651 lines
91 KiB
XML
651 lines
91 KiB
XML
<document id="082901FDC015DAF5E6F84B6A78AC7CF0" ID-CLB-Dataset="292068" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.01.004" ID-GBIF-Dataset="63059dda-22cf-4b02-9c40-6a66e13888ce" ID-ISSN="2213-2244" ID-PMC="PMC5853523" ID-PubMed="29556470" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668397" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1708029573154" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Koehler, Anson V., Wang, Tao, Haydon, Shane R. & Gasser, Robin B." docDate="2018" docId="03C64155FF9A5465FCA42CDA77C64088" docLanguage="en" docName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.7.1.18-26.pdf" docOrigin="International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 7 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.01.004" docStyle="DocumentStyle:77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931.2:IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleId="77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931" docStyleName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Cryptosporidium viatorum" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFFF392DFF985463FF96295D7430455A" masterDocTitle="Cryptosporidium viatorum from the native Australian swamp rat Rattus lutreolus - An emerging zoonotic pathogen?" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="18" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1713183841377" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="548D1346B05437527677065185E5B565">Cryptosporidium viatorum from the native Australian swamp rat Rattus lutreolus - An emerging zoonotic pathogen?</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="039E45A5C7A243C9ED943D593EB6750B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B58E809A4570702EA3B90FDD3A69FA23">Koehler, Anson V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7F058E7E6D504AF0C1A7ABFF38049B3D">Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D0DA79DC5E417EF0096B976EDF3F5438">Wang, Tao</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E8C2567550C91BD985ABD2DC0F7FAD21">Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D8A7C4BB983E0E2609D73108681B94DF">Haydon, Shane R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3A0EAC566293A3F2F2C4FFE0E61447FF">Melbourne Water, Docklands, Victoria 3001, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8ECC8F3667994393186ADBF21502851F">Gasser, Robin B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9E4C71FD48E4B0036DD89672F0190C11">Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="B73FE34EEAB07C3C463109967D379B88">International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2970BBFA5BA31165C69531A57D131194">2018</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C64155FF9A5465FCA42CDA77C64088" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10892170" ID-GBIF-Taxon="224294777" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10892170" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C64155FF9A5465FCA42CDA77C64088" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C64155FF9A5465FCA42CDA77C64088" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
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<subSubSection id="C375A3C8FF9A5461FCA42CDA715040C0" box="[818,1376,1414,1434]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9A5461FCA42CDA715040C0" blockId="2.[818,1376,1414,1434]" box="[818,1376,1414,1434]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
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<heading id="D098472FFF9A5461FCA42CDA715040C0" box="[818,1376,1414,1434]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FCA42CDA715040C0" bold="true" box="[818,1376,1414,1434]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
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3.3. Molecular identification and classification as
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9A5461FB612CDA715040C0" authority="Elwin et al., 2012" box="[1271,1376,1415,1434]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">C. viatorum</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C375A3C8FF9A5465FCC52CE277C64088" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9A5461FCC52CE27052425E" blockId="2.[818,1488,1471,1992]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
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Of the 26 rat faecal samples examined, three from
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9A5461FAD62CE271984088" box="[1344,1448,1471,1490]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutreolus">
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<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FAD62CE271984088" bold="true" box="[1344,1448,1471,1490]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">R. lutreolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(laboratory nos.
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7513, UY7521 and
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<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9A5461FB132C87709640B7" box="[1157,1190,1498,1517]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">UY</collectionCode>
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7523) (but none from
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9A5461FAE42C8771FF40B7" box="[1394,1487,1498,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscipes">
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<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FAE42C8771FF40B7" bold="true" box="[1394,1487,1498,1517]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">R. fuscipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9A5461FCD82CAB77964353" box="[846,934,1526,1545]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
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<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FCD82CAB77964353" bold="true" box="[846,934,1526,1545]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">M. fuscus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) were PCR test-positive for
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9A5461FB2A2CAB717F4353" box="[1212,1359,1526,1545]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FB2A2CAB717F4353" bold="true" box="[1212,1359,1526,1545]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FAEE2CAB71AD4353" bold="true" box="[1400,1437,1526,1545]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
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<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9A5461FAEE2CAB71AD4353" box="[1400,1437,1526,1545]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fye2-vfes" name="Saratov State University" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">SSU</collectionCode>
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</emphasis>
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||
. The
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<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FCA42F4F7767437F" bold="true" box="[818,855,1554,1573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
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<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9A5461FCA42F4F7767437F" box="[818,855,1554,1573]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fye2-vfes" name="Saratov State University" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">SSU</collectionCode>
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</emphasis>
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sequences determined (represented by accession no.
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<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9A5461FAC82F4F71B3437F" box="[1374,1411,1554,1573]" country="China" name="Museum of Zoology" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">MG</collectionCode>
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021320) were all identical across all 568 nts; a comparison of this novel sequence with the sequence representing
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9A5461FB5E2F1771074307" box="[1224,1335,1610,1629]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
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<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FB5E2F1771074307" bold="true" box="[1224,1335,1610,1629]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">C. viatorum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(accession no. JN846708) from GenBank revealed 99% identity (four deletion/insertion events). Only one of the
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<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FBC22FDF704F43CF" bold="true" box="[1108,1151,1666,1685]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">gp60</emphasis>
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amplicons derived from rat faecal DNAs (
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<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9A5461FCE22FC377A643EB" box="[884,918,1694,1713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">UY</collectionCode>
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7513) returned a clean
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<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FBE42FC370AE43EB" bold="true" box="[1138,1182,1694,1713]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">gp60</emphasis>
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sequence for
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9A5461FAB52FC3718643EB" box="[1315,1462,1694,1713]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FAB52FC3718643EB" bold="true" box="[1315,1462,1694,1713]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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of 911 bp in length. This sequence (accession no.
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<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9A5461FA962FE471154396" box="[1280,1317,1721,1740]" country="China" name="Museum of Zoology" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">MG</collectionCode>
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021319) had 84% identity (767 of 911 bp) with
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9A5461FBF62F8870FB43B2" box="[1120,1227,1749,1768]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
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<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FBF62F8870FB43B2" bold="true" box="[1120,1227,1749,1768]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">C. viatorum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(accession no.
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<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9A5461FAF32F8871B343B2" box="[1381,1411,1749,1768]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">KP</collectionCode>
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115936) present in GenBank at the time.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9A5467FCC52E50763B438B" blockId="2.[818,1488,1471,1992]" lastBlockId="4.[100,771,1531,1968]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
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||
The
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FCEA2E507791427A" bold="true" box="[892,929,1805,1824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
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||
<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9A5461FCEA2E507791427A" box="[892,929,1805,1824]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fye2-vfes" name="Saratov State University" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">SSU</collectionCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
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phylogenetic tree (
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<figureCitation id="1354ECC6FF9A5461FBCE2E5070BC427A" box="[1112,1164,1805,1824]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[100,127,1874,1889]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,151,1853]" captionTargetId="graphics-0@3.[234,1192,151,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA (SSU) gene nucleotide sequence data (aligned over 563 bp) of selected Cryptosporidium taxa in relation to the novel C. viatorum genotype using the neighbor joining distance method. Individual GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host common name and locality descriptors. Bootstrap support values (based on 2000 iterations) are indicated next to supported branches. Cryptosporidium baileyi was chosen as the outgroup. The novel genotype from this study is in bold-type. Scale bar indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668399" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668399/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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) suggests that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9A5461FAAA2E5071FF427A" box="[1340,1487,1805,1824]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FAAA2E5071FF427A" bold="true" box="[1340,1487,1805,1824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
taxon in the faecal sample from
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9A5461FBF72E7470F74266" box="[1121,1223,1833,1852]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutreolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FBF72E7470F74266" bold="true" box="[1121,1223,1833,1852]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">R. lutreolus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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is most closely related (537 of 541 bp or 99.3% identity) to the majority of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9A5461FB6C2E1871544202" box="[1274,1380,1861,1880]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FB6C2E1871544202" bold="true" box="[1274,1380,1861,1880]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences. The sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9A5461FC492E3C707A422E" box="[991,1098,1889,1908]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
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||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FC492E3C707A422E" bold="true" box="[991,1098,1889,1908]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grouped into a highly-supported monophyletic clade (BP = 99%). Five of the previously defined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9A5461FAF32E2071FF42CA" box="[1381,1487,1917,1936]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9A5461FAF32E2071FF42CA" bold="true" box="[1381,1487,1917,1936]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences (accession nos.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9A5461FBBE2EC4707942F6" box="[1064,1097,1945,1964]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">KX</collectionCode>
|
||
174309, JX978271, JX644908, JN846708 and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9A5461FCF62EE877B54292" box="[864,901,1973,1992]" country="0" name="Hastings Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">HM</collectionCode>
|
||
485434) are identical, while one (JN846705) has a single nucleotide difference to the other five sequences. The clades that are closest to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FF7D2F4A75654370" box="[235,341,1559,1578]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FF7D2F4A75654370" bold="true" box="[235,341,1559,1578]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade in the tree are a well-supported clade (BP = 95%) containing multiple sequences representing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FD0C2F6E748B4338" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FD0C2F6E74A64338" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
environmental water samples from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378B0D3FF9C5467FD882F1276544338" box="[542,612,1615,1634]" name="Canada" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9C5467FDE22F1274A64324" author="Ruecker, N. J. & Matsune, J. C. & Wilkes, G. & Lapen, D. R. & Topp, E. & Edge, T. A. & Sensen, C. W. & Xiao, L. & Neumann, N. F." pageId="4" pageNumber="22" pagination="5135 - 5150" refId="ref10179" refString="Ruecker, N. J., Matsune, J. C., Wilkes, G., Lapen, D. R., Topp, E., Edge, T. A., Sensen, C. W., Xiao, L., Neumann, N. F., 2012. Molecular and phylogenetic approaches for assessing sources of Cryptosporidium contamination in water. Water Res. 46, 5135 - 5150." type="journal article" year="2012">Ruecker et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9C5467FF3E2F3674EA4324" author="Ruecker, N. J. & Matsune, J. C. & Lapen, D. R. & Topp, E. & Edge, T. A. & Neumann, N. F." box="[168,218,1643,1662]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" pagination="3 - 9" refId="ref10109" refString="Ruecker, N. J., Matsune, J. C., Lapen, D. R., Topp, E., Edge, T. A., Neumann, N. F., 2013. The detection of Cryptosporidium and the resolution of mixtures of species and genotypes from water. Infect. Genet. Evol. 15, 3 - 9." type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9C5467FF7D2F3675EF4324" author="Prystajecky, N. & Huck, P. M. & Schreier, H. & Isaac-Renton, J. L." box="[235,479,1643,1662]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" pagination="2328 - 2336" refId="ref9909" refString="Prystajecky, N., Huck, P. M., Schreier, H., Isaac-Renton, J. L., 2014. Assessment of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. as a microbial source tracking tool for surface water: application in a mixed-use watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80, 2328 - 2336." type="journal article" year="2014">Prystajecky et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the strongly-supported (BP = 98%) marsupial clade representing sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FD132FDA76E543C0" box="[645,725,1671,1690]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="fayeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FD132FDA76E543C0" bold="true" box="[645,725,1671,1690]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C. fayeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FFF22FFF752843EF" box="[100,280,1698,1717]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FFF22FFF74C743EF" bold="true" box="[100,247,1698,1717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
opossum genotype (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9C5467FE4F2FFF76A343EF" author="Morgan, U. M. & Monis, P. T. & Fayer, R. & Deplazes, P. & Thompson, R. C." box="[473,659,1698,1717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" pagination="1126 - 1133" refId="ref9633" refString="Morgan, U. M., Monis, P. T., Fayer, R., Deplazes, P., Thompson, R. C., 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among isolates of Cryptosporidium: evidence for several new species. J. Parasitol. 85, 1126 - 1133." type="journal article" year="1999">Morgan et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9C5467FD0B2FFF74A6438B" author="Xiao, L. & Sulaiman, I. M. & Ryan, U. M. & Zhou, L. & Atwill, E. R. & Tischler, M. L. & Zhang, X. & Fayer, R. & Lal, A. A." pageId="4" pageNumber="22" pagination="1773 - 1785" refId="ref11588" refString="Xiao, L., Sulaiman, I. M., Ryan, U. M., Zhou, L., Atwill, E. R., Tischler, M. L., Zhang, X., Fayer, R., Lal, A. A., 2002. Host adaptation and host-parasite co-evolution in Cryptosporidium: implications for taxonomy and public health. Int. J. Parasitol. 32, 1773 - 1785." type="journal article" year="2002">Xiao et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9C5467FF372FE37562438B" author="Power, M. L. & Slade, M. B. & Sangster, N. C. & Veal, D. A." box="[161,338,1726,1745]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" pagination="59 - 67" refId="ref9848" refString="Power, M. L., Slade, M. B., Sangster, N. C., Veal, D. A., 2004. Genetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium from a wild population of eastern grey kangaroos Macropus giganteus inhabiting a water catchment. Infect. Genet. Evol. 4, 59 - 67." type="journal article" year="2004">Power et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9C5467FECB2FE375CD438B" author="Wait, L. F. & Fox, S. & Peck, S. & Power, M. L." box="[349,509,1726,1745]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" pagination="0174994" refId="ref11440" refString="Wait, L. F., Fox, S., Peck, S., Power, M. L., 2017. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from the tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii). PLoS One 12, e 0174994." type="journal article" year="2017">Wait et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF10A0CBFF9B5460FFF22E0F771942F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668399" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668399" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668399/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" startId="3.[100,127,1874,1889]" targetBox="[234,1353,151,1853]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9B5460FFF22E0F771942F3" blockId="3.[100,1487,1874,1961]" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9B5460FFF22E0F74A6423B" bold="true" box="[100,150,1874,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic relationships of small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9B5460FD3A2E0F76FA423B" bold="true" box="[684,714,1874,1889]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">SSU</emphasis>
|
||
) gene nucleotide sequence data (aligned over 563 bp) of selected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9B5460FB232E0F711A423B" box="[1205,1322,1874,1889]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9B5460FB232E0F711A423B" bold="true" box="[1205,1322,1874,1889]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa in relation to the novel
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9B5460FF022E3774D94223" box="[148,233,1898,1913]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9B5460FF022E3774D94223" bold="true" box="[148,233,1898,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genotype using the neighbor joining distance method. Individual GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host common name and locality descriptors. Bootstrap support values (based on 2000 iterations) are indicated next to supported branches.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9B5460FC1C2EDF700342CB" authorityName="Current, Upton & Haynes" authorityYear="1986" box="[906,1075,1922,1937]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="baileyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9B5460FC1C2EDF700342CB" bold="true" box="[906,1075,1922,1937]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">Cryptosporidium baileyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was chosen as the outgroup. The novel genotype from this study is in bold-type. Scale bar indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF10A0CBFF9C5467FFF22C2877454096" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668403" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668403" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668403/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" startId="4.[100,127,1397,1412]" targetBox="[113,1474,151,1375]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9C5467FFF22C2877454096" blockId="4.[100,1487,1397,1484]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FFF22C2874A640DE" bold="true" box="[100,150,1397,1412]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic relationships of amino acid sequences inferred from the 60 kilodalton glycoprotein (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FCE12C2877AA40DE" bold="true" box="[887,922,1397,1412]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">gp60</emphasis>
|
||
) gene (286 amino acids) for selected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FB252C28711840DE" box="[1203,1320,1397,1412]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FB252C28711840DE" bold="true" box="[1203,1320,1397,1412]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa in relation to the novel
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FF022CD074DA40C6" box="[148,234,1421,1436]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
C.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FF3D2CD074DA40C6" bold="true" box="[171,234,1421,1436]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtype using the neighbor joining distance method. Individual GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host common name and locality descriptors. Bootstrap support values (based on 2000 iterations) are indicated next to supported branches.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FC142CF8702240EE" box="[898,1042,1445,1460]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FC142CF877C740EE" bold="true" box="[898,1015,1445,1460]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
chipmunk genotype was chosen as the outgroup. The novel subtype from this study is in bold type. Scale bar indicates the number of amino acid changes per site.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9C5467FF132F87773342EA" blockId="4.[100,771,1531,1968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FF222F8774EF43B7" bold="true" box="[180,223,1754,1773]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">gp60</emphasis>
|
||
tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1354ECC6FF9C5467FEB52F87756D43B7" box="[291,349,1754,1773]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,127,1397,1412]" captionTargetBox="[113,1474,151,1375]" captionTargetId="graphics-332@4.[113,1474,151,1320]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of amino acid sequences inferred from the 60 kilodalton glycoprotein (gp60) gene (286 amino acids) for selected Cryptosporidium taxa in relation to the novel C. viatorum subtype using the neighbor joining distance method. Individual GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host common name and locality descriptors. Bootstrap support values (based on 2000 iterations) are indicated next to supported branches. Cryptosporidium sp. chipmunk genotype was chosen as the outgroup. The novel subtype from this study is in bold type. Scale bar indicates the number of amino acid changes per site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668403" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668403/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) also reveals a strongly supported monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FF212FAB75114253" box="[183,289,1782,1801]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FF212FAB75114253" bold="true" box="[183,289,1782,1801]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (BP = 98%). Six members of the previously recognised subtypes XVaA3a to XVaA3f (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9C5467FE712E4F7683427F" author="Stensvold, C. R. & Elwin, K. & Winiecka-Krusnell, J. & Chalmers, R. M. & Xiao, L. & Lebbad, M." box="[487,691,1810,1829]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" pagination="1891 - 1897" refId="ref11055" refString="Stensvold, C. R., Elwin, K., Winiecka-Krusnell, J., Chalmers, R. M., Xiao, L., Lebbad, M., 2015. Development and application of a gp 60 - based typing assay for Cryptosporidium viatorum. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53, 1891 - 1897." type="journal article" year="2015">Stensvold et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as well as XVaA6 from wastewater (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9C5467FE102E737676421B" author="Huang, C. & Hu, Y. & Wang, L. & Wang, Y. & Li, N. & Guo, Y. & Feng, Y. & Xiao, L." box="[390,582,1838,1857]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" refId="ref8706" refString="Huang, C., Hu, Y., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Li, N., Guo, Y., Feng, Y., Xiao, L., 2017. Environmental transport of emerging human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes through combined sewer overflow and wastewater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 83 e 00682 - 17." type="book" year="2017">Huang et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) appear to cluster tightly in a well-supported clade (BP = 100%) with relatively short branch lengths. The difference in branch length between the novel
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FD782E3B748342CF" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FD782E3B748342CF" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequence and the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FE092EDF763842CF" box="[415,520,1922,1941]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FE092EDF763842CF" bold="true" box="[415,520,1922,1941]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences (accession nos.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9C5467FFF22EC074B142EA" box="[100,129,1949,1968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">KP</collectionCode>
|
||
115936 to
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9C5467FF752EC0753142EA" box="[227,257,1949,1968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">KP</collectionCode>
|
||
115941) leads to the designation of a new subtype XVb.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9C5467FCA42CA677EB43EF" blockId="4.[818,1488,1531,1717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">
|
||
All of the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FC5D2CA670974354" box="[971,1191,1531,1550]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FC5D2CA6706E4354" bold="true" box="[971,1118,1531,1550]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and genotypes group into well supported clades, with the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FB312F4A71344370" box="[1191,1284,1559,1578]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="parvum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FB312F4A70844370" bold="true" box="[1191,1204,1559,1578]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FB572F4A71344370" bold="true" box="[1217,1284,1559,1578]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">parvum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FAA42F4A71A04370" authorityName="Morgan-Ryan, Fall, Ward, Hijjawi, Sulaiman, Fayer, Thompson, Olson, Lal & Xiao" authorityYear="2002" box="[1330,1424,1559,1578]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="hominis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FAA42F4A71A04370" bold="true" box="[1330,1424,1559,1578]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C. hominis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which remain together within their own clade. Of note is the extent of the maximum level of intraspecific variation recorded to date within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FA2A2F1277A54324" authorityName="Slavin" authorityYear="1955" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="meleagridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FA2A2F1277A54324" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C. meleagridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(16.3%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FC602F3670744324" box="[1014,1092,1643,1662]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="fayeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FC602F3670744324" bold="true" box="[1014,1092,1643,1662]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C. fayeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(37.8%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FB332F3671284324" authorityName="Fayer, Santin & Macarisin" authorityYear="2010" box="[1189,1304,1643,1662]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="ubiquitum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FB332F3671284324" bold="true" box="[1189,1304,1643,1662]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C. ubiquitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(54.3%) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FA082F36778F43C0" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FA082F3677AA43C0" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
skunk genotype (45.6%), compared to that within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FA2A2FDA77B143EF" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FA2A2FDA77B143EF" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(26.3%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9C5467FCA42FAC70F2425E" blockId="4.[818,1218,1777,1796]" box="[818,1218,1777,1796]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<heading id="D098472FFF9C5467FCA42FAC70F2425E" box="[818,1218,1777,1796]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FCA42FAC70F2425E" bold="true" box="[818,1218,1777,1796]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">3.4. Comparison of gp60 and sequence data</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9C5465FCC52E7474F945B0" blockId="4.[818,1488,1833,1992]" lastBlockId="6.[100,770,159,792]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The nucleotide alignment of
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FBE62E7470AC4266" bold="true" box="[1136,1180,1833,1852]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">gp60</emphasis>
|
||
(not shown) indicates that the descriptive serine repeat region contains two TCA serine repeats followed by a third TCG serine repeat which, in accordance
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FAF22E3C71FF422E" box="[1380,1487,1889,1908]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FAF22E3C71FF422E" bold="true" box="[1380,1487,1889,1908]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtype naming guidelines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9C5467FBDB2E20711A42CA" author="Stensvold, C. R. & Elwin, K. & Winiecka-Krusnell, J. & Chalmers, R. M. & Xiao, L. & Lebbad, M." box="[1101,1322,1917,1936]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" pagination="1891 - 1897" refId="ref11055" refString="Stensvold, C. R., Elwin, K., Winiecka-Krusnell, J., Chalmers, R. M., Xiao, L., Lebbad, M., 2015. Development and application of a gp 60 - based typing assay for Cryptosporidium viatorum. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53, 1891 - 1897." type="journal article" year="2015">Stensvold et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), designates the name of the novel
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5467FC712EC4706142F6" box="[999,1105,1945,1964]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5467FC712EC4706142F6" bold="true" box="[999,1105,1945,1964]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtype as XVbA2G1. The pairwise nucleotide sequence difference of the novel subtype to the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9C5465FA2A2EE8748345E8" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="24" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9C5465FA2A2EE8748345E8" bold="true" italics="true" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="22">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtypes ranged from 16.3% to 17.3% (Table 1). The intrasubtype variation for the known subtypes ranges from 0.1 to 3.7% difference.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9E5465FF1329AE763344C8" blockId="6.[100,770,159,792]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Pairwise comparisons showed 8 amino acid deletions, 6 insertions and 53 non-synonymous substitutions when the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FDD42852769E4478" box="[578,686,271,290]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FDD42852769E4478" bold="true" box="[578,686,271,290]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtype XVbA2G1 was compared with other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FE28287676174464" box="[446,551,299,318]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FE28287676174464" bold="true" box="[446,551,299,318]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtypes (Fig. 3), with variation ranging from 22.0% to 24.8% across the consensus length of 286 amino acids. Variation among six other known subtypes ranged from 0.4% to 6.0% at the amino acid level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9E5465FF1328C776594642" blockId="6.[100,770,159,792]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The “diagnostic” serine repeat region (Fig. 3: amino acid postions 26–32) precedes a threonine repeat region, which includes 10 repeats of threonine with an alanine in the middle of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FDAD288F769744BF" box="[571,679,466,485]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FDAD288F769744BF" bold="true" box="[571,679,466,485]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtypes from humans but is lacking from subtype XVbA2G1 from the swamp rat (Fig. 3). The furin cleavage site (“RAKR”) in the sequence of subtype XVbA2G1 was at the same position as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FD922B7B76404763" box="[516,624,550,569]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FD922B7B76404763" bold="true" box="[516,624,550,569]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtypes from humans or from wastewater (“IVKR”), but there were two amino acid differences (Fig. 3). In addition, subtype XVbA2G1 differs at two of the recognised N-glycosylation sites from the other subtypes: the first Nglycosylation site is 7 amino acids further downstream, and the second site is at the same position but its sequence is “NETD” rather than “NDSD” or “NDND”. Of the 35 O-glycosylation sites predicted for subtype XVbA2G1 and all other known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FE4D2BB4767447A6" box="[475,580,745,764]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FE4D2BB4767447A6" bold="true" box="[475,580,745,764]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtypes, 23 amino acid positions (66%) were conserved among subtypes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9E5465FFF22A6074DD460A" blockId="6.[100,237,829,848]" box="[100,237,829,848]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading id="D098472FFF9E5465FFF22A6074DD460A" bold="true" box="[100,237,829,848]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FFF22A6074DD460A" bold="true" box="[100,237,829,848]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">4. Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9E5465FF132A2874E3418C" blockId="6.[100,770,885,1406]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Since the initial description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FE3F2A28762146D2" box="[425,529,885,904]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FE3F2A28762146D2" bold="true" box="[425,529,885,904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from travellers returning to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378B0D3FF9E5465FF352ACD750E46F9" box="[163,318,912,931]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
from the Indian subcontinent, there has been a question as to whether animal reservoirs exist for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FDC62AF174E94681" authority="(Elwin et al., 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Elwin" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FDC62AF1768B46E5" bold="true" box="[592,699,940,959]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FD5A2AF174FF4681" author="Elwin, K. & Hadfield, S. J. & Robinson, G. & Crouch, N. D. & Chalmers, R. M." pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="675 - 682" refId="ref8635" refString="Elwin, K., Hadfield, S. J., Robinson, G., Crouch, N. D., Chalmers, R. M., 2012. Cryptosporidium viatorum n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) among travellers returning to Great Britain from the Indian subcontinent, 2007 - 2011. Int. J. Parasitol. 42, 675 - 682." type="journal article" year="2012">Elwin et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This question has at least partially been resolved with the discovery of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FF7F2AB9756746AD" box="[233,343,996,1015]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FF7F2AB9756746AD" bold="true" box="[233,343,996,1015]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtype XVbA2G1 from native Australian swamp rats living in an isolated and protected water catchment free from human intervention and in which other wildlife have been continuously surveyed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FED62D6575E34111" box="[320,467,1080,1099]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FED62D6575E34111" bold="true" box="[320,467,1080,1099]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
since 2009 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FDC62D6576CE4111" author="Nolan, M. J. & Jex, A. R. & Koehler, A. V. & Haydon, S. R. & Stevens, M. A. & Gasser, R. B." box="[592,766,1080,1099]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="1726 - 1740" refId="ref9710" refString="Nolan, M. J., Jex, A. R., Koehler, A. V., Haydon, S. R., Stevens, M. A., Gasser, R. B., 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern Australia. Water Res. 47, 1726 - 1740." type="journal article" year="2013">Nolan et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FFF22D09751F413D" author="Koehler, A. V. & Haydon, S. R. & Jex, A. R. & Gasser, R. B." box="[100,303,1108,1127]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="315" refId="ref9039" refString="Koehler, A. V., Haydon, S. R., Jex, A. R., Gasser, R. B., 2016 b. Cryptosporidium and Giardia taxa in faecal samples from animals in catchments supplying the city of Melbourne with drinking water (2011 to 2015). Parasites Vectors 9, 315." type="journal article" year="2016">Koehler et al., 2016b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although this subtype is not identical to those found in humans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FE802D2D75D641D9" author="Stensvold, C. R. & Elwin, K. & Winiecka-Krusnell, J. & Chalmers, R. M. & Xiao, L. & Lebbad, M." box="[278,486,1136,1155]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="1891 - 1897" refId="ref11055" refString="Stensvold, C. R., Elwin, K., Winiecka-Krusnell, J., Chalmers, R. M., Xiao, L., Lebbad, M., 2015. Development and application of a gp 60 - based typing assay for Cryptosporidium viatorum. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53, 1891 - 1897." type="journal article" year="2015">Stensvold et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the molecular and phylogenetic evidence provided here indicates they it belong to the same clade as other subtypes and thus likely represents the same species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FD472DF574FC418C" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FD472DF574FC418C" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9E5465FF132D8276564024" blockId="6.[100,770,885,1406]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
In the following, we (i) provide support for the molecular identification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FF552DA6751E4054" box="[195,302,1275,1294]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FF552DA6751E4054" bold="true" box="[195,302,1275,1294]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FEF82DA675E74054" box="[366,471,1275,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutreolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FEF82DA675E74054" bold="true" box="[366,471,1275,1294]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">R. lutreolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and discuss its relationship to currently known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FE9A2C4A75474070" box="[268,375,1303,1322]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FE9A2C4A75474070" bold="true" box="[268,375,1303,1322]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtypes from humans; (ii) give an historical account of rats in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378B0D3FF9E5465FECB2C6E7582401C" box="[349,434,1331,1350]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and their role or potential role as hosts for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FF2B2C1275604038" box="[189,336,1359,1378]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FF2B2C1275604038" bold="true" box="[189,336,1359,1378]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and (iii) discuss the epidemiological context for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FF102C3674C04024" box="[134,240,1387,1406]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FF102C3674C04024" bold="true" box="[134,240,1387,1406]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378B0D3FF9E5465FE872C3675564024" box="[273,358,1387,1406]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and its zoonotic potential.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9E5465FFF22CFE75C040EC" blockId="6.[100,496,1442,1462]" box="[100,496,1442,1462]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading id="D098472FFF9E5465FFF22CFE75C040EC" box="[100,496,1442,1462]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FFF22CFE75C040EC" bold="true" box="[100,496,1442,1462]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
4.1. Molecular identification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FE102CFE75C040EC" authority="Elwin et al., 2012" box="[390,496,1443,1462]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">C. viatorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9E5465FF132C8770614478" blockId="6.[100,771,1498,1992]" lastBlockId="6.[818,1488,159,1490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The sequence differences between the novel subtype (XVbA2G1) and the human
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FF6A2CAB75564353" box="[252,358,1526,1545]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FF6A2CAB75564353" bold="true" box="[252,358,1526,1545]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtypes for the
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FD982CAB76034353" bold="true" box="[526,563,1526,1545]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9E5465FD982CAB76034353" box="[526,563,1526,1545]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fye2-vfes" name="Saratov State University" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">SSU</collectionCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
gene is only four nucleotides (out of 541) or 0.7% difference (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1354ECC6FF9E5465FE672F4F7616437F" box="[497,550,1554,1573]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[100,127,1874,1889]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,151,1853]" captionTargetId="graphics-0@3.[234,1192,151,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA (SSU) gene nucleotide sequence data (aligned over 563 bp) of selected Cryptosporidium taxa in relation to the novel C. viatorum genotype using the neighbor joining distance method. Individual GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host common name and locality descriptors. Bootstrap support values (based on 2000 iterations) are indicated next to supported branches. Cryptosporidium baileyi was chosen as the outgroup. The novel genotype from this study is in bold-type. Scale bar indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668399" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668399/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), which borders on the acceptable limits of intraspecific variation for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FD832F737698431B" box="[533,680,1582,1601]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FD832F737698431B" bold="true" box="[533,680,1582,1601]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FD232F7374E74307" author="Ruecker, N. J. & Matsune, J. C. & Wilkes, G. & Lapen, D. R. & Topp, E. & Edge, T. A. & Sensen, C. W. & Xiao, L. & Neumann, N. F." pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="5135 - 5150" refId="ref10179" refString="Ruecker, N. J., Matsune, J. C., Wilkes, G., Lapen, D. R., Topp, E., Edge, T. A., Sensen, C. W., Xiao, L., Neumann, N. F., 2012. Molecular and phylogenetic approaches for assessing sources of Cryptosporidium contamination in water. Water Res. 46, 5135 - 5150." type="journal article" year="2012">Ruecker et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FF722F1775BF4307" author="Ryan, U. & Fayer, R. & Xiao, L." box="[228,399,1610,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="1667 - 1685" refId="ref10260" refString="Ryan, U., Fayer, R., Xiao, L., 2014. Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs. Parasitology 141, 1667 - 1685." type="journal article" year="2014">Ryan et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FE0A2F1776594307" author="Koehler, A. V. & Haydon, S. R. & Jex, A. R. & Gasser, R. B." box="[412,617,1610,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="28 - 33" refId="ref8977" refString="Koehler, A. V., Haydon, S. R., Jex, A. R., Gasser, R. B., 2016 a. Is Cryptosporidium from the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) a new species and distinct from Cryptosporidium ubiquitum? Infect. Genet. Evol. 44, 28 - 33." type="journal article" year="2016">Koehler et al., 2016a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Convincingly, subtype XVbA2G1clearly clusters together in a well-supported monophyletic clade with the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FE0F2FDF763843CF" box="[409,520,1666,1685]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FE0F2FDF763843CF" bold="true" box="[409,520,1666,1685]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences from humans (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1354ECC6FF9E5465FFFA2FC3749543EB" box="[108,165,1694,1713]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[100,127,1874,1889]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,151,1853]" captionTargetId="graphics-0@3.[234,1192,151,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA (SSU) gene nucleotide sequence data (aligned over 563 bp) of selected Cryptosporidium taxa in relation to the novel C. viatorum genotype using the neighbor joining distance method. Individual GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host common name and locality descriptors. Bootstrap support values (based on 2000 iterations) are indicated next to supported branches. Cryptosporidium baileyi was chosen as the outgroup. The novel genotype from this study is in bold-type. Scale bar indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668399" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668399/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The inclusion of the majority of unique
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FDDA2FC376EF43EB" box="[588,735,1694,1713]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FDDA2FC376EF43EB" bold="true" box="[588,735,1694,1713]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences, from the top half of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FE452FE476564396" box="[467,614,1721,1740]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FE452FE476564396" bold="true" box="[467,614,1721,1740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
phylogeny (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FFF22F88751C43B2" author="Ruecker, N. J. & Matsune, J. C. & Wilkes, G. & Lapen, D. R. & Topp, E. & Edge, T. A. & Sensen, C. W. & Xiao, L. & Neumann, N. F." box="[100,300,1749,1768]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="5135 - 5150" refId="ref10179" refString="Ruecker, N. J., Matsune, J. C., Wilkes, G., Lapen, D. R., Topp, E., Edge, T. A., Sensen, C. W., Xiao, L., Neumann, N. F., 2012. Molecular and phylogenetic approaches for assessing sources of Cryptosporidium contamination in water. Water Res. 46, 5135 - 5150." type="journal article" year="2012">Ruecker et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), provides further evidence that there is no sequence currently publicly available on GenBank to which the novel subtype matches closer than to the known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FD912E507642427A" box="[519,626,1805,1824]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FD912E507642427A" bold="true" box="[519,626,1805,1824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtypes from humans (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1354ECC6FF9E5465FF562E7474C84266" box="[192,248,1833,1852]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[100,127,1874,1889]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,151,1853]" captionTargetId="graphics-0@3.[234,1192,151,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA (SSU) gene nucleotide sequence data (aligned over 563 bp) of selected Cryptosporidium taxa in relation to the novel C. viatorum genotype using the neighbor joining distance method. Individual GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host common name and locality descriptors. Bootstrap support values (based on 2000 iterations) are indicated next to supported branches. Cryptosporidium baileyi was chosen as the outgroup. The novel genotype from this study is in bold-type. Scale bar indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668399" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668399/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The closest clades to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FD9A2E7476484266" box="[524,632,1833,1852]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FD9A2E7476484266" bold="true" box="[524,632,1833,1852]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade are the Canadian environmental sequences (collectively referred to as W27 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FFFA2E3C751F422E" author="Ruecker, N. J. & Matsune, J. C. & Wilkes, G. & Lapen, D. R. & Topp, E. & Edge, T. A. & Sensen, C. W. & Xiao, L. & Neumann, N. F." box="[108,303,1889,1908]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="5135 - 5150" refId="ref10179" refString="Ruecker, N. J., Matsune, J. C., Wilkes, G., Lapen, D. R., Topp, E., Edge, T. A., Sensen, C. W., Xiao, L., Neumann, N. F., 2012. Molecular and phylogenetic approaches for assessing sources of Cryptosporidium contamination in water. Water Res. 46, 5135 - 5150." type="journal article" year="2012">Ruecker et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)), taken from water samples, and the marsupial clade, which includes the Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FE532E20762342CA" box="[453,531,1917,1936]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="fayeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FE532E20762342CA" bold="true" box="[453,531,1917,1936]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. fayeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the North American opossum genotype (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1354ECC6FF9E5465FEB22EC4756A42F6" box="[292,346,1945,1964]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[100,127,1874,1889]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,151,1853]" captionTargetId="graphics-0@3.[234,1192,151,1801]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA (SSU) gene nucleotide sequence data (aligned over 563 bp) of selected Cryptosporidium taxa in relation to the novel C. viatorum genotype using the neighbor joining distance method. Individual GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host common name and locality descriptors. Bootstrap support values (based on 2000 iterations) are indicated next to supported branches. Cryptosporidium baileyi was chosen as the outgroup. The novel genotype from this study is in bold-type. Scale bar indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668399" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668399/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Unfortunately, the host(s) from which the Canadian environmental water samples originated is unknown (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FCAC29C277CA45E8" author="Ruecker, N. J. & Matsune, J. C. & Wilkes, G. & Lapen, D. R. & Topp, E. & Edge, T. A. & Sensen, C. W. & Xiao, L. & Neumann, N. F." box="[826,1018,159,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="5135 - 5150" refId="ref10179" refString="Ruecker, N. J., Matsune, J. C., Wilkes, G., Lapen, D. R., Topp, E., Edge, T. A., Sensen, C. W., Xiao, L., Neumann, N. F., 2012. Molecular and phylogenetic approaches for assessing sources of Cryptosporidium contamination in water. Water Res. 46, 5135 - 5150." type="journal article" year="2012">Ruecker et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The common locality of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378B0D3FF9E5465FB6129C2717C45E8" box="[1271,1356,159,178]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(between the marsupial clade and the novel subtype) is interesting, but there is currently not enough information available to lend significant support towards any conjectures about the evolutionary relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FA2A29AE77B14478" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FA2A29AE77B14478" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other clades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9E5465FCC528767014470F" blockId="6.[818,1488,159,1490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FCED287677974464" bold="true" box="[891,935,299,318]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">gp60</emphasis>
|
||
gene provides clear evidence that XVbA2G1 is a subtype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FCA4281A77914400" box="[818,929,327,346]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FCA4281A77914400" bold="true" box="[818,929,327,346]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FC72281A703F4400" bold="true" box="[996,1039,327,346]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">gp60</emphasis>
|
||
tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1354ECC6FF9E5465FBC0281A70A14400" box="[1110,1169,327,346]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,127,1397,1412]" captionTargetBox="[113,1474,151,1375]" captionTargetId="graphics-332@4.[113,1474,151,1320]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of amino acid sequences inferred from the 60 kilodalton glycoprotein (gp60) gene (286 amino acids) for selected Cryptosporidium taxa in relation to the novel C. viatorum subtype using the neighbor joining distance method. Individual GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host common name and locality descriptors. Bootstrap support values (based on 2000 iterations) are indicated next to supported branches. Cryptosporidium sp. chipmunk genotype was chosen as the outgroup. The novel subtype from this study is in bold type. Scale bar indicates the number of amino acid changes per site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668403" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668403/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) suggests a strongly supported monophyletic clade for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FB83283E704F442C" box="[1045,1151,355,374]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FB83283E704F442C" bold="true" box="[1045,1151,355,374]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
when compared to the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FA08283E77D744C8" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FA08283E77AA44C8" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for which there are
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FB29282270DA44C8" bold="true" box="[1215,1258,383,402]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">gp60</emphasis>
|
||
sequences in GenBank (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FCAC28C777DA44F7" author="Strong, W. B. & Gut, J. & Nelson, R. G." box="[826,1002,410,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="4117 - 4134" refId="ref11118" refString="Strong, W. B., Gut, J., Nelson, R. G., 2000. Cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a 60 - kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15 - and 45 - kilodalton zoite surface antigen products. Infect. Immun. 68, 4117 - 4134." type="journal article" year="2000">Strong et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FC6228C7709244F7" author="Power, M. L. & Cheung-Kwok-Sang, C. & Slade, M. & Williamson, S." box="[1012,1186,410,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="219 - 223" refId="ref9798" refString="Power, M. L., Cheung-Kwok-Sang, C., Slade, M., Williamson, S., 2009. Cryptosporidium fayeri: diversity within the gp 60 locus of isolates from different marsupial hosts. Exp. Parasitol. 121, 219 - 223." type="journal article" year="2009">Power et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FB3A28C7710044F7" author="Li, N. & Xiao, L. & Alderisio, K. & Elwin, K. & Cebelinski, E. & Chalmers, R. & Santin, M. & Fayer, R. & Kvac, M. & Ryan, U. & Sak, B. & Stanko, M. & Guo, Y. & Wang, L. & Zhang, L. & Cai, J. & Roellig, D. & Feng, Y." box="[1196,1328,410,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="217 - 224" refId="ref9368" refString="Li, N., Xiao, L., Alderisio, K., Elwin, K., Cebelinski, E., Chalmers, R., Santin, M., Fayer, R., Kvac, M., Ryan, U., Sak, B., Stanko, M., Guo, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, L., Cai, J., Roellig, D., Feng, Y., 2014. Subtyping Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, a zoonotic pathogen emerging in humans. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 20, 217 - 224." type="journal article" year="2014">Li et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FAAC28C777544493" author="Stensvold, C. R. & Beser, J. & Axen, C. & Lebbad, M." pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="2311 - 2319" refId="ref11003" refString="Stensvold, C. R., Beser, J., Axen, C., Lebbad, M., 2014. High applicability of a novel method for gp 60 - based subtyping of Cryptosporidium meleagridis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52, 2311 - 2319." type="journal article" year="2014">Stensvold et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FCE728EB77934493" author="Stensvold, C. R. & Elwin, K. & Winiecka-Krusnell, J. & Chalmers, R. M. & Xiao, L. & Lebbad, M." box="[881,931,438,457]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="1891 - 1897" refId="ref11055" refString="Stensvold, C. R., Elwin, K., Winiecka-Krusnell, J., Chalmers, R. M., Xiao, L., Lebbad, M., 2015. Development and application of a gp 60 - based typing assay for Cryptosporidium viatorum. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53, 1891 - 1897." type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FC2628EB705B4493" author="Huang, C. & Hu, Y. & Wang, L. & Wang, Y. & Li, N. & Guo, Y. & Feng, Y. & Xiao, L." box="[944,1131,438,457]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" refId="ref8706" refString="Huang, C., Hu, Y., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Li, N., Guo, Y., Feng, Y., Xiao, L., 2017. Environmental transport of emerging human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes through combined sewer overflow and wastewater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 83 e 00682 - 17." type="book" year="2017">Huang et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FBEE28EB71284493" author="Yan, W. & Alderisio, K. & Roellig, D. M. & Elwin, K. & Chalmers, R. M. & Yang, F. & Wang, Y. & Feng, Y. & Xiao, L." box="[1144,1304,438,457]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="20 - 25" refId="ref11672" refString="Yan, W., Alderisio, K., Roellig, D. M., Elwin, K., Chalmers, R. M., Yang, F., Wang, Y., Feng, Y., Xiao, L., 2017. Subtype analysis of zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium skunk genotype. Infect. Genet. Evol. 55, 20 - 25." type="journal article" year="2017">Yan et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The intraspecific variability of all the other major clades of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FB47288F719E44BF" box="[1233,1454,466,485]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FB47288F715444BF" bold="true" box="[1233,1380,466,485]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included within the
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FC7428B3703D475B" bold="true" box="[994,1037,494,513]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">gp60</emphasis>
|
||
tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1354ECC6FF9E5465FBDE28B3704F475B" box="[1096,1151,494,513]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,127,1397,1412]" captionTargetBox="[113,1474,151,1375]" captionTargetId="graphics-332@4.[113,1474,151,1320]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of amino acid sequences inferred from the 60 kilodalton glycoprotein (gp60) gene (286 amino acids) for selected Cryptosporidium taxa in relation to the novel C. viatorum subtype using the neighbor joining distance method. Individual GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host common name and locality descriptors. Bootstrap support values (based on 2000 iterations) are indicated next to supported branches. Cryptosporidium sp. chipmunk genotype was chosen as the outgroup. The novel subtype from this study is in bold type. Scale bar indicates the number of amino acid changes per site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668403" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668403/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is comparable to that seen within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FCC22B57778C4747" box="[852,956,522,541]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FCC22B57778C4747" bold="true" box="[852,956,522,541]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade. Indeed, sequence variation among representatives within species (clades) are usually higher than for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FA8D2B7B71B44763" box="[1307,1412,550,569]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FA8D2B7B71B44763" bold="true" box="[1307,1412,550,569]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FCC52B1F77E1470F" authorityName="Slavin" authorityYear="1955" box="[851,977,578,597]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="meleagridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FCC52B1F77E1470F" bold="true" box="[851,977,578,597]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. meleagridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1354ECC6FF9E5465FC762B1F7026470F" box="[992,1046,578,597]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,127,1397,1412]" captionTargetBox="[113,1474,151,1375]" captionTargetId="graphics-332@4.[113,1474,151,1320]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of amino acid sequences inferred from the 60 kilodalton glycoprotein (gp60) gene (286 amino acids) for selected Cryptosporidium taxa in relation to the novel C. viatorum subtype using the neighbor joining distance method. Individual GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host common name and locality descriptors. Bootstrap support values (based on 2000 iterations) are indicated next to supported branches. Cryptosporidium sp. chipmunk genotype was chosen as the outgroup. The novel subtype from this study is in bold type. Scale bar indicates the number of amino acid changes per site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668403" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668403/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9E5465FCC52B037045460A" blockId="6.[818,1488,159,1490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The tight grouping of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FBB32B0370BE472B" box="[1061,1166,606,625]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FBB32B0370BE472B" bold="true" box="[1061,1166,606,625]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtypes XVaA3a - XVaA3f could be suggestive of a recent spread of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FB1F2B2770C347D7" box="[1161,1267,634,653]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FB1F2B2770C347D7" bold="true" box="[1161,1267,634,653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from a source population, which is now being disseminated via global human travel, as there does not appear to be a geographic partitioning according to country (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1354ECC6FF9E5465FCAC2B90774247BA" box="[826,882,717,736]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,127,1397,1412]" captionTargetBox="[113,1474,151,1375]" captionTargetId="graphics-332@4.[113,1474,151,1320]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of amino acid sequences inferred from the 60 kilodalton glycoprotein (gp60) gene (286 amino acids) for selected Cryptosporidium taxa in relation to the novel C. viatorum subtype using the neighbor joining distance method. Individual GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host common name and locality descriptors. Bootstrap support values (based on 2000 iterations) are indicated next to supported branches. Cryptosporidium sp. chipmunk genotype was chosen as the outgroup. The novel subtype from this study is in bold type. Scale bar indicates the number of amino acid changes per site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668403" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668403/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). A more extensive study would be necessary to support this hypothesis, although a population study of
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FB722BB4713F47A6" bold="true" box="[1252,1295,745,764]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">gp60</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FAC72BB4718247A6" box="[1361,1458,745,764]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="parvum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FAC72BB4718247A6" bold="true" box="[1361,1458,745,764]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. parvum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in humans reported that the reduced level of variation within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FAE72A5871FF4642" box="[1393,1487,773,792]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="parvum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FAE72A5871FF4642" bold="true" box="[1393,1487,773,792]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. parvum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could represent a recent adaptation to the human host or a selective sweep (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FCEC2A607057460A" author="Abal-Fabeiro, J. & Maside, X. & Bello, X. & Llovo, J. & Bartolome, C." box="[890,1127,829,848]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="4723 - 4732" refId="ref8032" refString="Abal-Fabeiro, J., Maside, X., Bello, X., Llovo, J., Bartolome, C., 2013. Multilocus patterns of genetic variation across Cryptosporidium species suggest balancing selection at the gp 60 locus. Mol. Ecol. 22, 4723 - 4732." type="journal article" year="2013">Abal-Fabeiro et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9E5465FCC52A0471FA413D" blockId="6.[818,1488,159,1490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
As mentioned previously, the subtype XVbA2G1 is not identical to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FCFD2A2877E646D2" box="[875,982,885,904]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FCFD2A2877E646D2" bold="true" box="[875,982,885,904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtypes from humans or wastewater, but it is considered similar enough to represent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FB112ACD70C046F9" box="[1159,1264,912,931]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FB112ACD70C046F9" bold="true" box="[1159,1264,912,931]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The genetic difference at the
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FCE32AF1779146E5" bold="true" box="[885,929,940,959]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">gp60</emphasis>
|
||
locus between subtypes is significant enough to suggest geographic isolation between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FBC12A9570F44681" box="[1111,1220,968,987]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FBC12A9570F44681" bold="true" box="[1111,1220,968,987]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378B0D3FF9E5465FA932A95716A4681" box="[1285,1370,968,987]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FA062A95775746AD" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FA062A95775746AD" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other locations as a possible explanation. Isolation of the Australian subtype coupled with a relatively recent global spread of the human subtypes could also account for these differences; however, many more samples would need to be tested before a definitive conclusion could be made regarding population structure for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FACC2D0971F3413D" box="[1370,1475,1108,1127]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FACC2D0971F3413D" bold="true" box="[1370,1475,1108,1127]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0F043FF9E5465FCC52D2D77C64088" blockId="6.[818,1488,159,1490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The alignment of the inferred
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7E6886FF9E5465FBE62D2D70BD41D9" box="[1136,1165,1136,1155]" country="Brazil" name="Instituto de Geociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">GP</collectionCode>
|
||
60 amino acid sequence data of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FA2A2D2D77B141C5" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FA2A2D2D77B141C5" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtypes further supports the conjecture that subtype XVbA2G1 belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FB9C2DF5704741E1" box="[1034,1143,1192,1211]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FB9C2DF5704741E1" bold="true" box="[1034,1143,1192,1211]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the conserved the furin cleavage site and the partial conservation of the N and O-glycosylation sites (Fig. 3) (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FC592D8270A941A8" author="Stensvold, C. R. & Elwin, K. & Winiecka-Krusnell, J. & Chalmers, R. M. & Xiao, L. & Lebbad, M." box="[975,1177,1247,1266]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="1891 - 1897" refId="ref11055" refString="Stensvold, C. R., Elwin, K., Winiecka-Krusnell, J., Chalmers, R. M., Xiao, L., Lebbad, M., 2015. Development and application of a gp 60 - based typing assay for Cryptosporidium viatorum. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53, 1891 - 1897." type="journal article" year="2015">Stensvold et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, the unique serine repeat region, which has been the cornerstone of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FA9B2DA671904054" box="[1293,1440,1275,1294]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FA9B2DA671904054" bold="true" box="[1293,1440,1275,1294]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genotyping (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FC1C2C4A70714070" author="Strong, W. B. & Gut, J. & Nelson, R. G." box="[906,1089,1303,1322]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="4117 - 4134" refId="ref11118" refString="Strong, W. B., Gut, J., Nelson, R. G., 2000. Cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a 60 - kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15 - and 45 - kilodalton zoite surface antigen products. Infect. Immun. 68, 4117 - 4134." type="journal article" year="2000">Strong et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FBDB2C4A712D4070" author="Sulaiman, I. M. & Hira, P. R. & Zhou, L. & Al-Ali, F. M. & Al-Shelahi, F. A. & Shweiki, H. M. & Iqbal, J. & Khalid, N. & Xiao, L." box="[1101,1309,1303,1322]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="2805 - 2809" refId="ref11181" refString="Sulaiman, I. M., Hira, P. R., Zhou, L., Al-Ali, F. M., Al-Shelahi, F. A., Shweiki, H. M., Iqbal, J., Khalid, N., Xiao, L., 2005. Unique endemicity of cryptosporidiosis in children in Kuwait. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 2805 - 2809." type="journal article" year="2005">Sulaiman et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is followed by a threonine repeat region (Fig. 3). Thus far,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FB2C2C6E7112401C" box="[1210,1314,1331,1350]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FB2C2C6E7112401C" bold="true" box="[1210,1314,1331,1350]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FCD82C1277D14038" box="[846,993,1359,1378]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FCD82C1277D14038" bold="true" box="[846,993,1359,1378]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that has a threonine repeat region rather than a truncated serine repeat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE8DB2FF9E5465FB882C3670DF4024" author="Stensvold, C. R. & Elwin, K. & Winiecka-Krusnell, J. & Chalmers, R. M. & Xiao, L. & Lebbad, M." box="[1054,1263,1387,1406]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" pagination="1891 - 1897" refId="ref11055" refString="Stensvold, C. R., Elwin, K., Winiecka-Krusnell, J., Chalmers, R. M., Xiao, L., Lebbad, M., 2015. Development and application of a gp 60 - based typing assay for Cryptosporidium viatorum. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53, 1891 - 1897." type="journal article" year="2015">Stensvold et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the future, this region of threonine repeats might be useful to assess the classification of novel subtypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F8BC0FF9E5465FC742CFE707C40EC" box="[994,1100,1443,1462]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="viatorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91B2C51FF9E5465FC742CFE707C40EC" bold="true" box="[994,1100,1443,1462]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="24">C. viatorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in addition to the considerably shorter serine repeat region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |