||
. Scapus (Sc) long and protruding, tongue-like, ~ 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6462A287C93C93ADB6DFDABF8E485423" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than wide, ending with a rounded tip (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="D9BE07D6BFC42265A16E724914AFABAB" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nesticella occulta sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C female epigyne, ventral view D same, shape variation E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891295" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">11C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="107B317F4E944F1C71EED74066B5F486" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Copulatory opening (Co) at the inner-lateral sides of scapus. Internal ducts slightly visible through the transparent tegument, V shaped. Copulatory ducts (Cd) short and straight, strongly diverging from each other (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="5B636F1D93C8AE405AB67BF7A7824AC0" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nesticella occulta sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C female epigyne, ventral view D same, shape variation E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891295" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">11C-E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="82352E98E50960415CB89B5364B0FE99" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13F</figureCitation>
|
||
) distal trait coiled, reaching spermathecae with 1 coil. Insemination ducts (Id) thin, coiled around the copulatory ducts. Spermathecae (S) small and rounded, separated from each other by ~ 2.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3CB257893F3266F5DE3CB27827A7C816" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
their diameter (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="C45FDA99E6E3D25334C5B46C7066249D" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nesticella occulta sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C female epigyne, ventral view D same, shape variation E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891295" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">11E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F5F3D97F68B4808BB4DBA22BE725FD31" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="2A57BBCCC85A001D87B9450361F56242" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C90E4860C2970553669EC0315E6646DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A33CD13884D2B1A0E954844CD434A9E" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Size variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B1809A830BF85C5CEFA0C4D347E5E16C" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">(based on 4 females) Total length: 1.75-2.48, prosoma length: 1.06-1.10, width: 0.92-0.94 wide.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5FF4DA21BE20E173A5921396A39295AD" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="7D84FDD25A9D3E5FC7948F5979567A0E" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ED5AE0C0FBDB40A3807F9976C02FF5AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
Ishigaki-jima Island. Known only from the type locality (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="388C5116648DD5EFAF9348C3C691B3EA" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Distribution of Nesticella and Howaia species in mainland Japan and Ryukyu Archipelago A distribution of N. brevipes and N. terrestris in mainland Japan and neighboring countries B distribution of Nesticella and Howaia species endemic to the Ryukyu Archipelago C distribution of H. mogera in mainland Japan and neighboring countries D distribution of H. mogera in the Ryukyu Archipelago and neighboring countries. Colored squares refer to the type localities of the species, colored dots indicate the locations of specimens whose morphology has been checked during this study, dashed areas refer to the generally known distribution of the species, question marks refer to unclear distributions (see " remarks on misidentifications " of N. brevipes and N. terrestris)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891300" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">16B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A88E4129756D7647603A56EF2A1E54BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph id="B2831C02C033BBD5B4FE0BA51721BE7B" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4A9B02B3132542C2BE5F3147A88A1B36" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8A43C28F5D8B610EFDA3F8EDACF405AC" authorityName="Ballarin & Eguchi" authorityYear="2023" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella occulta" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occulta">
|
||
<emphasis id="A66BD5FAC601E9BDF4F5831040876487" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella occulta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. lives in the dark zone of the type locality cave characterized by high and stable temperature and humidity (e.g., temp: 25.8 °C, hum: 94.4%) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="EA767B3617ED9DBE68A71089802E24CA" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Nesticella and Howaia species in life and their natural habitats A female of H. mogera B female of N. terrestris C female of H. alba sp. nov. D female of N. occulta sp. nov. E female of N. okinawaensis F example of the epigean habitat of Nesticella species in the Ryukyus G habitat of H. alba sp nov. (dark zone of Tsuzupisuki-abu cave) H habitat of N. occulta sp. nov. (dark zone of Kabirano-ana cave) (all photos by F. Ballarin)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891299" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">15H</figureCitation>
|
||
). It builds small and simple scaffold-webs among the crevices and empty spaces between the numerous rocks covering the floor of the cave and on the lower part of the cave walls. These spiders appear scattered inside the cave and rather infrequently, suggesting a relatively small population. The compete eyes degeneration, the lack of pigmentation and the presence of the species only in the deepest section of the cave suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DE140397C604518250B0DB4FB9819095" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. occulta" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="occulta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B607071C404B06DC546ACFAB933B7C56" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. occulta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is a true troglobiont. These characteristics as well as the rarity of the species, inhabiting a single cave, make
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7D948585B08885FE9D5B7FB6215F2B4B" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. occulta" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="occulta">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A4CBDD6C349197AC01B6DC923C57198" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. occulta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. a good target for species conservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="413522F0A3AEA0CDE005E573706C2A45" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="nesticella okinawaensis group">
|
||
<paragraph id="3FAFBF65EA7DBC3252B58FB7C1417E54" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15491B017F1908F4C7FBCC44EFFF4679" baseAuthorityName="Yaginuma" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="056B3EAA95C3EA33505732EE401B47CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |