376 lines
48 KiB
XML
376 lines
48 KiB
XML
<document id="DC9867836D15432E1B62C910702BB163" ID-CLB-Dataset="5634" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cdd39956-de72-43ea-afa3-cf79f805dd83" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913561" ID-ZooBank="D2764982-F7D7-4922-BF3F-8314FE9FD869" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623171832930" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schoddei, Richard & Christidis, Les" docDate="2014" docId="03C087B55B66A84DFF75FC03FDEDFB13" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03786p522.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3786 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Toxorhamphus Stresemann 1914" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="505" masterDocId="FFF9FFCD5B65A849FFE2FFADFF95FFB3" masterDocTitle="Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal" masterLastPageNumber="522" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="504" updateTime="1699005125857" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
|
|
<mods:mods id="5D47000B208BD62EE4044FAEE08CAF82" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="8F80E1283EDCDAA5BB0A1F5F608777E7">
|
|
<mods:title id="94E466703A65AB631090479148CF2BBC">Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:name id="710D0E5A11B17D4BCE098D1D740A1CF2" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="3CB821CBE210A9FBF5BF2DB9BD8E868D">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="ED0F0EC25A25E210897ADA45ABD66D76">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="27D5602B7B4055DAB3953016892293BB">Schoddei, Richard</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:name id="2C82BB2359952B9671581BA84205F473" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="11A15019B4BDAA7D6855B94EDED812B9">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="74ECBCAA530B5A3624177ACA5248826E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="43F9711C0394F683B47592ECA48175B8">Christidis, Les</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:typeOfResource id="72804AD80C037F3F8839EA9E37A7C66C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
|
<mods:relatedItem id="4A863B51909DDCEE6B0E2CF4FF9CE6D1" type="host">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="81ED811835F78A84C0D0CA2E0C4D617A">
|
|
<mods:title id="68482F37D559752F73B72BCFB3031420">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:part id="4EE17CF19DC5CB278DF9B61BF8681DAE">
|
|
<mods:date id="C4559E90651EC2F622DA9DAF9A428BF2">2014</mods:date>
|
|
<mods:detail id="5C41B5E13DE87CA6FE4A0A0E3D2131AF" type="pubDate">
|
|
<mods:number id="82CBBF749F9BFEC48D7E7844CF6FB1EC">2014-04-14</mods:number>
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|
<mods:detail id="4B183FDE9086F9359633D30528A5B9CA" type="volume">
|
|
<mods:number id="3EF3DA7A49B068409D7C3FE248A0963E">3786</mods:number>
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|
<mods:detail id="F533E974BE4C6A51525033846044CF79" type="issue">
|
|
<mods:number id="9BA3A51149959B53EB34F902F9F537D4">5</mods:number>
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|
<mods:extent id="B07C668D872B10A429B97AB22D9FE884" unit="page">
|
|
<mods:start id="DEC218F7035CA107A1AEC52EC932FA8D">501</mods:start>
|
|
<mods:end id="4FFAF8DE01D97C1CF5376F4DBBF26691">522</mods:end>
|
|
</mods:extent>
|
|
</mods:part>
|
|
</mods:relatedItem>
|
|
<mods:classification id="CD1559D212C53529F230CC4FDFED5A7C">journal article</mods:classification>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="B79546ED8F314D58E07F8F8D726D8046" type="CLB-Dataset">5634</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="3B2E79F55F60F9ADDC4E535929552521" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="177F52CD9E67594CCA4D46E6D8A1ECEA" type="GBIF-Dataset">cdd39956-de72-43ea-afa3-cf79f805dd83</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="08972F42C80D90DE4F632166088AC1AF" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="2460C16D1F05482F38855AB1B201FB8D" type="Zenodo-Dep">4913561</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="7A34C930E2C8D749EA8A942A94835155" type="ZooBank">D2764982-F7D7-4922-BF3F-8314FE9FD869</mods:identifier>
|
|
</mods:mods>
|
|
<treatment id="03C087B55B66A84DFF75FC03FDEDFB13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5079442" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183401437" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5079442" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C087B55B66A84DFF75FC03FDEDFB13" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B66A84DFF75FC03FDEDFB13" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="505" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37365285B66A84AFF75FC03FD98FC7B" box="[151,525,942,968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" type="nomenclature">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD636A35B66A84AFF75FC03FD98FC7B" blockId="3.[151,525,942,968]" box="[151,525,942,968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
|
<heading id="D09E81CF5B66A84AFF75FC03FD98FC7B" bold="true" box="[151,525,942,968]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" reason="1">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFF75FC03FD98FC7B" bold="true" box="[151,525,942,968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFF75FC03FEDBFC7B" ID-CoL="63VZ9" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,334,942,968]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFF75FC03FEDBFC7B" bold="true" box="[151,334,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFE6EFC03FD98FC7B" bold="true" box="[396,525,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</heading>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37365285B66A84DFF75FC58FDEDFB13" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="505" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD636A35B66A84AFF75FC58FD82FB5A" blockId="3.[151,1437,1013,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
|
Historically, New Guinean
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFE2AFC58FDF8FBBD" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[456,621,1013,1038]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFE2AFC58FDF8FBBD" box="[456,621,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has been linked with the paleotropic sunbirds (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFB9EFC58FA82FBBD" authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1825" box="[1148,1303,1013,1038]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nectariniidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) because of superficial similarities to the spiderhunters,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFD7AFBB4FCA1FB81" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1826" box="[664,820,1049,1074]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Arachnothera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFD7AFBB4FCA1FB81" box="[664,820,1049,1074]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Arachnothera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFCA5FBB4FC75FB81" author="Gadow, H." box="[839,992,1049,1074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="62 - 69" refId="ref17082" refString="Gadow, H. (1884) On the suctorial apparatus of the Tenuirostres. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1883, 62 - 69." type="journal article" year="1884">Gadow 1884</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFC12FBB7FBE3FB81" author="Dorst, J. J." box="[1008,1142,1049,1074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="185 - 214" refId="ref16735" refString="Dorst, J. J. (1952) Contribution a l'etude de la langue des Meliphagides. L'Oiseau et la Revue Francaise d'Ornithologie, 22, 185 - 214." type="journal article" year="1952">Dorst 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and to the Australasian honeyeaters (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFECCFB90FE5EFBE5" authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1825" box="[302,459,1085,1110]" class="Aves" family="Meliphagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Meliphagidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) with which it shares a quadrifid, brush-tipped tongue, slit-like nostrils and long bill (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFF7CFBCCFEF0FBC9" author="Stresemann, E." box="[158,357,1121,1146]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="358 - 400" refId="ref19899" refString="Stresemann, E. (1914) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Avifauna von Buru. Novitates Zoologicae, 21, 358 - 400." type="journal article" year="1914">Stresemann 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFE93FBCCFD8EFBC9" author="Scharnke, H." box="[369,539,1121,1146]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="425 - 491" refId="ref19180" refString="Scharnke, H. (1931) Beitrage zur Morphologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Zunge der Trochilidae, Meliphagidae und Picidae. Journal fur Ornithologie, 79, 425 - 491. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01955537" type="journal article" year="1931">Scharnke 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFDCAFBCCFDF1FBC9" author="Scharnke, H." box="[552,612,1121,1146]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="114 - 123" refId="ref19224" refString="Scharnke, H. (1932) Ueber den Bau der Zunge der Nectariniidae, Promeropidae und Drepanididae nebst Bemerkungen zur Systematik der blutenbesuchenden Passeres. Journal fur Ornithologie, 80, 114 - 123. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01995024" type="journal article" year="1932">1932</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFD8DFBCCFCAEFBC9" author="Salomonsen, F." box="[623,827,1121,1146]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="338 - 450" refId="ref19046" refString="Salomonsen, F. (1967) Family Meliphagidae. In: Paynter, R. A. Jr. (Ed.), Check-list of Birds of the World, A Continuation of the Work of James L. Peters. Vol. 12. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 338 - 450." type="book chapter" year="1967">Salomonsen 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFCA5FBCCFC75FBC9" author="Wolters, H. E." box="[839,992,1121,1146]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="241 - 320" refId="ref20119" refString="Wolters, H. E. (1979) Die Vogelarten der Erde. Eine systematische Liste mit Verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen Namen. Lief. 4. Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin, pp. 241 - 320." type="book chapter" year="1979">Wolters 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFC0FFBCCFBF9FBC9" author="Bock, W. J." box="[1005,1132,1121,1146]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="349 - 374" refId="ref15712" refString="Bock, W. J. (1985) Relationships of the Sugarbird (Promerops, Passeriformes,? Meliphagidae). In: Schuchmann, K. L. (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Congress on African Vertebrates. Museum Koenig, Bonn, pp. 349 - 374." type="book chapter" year="1985">Bock 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Similarly, for most of the 20
|
|
<superScript id="7C1C9BEB5B66A84AFF51FB28FF2AFB20" attach="left" box="[179,191,1157,1171]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">th</superScript>
|
|
century, New Guinean
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFE2AFB25FDD4FB12" authorityName="Salvadori" authorityYear="1876" box="[456,577,1160,1185]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Oedistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFE2AFB25FDD4FB12" box="[456,577,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was placed among the Australasian honeyeaters and, following Salomonsen (
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFF42FB01FF2EFB76" box="[160,187,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">l.c</emphasis>
|
|
.), treated as a sister genus of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFDECFB01FD26FB76" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[526,691,1196,1221]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFDECFB01FD26FB76" box="[526,691,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which it resembles in form and plumage (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFB78FB01FA0DFB76" author="Rand, A. & Gilliard, E. T." box="[1178,1432,1196,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref18830" refString="Rand, A. L & Gilliard, E. T. (1967) Handbook of New Guinea Birds. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 611 pp." type="book" year="1967">Rand & Gilliard 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFF75FB7DFEFAFB5A" author="Beehler, B. M. & Pratt, T. K. & Zimmerman, D. A." box="[151,367,1232,1257]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref15535" refString="Beehler, B. M., Pratt, T. K. & Zimmerman, D. A. (1986) Birds of New Guinea. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 293 pp." type="book" year="1986">
|
|
Beehler
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFF17FB7CFEB3FB5A" box="[245,294,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 1986
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFE99FB7DFD9FFB5A" author="Coates, B. J." box="[379,522,1232,1257]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref16365" refString="Coates, B. J. (1990) The Birds of Papua New Guinea. Vol. 2. Dove Publications, Alderley, Queensland, 576 pp." type="book" year="1990">Coates 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD636A35B66A84AFF25FB59FDDBF9C0" blockId="3.[151,1437,1013,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
|
DNA-DNA hybridization studies (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFDBFFB59FCEAFABE" author="Sibley, C. G. & Ahlquist, J. E." box="[605,895,1268,1293]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref19731" refString="Sibley, C. G. & Ahlquist, J. E. (1985) The phylogeny and classification of the Australo-Papuan passerine birds. Emu, 85, 1 - 14. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / mu 9850001" type="journal article" year="1985">Sibley & Ahlquist 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, 1990) associated both genera with the New Guinean berrypeckers (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFE47FAB5FDF8FA82" box="[421,621,1304,1329]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Melanocharitidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) instead, in a cluster placed sister to the sunbirds and flowerpeckers (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFF7CFA91FE80FAE6" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1853" box="[158,277,1340,1365]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dicaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Since then, DNA sequencing studies (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFD02FA91FC23FAE6" author="Barker, F. K. & Barrowclough, G. F. & Groth, J. G." box="[736,950,1340,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="295 - 308" refId="ref15259" refString="Barker, F. K., Barrowclough, G. F. & Groth, J. G. (2002) A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of DNA nuclear sequence data. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 269, 295 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2001.1883" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
|
Barker
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFCD5FA90FCFEFAE6" box="[823,875,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2002
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFC26FA91FC6AFAE6" author="Barker, F. K. & Cibois, A. & Schikler, P. & Feinstein, J. & Cracraft, J." box="[964,1023,1340,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="11040 - 11045" refId="ref15333" refString="Barker, F. K., Cibois, A., Schikler, P., Feinstein, J. & Cracraft, J. (2004) Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 11040 - 11045. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0401892101" type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFBEFFA91FB64FAE6" author="Driskell, A. & Christidis, L. & Gill, B. J. & Boles, W. E. & Barker, F. K. & Longmore, N. W." box="[1037,1265,1340,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="73 - 78" refId="ref16766" refString="Driskell, A., Christidis, L., Gill, B. J., Boles, W. E., Barker, F. K. & Longmore, N. W. (2007) A new endemic family of New Zealand passerine birds: adding heat to a biodiversity hotspot. Australian Journal of Zoology, 55, 73 - 78. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / zo 07007" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
|
Driskell
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFB93FA90FB39FAE6" box="[1137,1196,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2007
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFB1DFA91FF44FACA" author="Jonsson, K. A. & Fabre, P. - H. & Ricklefs, R. E. & Fjelds a, J." pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="2328 - 2333" refId="ref17856" refString="Jonsson, K. A., Fabre, P. - H., Ricklefs, R. E. & Fjelds a, J. (2011) Major global radiation of corvoid birds originated in the proto- Papuan archipelago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 108, 2328 - 2333. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1018956108" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
|
Jønsson
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFA83FA90FA00FAE6" box="[1377,1429,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2011
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFF05FACDFD94FACA" author="Aggerbeck, M. & Fjelds a, J. & Christidis, L. & Fabre, P. - H. & Jonsson, K. A." box="[231,513,1376,1401]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="272 - 285" refId="ref15184" refString="Aggerbeck, M., Fjelds a, J., Christidis, L., Fabre, P. - H. & Jonsson, K. A. (2014) Resolving deep lineage divergences in core corvoid passerine birds supports a proto-Papuan island origin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 70, 272 - 285. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.09.027" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
|
Aggerbeck
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFE91FACCFE3BFACA" box="[371,430,1376,1401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2014
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) have confirmed a close link between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFC1AFACDFB08FACA" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[1016,1181,1376,1401]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFC1AFACDFB08FACA" box="[1016,1181,1376,1401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFB57FACDFABAFACA" authorityName="Salvadori" authorityYear="1876" box="[1205,1327,1376,1401]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Oedistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFB57FACDFABAFACA" box="[1205,1327,1376,1401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFF75FA29FECBFA2E" box="[151,350,1412,1437]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Melanocharitidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but nevertheless have found the complex to form a monophyletic group that is basal among corvoid and passeridan birds.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFDE5FA05FCA3FA72" author="Sibley, C. E. & Monroe, B. L. Jr." box="[519,822,1448,1473]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref19862" refString="Sibley, C. E. & Monroe, B. L. Jr. (1990) Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1111 pp." type="book" year="1990">Sibley & Monroe (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
placed
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFC7FFA05FBD7FA72" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[925,1090,1448,1473]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFC7FFA05FBD7FA72" box="[925,1090,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFB6BFA05FA97FA72" authorityName="Salvadori" authorityYear="1876" box="[1161,1282,1448,1473]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Oedistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFB6BFA05FA97FA72" box="[1161,1282,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFF75FA61FED3FA56" box="[151,326,1484,1509]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Toxorhamphini">Toxorhamphini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFE67FA61FDB4FA56" authorityName="P.L.Sclater" authorityYear="1858" box="[389,545,1484,1509]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Melanocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFE67FA61FDB4FA56" box="[389,545,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Melanocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFDBEFA61FC98FA56" box="[604,781,1484,1509]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Rhamphocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFDBEFA61FC98FA56" box="[604,781,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Rhamphocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFC7CFA61FBC0FA56" box="[926,1109,1484,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" rank="tribe" tribe="Melanocharitini">Melanocharitini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. In contrast,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFB09FA61FF74F9BA" author="Christidis, L. & Schodde, R. & Robinson, N. A." pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="423 - 432" refId="ref16304" refString="Christidis, L., Schodde, R. & Robinson, N. A. (1993) Affinities of the aberrant Australo-Papuan honeyeaters, Toxorhamphus, Oedistoma, Timeliopsis and Epthianura: protein evidence. Australian Journal of Zoology, 41, 423 - 432. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / zo 9930423" type="journal article" year="1993">
|
|
Christidis
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFA83FA60FA00FA56" box="[1377,1429,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. (1993)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
recovered
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFE86FA5DFE4BF9BA" authorityName="Salvadori" authorityYear="1876" box="[356,478,1520,1545]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Oedistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFE86FA5DFE4BF9BA" box="[356,478,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sister to
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFDAFFA5DFC36F9BA" box="[589,931,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Melanocharis-Rhamphocharis</emphasis>
|
|
from allozyme variation at 18 presumptive protein loci, with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFE90F9B9FD82F99E" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[370,535,1556,1581]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFE90F9B9FD82F99E" box="[370,535,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
basal to both lineages. Furthermore, the branches between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFB0EF9B9FAF0F99E" authorityName="Salvadori" authorityYear="1876" box="[1260,1381,1556,1581]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Oedistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFB0EF9B9FAF0F99E" box="[1260,1381,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFF75F995FEA9F9E2" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,316,1592,1617]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFF75F995FEA9F9E2" box="[151,316,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in DNA sequence phylogenies (e.g.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B66A84AFD05F995FC28F9E2" author="Barker, F. K. & Cibois, A. & Schikler, P. & Feinstein, J. & Cracraft, J." box="[743,957,1592,1617]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="11040 - 11045" refId="ref15333" refString="Barker, F. K., Cibois, A., Schikler, P., Feinstein, J. & Cracraft, J. (2004) Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 11040 - 11045. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0401892101" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
|
Barker
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFCDEF994FCFAF9E2" box="[828,879,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2004
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Jønsson
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFBCEF994FBF5F9E2" box="[1068,1120,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">et al</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFB92F995FB1EF9E2" box="[1136,1163,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">l.c</emphasis>
|
|
.) are almost as deep as those between them and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFE4EF9F1FDDDF9C6" authorityName="P.L.Sclater" authorityYear="1858" box="[428,584,1628,1653]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Melanocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFE4EF9F1FDDDF9C6" box="[428,584,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Melanocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD636A35B66A84DFF25F92DFC34FE1E" blockId="3.[151,1437,1013,2013]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,1184]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="505" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
|
Morphological and behavioural features reinforce the distinctness of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFC35F92DFBE9F92A" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[983,1148,1664,1689]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFC35F92DFBE9F92A" box="[983,1148,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFB54F92DFAA5F92A" authorityName="Salvadori" authorityYear="1876" box="[1206,1328,1664,1689]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Oedistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFB54F92DFAA5F92A" box="[1206,1328,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and their links with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFEF2F909FE4DF90E" box="[272,472,1700,1725]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Melanocharitidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Although both genera have long, decurved bills and quadrifid, brush-tipped tongues for harvesting nectar, the fine structure of these organs differs markedly, indicative of different mechanisms for nectar uptake. Uniquely modified for capillary action, the tongue in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFC72F941FBA0F8B6" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[912,1077,1772,1797]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFC72F941FBA0F8B6" box="[912,1077,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a slender tube, with a bowl at the base (presumably for holding nectar) and has a shallowly quadrifid tip in which the medial furcation is shallower than the two lateral. The four lobes of the tip, moreover, are terminally truncate and serrately toothed on the outer margins only (see subfamily diagnosis). In contrast, the tongue of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFC12F8F5FBFCF8C2" authorityName="Salvadori" authorityYear="1876" box="[1008,1129,1880,1905]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Oedistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFC12F8F5FBFCF8C2" box="[1008,1129,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is deeply brush-tipped and honeyeater-like and fitted for nectar-mopping instead. It differs from the basic form of the honeyeater tongue only in its more in-rolled sides and reduced laciniations on the medial lobes of a deeply quadrifid tip. The tongues of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFF75F869FEA6F86E" authorityName="P.L.Sclater" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,307,1988,2013]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Melanocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFF75F869FEA6F86E" box="[151,307,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Melanocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B66A84AFE8AF869FD8CF86E" box="[360,537,1988,2013]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Rhamphocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B66A84AFE8AF869FD8CF86E" box="[360,537,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Rhamphocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are short and open in comparison, and barely fibriate at the tip. The shorter bills of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFF57FF3AFEC4FF03" authorityName="P.L.Sclater" authorityYear="1858" box="[181,337,151,176]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Melanocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFF57FF3AFEC4FF03" box="[181,337,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Melanocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFE64FF3AFDA2FF03" box="[390,567,151,176]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Rhamphocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFE64FF3AFDA2FF03" box="[390,567,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Rhamphocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
also bear a unique series of broad, evenly-spaced notches along the maxillary tomia; mandibular tomia are almost smooth.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFD7DFF11FC8DFF66" authorityName="Salvadori" authorityYear="1876" box="[671,792,188,213]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Oedistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFD7DFF11FC8DFF66" box="[671,792,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
instead has the same pattern of fine tomial toothing on both maxilla and mandible as do sunbirds, except that the tubercles are aculeate, coarser and more widely spaced.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFF75FEA9FEA9FEAE" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,316,260,285]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFF75FEA9FEA9FEAE" box="[151,316,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
differs in having both maxillary and mandibular tomia set with the same fine, close-packed tuberculate teeth as in sunbirds, but on the maxilla the teeth are laid out on stepped notches. The notches are more spaced out and shallower than those in short-billed
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFD17FEE1FC04FED6" authorityName="P.L.Sclater" authorityYear="1858" box="[757,913,332,357]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Melanocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFD17FEE1FC04FED6" box="[757,913,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Melanocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but their intermediate state on longer-billed
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFF75FEC2FEDDFE3B" box="[151,328,367,392]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Rhamphocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFF75FEC2FEDDFE3B" box="[151,328,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Rhamphocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
suggests that all may be homologous. Such geometrically exact integumentary structures are missing from the coarsely and irregularly serrate bills of honeyeaters.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD636A35B61A84DFF25FE1AFEE1FC33" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
|
|
Although in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFEB4FE1AFE6EFE63" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[342,507,439,464]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFEB4FE1AFE6EFE63" box="[342,507,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
the configuration of the fossa at the head of the humerus is essentially single, the decurrent
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFEEEFE70FE2BFE47" box="[268,446,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">incisura capitis</emphasis>
|
|
is developed into an incipient inner fossa, trending toward the double condition. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFF75FE52FE84FDAB" authorityName="Salvadori" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,273,511,536]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Oedistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFF75FE52FE84FDAB" box="[151,273,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(n = 1), the inner fossa is even deeper and the outer shallower, still closer to the double condition.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFF75FD89FEA6FD8E" authorityName="P.L.Sclater" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,307,548,573]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Melanocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFF75FD89FEA6FD8E" box="[151,307,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Melanocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFE9DFD89FDA5FD8E" box="[383,560,548,573]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Rhamphocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFE9DFD89FDA5FD8E" box="[383,560,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Rhamphocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
all have fully double humeral fossae.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFBC8FD89FB5AFD8E" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[1066,1231,548,573]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFBC8FD89FB5AFD8E" box="[1066,1231,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFB0AFD89FAF4FD8E" authorityName="Salvadori" authorityYear="1876" box="[1256,1377,548,573]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Oedistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFB0AFD89FAF4FD8E" box="[1256,1377,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFF75FDEAFEA6FDD3" authorityName="P.L.Sclater" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,307,583,608]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Melanocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFF75FDEAFEA6FDD3" box="[151,307,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Melanocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
also build distinctive nests of similar form (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B61A84DFCFFFDEAFB82FDD3" author="Mayr, E. & Gilliard, E. T." box="[797,1047,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" pagination="314 - 374" refId="ref18338" refString="Mayr, E. & Gilliard, E. T. (1954) Birds of central New Guinea: Results of the American Museum of Natural History expeditions to New Guinea in 1950 and 1952. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 103, 314 - 374." type="journal article" year="1954">Mayr & Gilliard 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B61A84DFBC0FDEAFB38FDD3" author="Parker, S. A." box="[1058,1197,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" pagination="109 - 112" refId="ref18653" refString="Parker, S. A. (1963) Nidification of the genus Melanocharis Sclater (Dicaeidae). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 83, 109 - 112." type="journal article" year="1963">Parker 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B61A84DFB5AFDEAFAD2FDD3" author="Coates, B. J." box="[1208,1351,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref16365" refString="Coates, B. J. (1990) The Birds of Papua New Guinea. Vol. 2. Dove Publications, Alderley, Queensland, 576 pp." type="book" year="1990">Coates 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; data in ANWC). Their nests are neat, smoothly-bound cups thickly lined with a felt of plant down and structurally different from the rough twig nests of honeyeaters or coarse, pendant, variably hooded nests of sunbirds. Yet whereas those of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFEBFFD19FD97FD7E" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[349,514,692,717]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFEBFFD19FD97FD7E" box="[349,514,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFDD9FD19FD42FD7E" authorityName="P.L.Sclater" authorityYear="1858" box="[571,727,692,717]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Melanocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFDD9FD19FD42FD7E" box="[571,727,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Melanocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are perched on branchlets and decorated with spider egg sacs, the only reliably recorded and preserved nest of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFD50FD7AFCBEFD43" authorityName="Salvadori" authorityYear="1876" box="[690,811,727,752]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Oedistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFD50FD7AFCBEFD43" box="[690,811,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was hung from the rim and decorated with small leaves (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B61A84DFF7CFD51FE4FFCA6" author="Rothschild, W. & Hartert, E." box="[158,474,764,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" pagination="233 - 251" refId="ref18925" refString="Rothschild, W. & Hartert, E. (1896) Contributions to the ornithology of the Papuan islands. iv. List of a collection made by Albert S. Meek on Fergusson, Trobriand, Egum and Woodlark Islands. Novitates Zoologicae, 3, 233 - 251." type="journal article" year="1896">Rothschild & Hartert 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). There are also basic differences in egg pigmentation between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFB26FD51FAFCFCA6" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[1220,1385,764,789]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFB26FD51FAFCFCA6" box="[1220,1385,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFF75FCB2FE84FC8B" authorityName="Salvadori" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,273,799,824]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Oedistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFF75FCB2FE84FC8B" box="[151,273,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(see subfamily diagnoses). The “unmarked white” eggs of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFC45FCB2FB46FC8B" baseAuthorityName="Sharpe" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[935,1235,799,824]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poliopterus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFC45FCB2FB46FC8B" box="[935,1235,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Toxorhamphus poliopterus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
recorded in
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B61A84DFABDFC8DFEF0FCEE" author="Mayr, E. & Gilliard, E. T." pageId="4" pageNumber="505" pagination="314 - 374" refId="ref18338" refString="Mayr, E. & Gilliard, E. T. (1954) Birds of central New Guinea: Results of the American Museum of Natural History expeditions to New Guinea in 1950 and 1952. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 103, 314 - 374." type="journal article" year="1954">Mayr & Gilliard (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B61A84DFE47FCE9FD10FCEE" author="Coates, B. J." box="[421,645,836,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref16365" refString="Coates, B. J. (1990) The Birds of Papua New Guinea. Vol. 2. Dove Publications, Alderley, Queensland, 576 pp." type="book" year="1990">Coates (1990: 312)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
appear to be misdescribed; their description is here emended from material in ANWC.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD636A35B61A84DFF25FC21FDEDFB13" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
|
|
Differences in structural morphology and nest-building described above, considered collectively with DNA sequence data, indicate that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFE34FC02FDEEFC7B" authorityName="Stresemann" authorityYear="1914" box="[470,635,943,968]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Toxorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFE34FC02FDEEFC7B" box="[470,635,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Toxorhamphus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFD56FC02FCBBFC7B" authorityName="Salvadori" authorityYear="1876" box="[692,814,943,968]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Oedistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFD56FC02FCBBFC7B" box="[692,814,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Oedistoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are sister to the berrypeckers yet still deeply divergent from them and one another. Accordingly, we place them here in separate subfamilies within the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFB33FC79FA0DFC5E" box="[1233,1432,980,1005]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Melanocharitidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, noting that their depths of DNA, morphological and behavioural divergence may be found to qualify them for family ranking in the future. Although
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B61A84DFDBBFBB1FC2CFB86" author="Sibley, C. G. & Ahlquist, J. E." box="[601,953,1052,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref19824" refString="Sibley, C. G. & Ahlquist, J. E. (1990) Phylogeny and Classification of Birds. A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale University Press, New Haven, 976 pp." type="book" year="1990">Sibley & Ahlquist (1990: 669)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B61A84DFC16FBB1FADEFB86" author="Sibley, C. E. & Monroe, B. L. Jr." box="[1012,1355,1052,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref19862" refString="Sibley, C. E. & Monroe, B. L. Jr. (1990) Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1111 pp." type="book" year="1990">Sibley & Monroe (1990: 669)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
earlier used the name
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFEA6FB92FE66FBEB" box="[324,499,1087,1112]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Toxorhamphini">Toxorhamphini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, they provided no description, publishing it as a
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFBC7FBECFB50FBEB" box="[1061,1221,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
|
(Articles 13.1 and 13.2.1 of the Code). The berrypecker genera
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFD7DFBC9FCAEFBCE" authorityName="P.L.Sclater" authorityYear="1858" box="[671,827,1124,1149]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Melanocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFD7DFBC9FCAEFBCE" box="[671,827,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Melanocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B61A84DFC94FBC9FBB2FBCE" box="[886,1063,1124,1149]" class="Aves" family="Melanocharitidae" genus="Rhamphocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B61A84DFC94FBC9FBB2FBCE" box="[886,1063,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Rhamphocharis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are here placed in the nominate subfamily, Melanocharitinae
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B61A84DFE3CFB2AFDE1FB13" author="Coates, B. J." box="[478,628,1159,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref16365" refString="Coates, B. J. (1990) The Birds of Papua New Guinea. Vol. 2. Dove Publications, Alderley, Queensland, 576 pp." type="book" year="1990">Coates, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |