584 lines
70 KiB
XML
584 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document id="11B11F4069B9B94BA1EDBCEB64190109" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5318.4.5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8181908" ID-ZooBank="3DC09643-717F-45AC-9EE5-4FFB1D40BD6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1690275295888" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Turner, George F., Crampton, Denise A. & Genner, Martin J." docDate="2023" docId="CA67A10D3308FFE63A81B8FFD899B95E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5318.4.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5318 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5318.4.5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.12:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="12" docTitle="Lethrinops chilingali Turner & Crampton & Genner 2023, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="524" masterDocId="365ED975330BFFEF3A16BE26D869BE28" masterDocTitle="A new species of Lethrinops (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) from a Lake Malawi satellite lake, believed to be extinct in the wild" masterLastPageNumber="530" masterPageNumber="515" pageNumber="518" updateTime="1690288254029" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
|
||
<mods:mods id="05122EF9305D8C8F92CC6392A2B430AD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="93C440E7B21F330E4F5486C956C8C5F9">
|
||
<mods:title id="6CEB6B820EDECB23105EC18C8FF724EC">A new species of Lethrinops (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) from a Lake Malawi satellite lake, believed to be extinct in the wild</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="1ED7A662841A344A95E49B042F51EEE9" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="5AC0152C2CD48E648DD8FC5A30D2C1F9">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="F87A80AD202381FE486A845CC3F4FA89">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="58F5D8F1E925C8620175D832E198FBAA">Turner, George F.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="52C010FF4D6964D1F379620EEDBC835C">School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL 57 2 UW, United Kingdom & Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7, UK.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="3746C1ACE25FA74B60F6487C577BC4FE" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="5293BF7E6A111444E850FE4E2F415C30">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="EC356B499218DCAEA1FA4A757247AD90">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="729D890D376B3EFC0852564B00C804DE">Crampton, Denise A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="421043D5DA59CA8F072687AF0BD181AA">School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL 57 2 UW, United Kingdom; present address: School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L 3 3 AF, UK.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="B325426AE1274478538943E43BC277C9" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="9DDBFA1BB1554DD75B3DC0CCFCD954DA">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="DACEAE442BC607A7AA577D7ADDDC40CC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="9706A4D684C128276CADE4893AA69B10">Genner, Martin J.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="534954FA307BFF702ECB066C0CDDF55C" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1117-9168</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="AD26888692C64D7C3EA6256B9164782F">School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS 8 1 TQ, United Kingdom. m. genner @ bristol. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1117 - 9168</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="49BEDE491B4D8D52699675C7F5F96816" type="email">m.genner@bristol.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="D59564A898EC30B93E7C16516C36745E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="6C1461476090A252A0E62D4509C611DD" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="3593309A9D6C6D06EF11966FC629930C">
|
||
<mods:title id="FEE9AC95DFD71E339A1E62381BCA95D3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="80ADA0DC07646CC554E996EE69D21CF8">
|
||
<mods:date id="D04AABB4E50262AA3205E10F393867C8">2023</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="C4505D18F49A0588649DBC15564C4CC1" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="86E4523B8D50B20115432DC38FBE713E">2023-07-21</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="F2DD812A67AE87C0428083CE3ECE6FA1" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="4B06B8EACB028B2EC234146C908A4B03">5318</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="71BD6C69E463EB4A2B8232C48A53F6C7" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="306AE2B3A4C44690C59DEE99808C008A">4</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="554A74E52B5C0E36C2FA1A9B21A7BA86" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="5366620849BB2CB5A498989AA41B62A1">515</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="9F02461C2950BE0E51C4B213D39080DD">530</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="45353F7EAB07FBE2CDB3C4BA367D35B9">
|
||
<mods:url id="47D1B23313CF5A6144617001DC52FC23">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5318.4.5</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="88E84DB3455CAA614E113A1894806DEE">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5BA51751B67B9418F75053DF46F1CCED" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5318.4.5</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="BB9E7C8E2D71FD370D8B88700042A7C9" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E3BDE268DFDC16AFEB35721533BA8DB2" type="Zenodo-Dep">8181908</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="17A81C893FAA52579099393A063A9BE9" type="ZooBank">3DC09643-717F-45AC-9EE5-4FFB1D40BD6D</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="CA67A10D3308FFE63A81B8FFD899B95E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CA67A10D3308FFE63A81B8FFD899B95E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA67A10D3308FFE63A81B8FFD899B95E" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="524" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<subSubSection id="0AD443903308FFEC3A81B8FFDA5CB8DB" box="[151,565,1753,1780]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3308FFEC3A81B8FFDA5CB8DB" blockId="3.[151,565,1753,1780]" box="[151,565,1753,1780]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<heading id="1939A7773308FFEC3A81B8FFDA5CB8DB" bold="true" box="[151,565,1753,1780]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093308FFEC3A81B8FFDA5CB8DB" bold="true" box="[151,565,1753,1780]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983308FFEC3A81B8FFD9FEB8DC" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,407,1753,1780]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali" status="new species">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093308FFEC3A81B8FFD9FEB8DC" bold="true" box="[151,407,1753,1780]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">Lethrinops chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6B8971723308FFEC3B88B8FFDA59B8DB" box="[414,560,1753,1779]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0AD443903308FFEC3A81B907DB01B9E3" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3308FFEC3A81B907D9B8B977" blockId="3.[151,1437,1825,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="F2A61A463308FFEC3A81B907D9B8B977" collectingDate="2009-06-22" collectingDateMax="2009-06-24" collectingDateMin="2009-06-22" collectionCode="BMNH" latitude="-12.94" location="Lake Chilingali" longLatPrecision="775" longitude="34.21" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" specimenCode="BMNH 2023.1" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093308FFEC3A81B907D964B913" bold="true" box="[151,269,1825,1851]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<typeStatus id="9D75AEB93308FFEC3A81B907D961B913" box="[151,264,1825,1851]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode id="1268B8603308FFEC3B0FB904D9A5B913" box="[281,460,1825,1852]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">BMNH 2023.1</specimenCode>
|
||
.11.1, female,
|
||
<quantity id="8536BDFE3308FFEC3878B907DABEB914" box="[622,727,1825,1852]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.09" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" unit="mm" value="70.9">70.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL, collected from seine catches,
|
||
<location id="471146C03308FFEC3E65B907DD4FB913" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CA67A10D3308FFE63A81B8FFD899B95E:471146C03308FFEC3E65B907DD4FB913" box="[1139,1318,1825,1851]" latitude="-12.94" longLatPrecision="775" longitude="34.21" name="Lake Chilingali" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">Lake Chilingali</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="27FA76DC3308FFEC3F2DB907DDF1B913" box="[1339,1432,1825,1851]" degrees="12.94" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" precision="555" value="-12.94">12.94°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="27FA76DC3308FFEC3A81B963D89EB977" box="[151,247,1861,1887]" degrees="34.21" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" precision="555" value="34.21">34.21°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="367036DB3308FFEC3B1CB963D9A4B977" box="[266,461,1861,1888]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" value="2009-06-22" valueMax="2009-06-24" valueMin="2009-06-22">
|
||
<collectingDate id="2634CF333308FFEC3B1CB963D9A4B977" box="[266,461,1861,1888]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" value="2009-06-22" valueMax="2009-06-24" valueMin="2009-06-22">22–24 June 2009</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3308FFEC3AD1B94FDD7EB9AB" blockId="3.[151,1437,1825,1996]" box="[199,1303,1897,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="F2A61A463308FFEC3AD1B94FDD7DB9AB" box="[199,1300,1897,1924]" collectingDate="2009-06-22" collectingDateMax="2009-06-24" collectingDateMin="2009-06-22" collectionCode="BMNH" latitude="-12.94" location="Lake Chilingali" longLatPrecision="775" longitude="34.21" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093308FFEC3AD1B94FD921B9AB" bold="true" box="[199,328,1897,1923]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<typeStatus id="9D75AEB93308FFEC3AD1B94FD92AB9AB" box="[199,323,1897,1923]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="24DF88DE3308FFEC3B59B94CD9CAB9AC" box="[335,419,1898,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
2023.1.11.2-21, twenty specimens
|
||
<quantity id="8536BDFE3308FFEC3926B94FDBBAB9AC" box="[816,979,1897,1924]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.025" metricValueMax="8.12" metricValueMin="5.93" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" unit="mm" value="70.25" valueMax="81.2" valueMin="59.3">59.3–81.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL, collected with holotype
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3308FFEC3AD1B9ABDB01B9E3" blockId="3.[151,1437,1825,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093308FFEC3AD1B9ABDB60B98F" bold="true" box="[199,777,1933,1959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<typeStatus id="9D75AEB93308FFEC3AD1B9ABD914B98F" box="[199,381,1933,1959]" isOtherTypeStatus="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">Other material</typeStatus>
|
||
(excluded from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="9D75AEB93308FFEC3860B9ABDAC0B98F" box="[630,681,1933,1959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="F2A61A463308FFEC3905B9A8DB01B9E3" collectionCode="BMNH" location="Lake Chilingali" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="24DF88DE3308FFEC3905B9A8DB0EB980" box="[787,871,1934,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
2023.1.11.22-28;
|
||
<specimenCount id="54C8DB923308FFEC3E2FB9A8DC9EB98F" box="[1081,1271,1933,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" type="generic">seven specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
<quantity id="8536BDFE3308FFEC3F17B9ABDDF4B980" box="[1281,1437,1933,1960]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.775" metricValueMax="9.87" metricValueMin="5.68" pageId="3" pageNumber="518" unit="mm" value="77.75" valueMax="98.7" valueMin="56.8">56.8–98.7mm</quantity>
|
||
SL, laboratory bred from specimens collected at
|
||
<location id="471146C03308FFEC38AFB997DB01B9E3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CA67A10D3308FFE63A81B8FFD899B95E:471146C03308FFEC38AFB997DB01B9E3" box="[697,872,1969,1995]" name="Lake Chilingali" pageId="3" pageNumber="518">Lake Chilingali</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="16B14093330FFFEB3A81BEBEDBDBBE98" box="[151,946,152,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" startId="4.[151,239,152,176]" targetBox="[163,1414,192,1620]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330FFFEB3A81BEBEDBDBBE98" blockId="4.[151,946,152,176]" box="[151,946,152,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3A81BEBED963BE98" bold="true" box="[151,266,152,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric and meristic characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330FFFEB38DDBEBEDBC2BE98" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[715,939,152,176]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB38DDBEBEDBC2BE98" box="[715,939,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Lethrinops chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330FFFEB387FBEE6DCF9B87C" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<table id="30CEE2BB330F00103AB5BEE6DDEFB87C" box="[163,1414,192,1620]" gridcols="4" gridrows="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<tr id="FCFE1259330F00103AB5BEE6DDEFBEDE" box="[163,1414,192,246]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330F0010387FBEE6DAA5BEDE" box="[617,716,192,246]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB387FBEE6DAA5BEF0" bold="true" box="[617,716,192,216]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330F0010393EBEE6DB88BEDE" box="[808,993,192,246]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB393EBEE6DBD1BEDD" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Paratypes (n=20) mean (range)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330F00103E7CBEE6DDEFBEDE" box="[1130,1414,192,246]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3E7CBEE6DCD0BEDD" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Captive strain (n=7) mean (range)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FCFE1259330F00103AB5BF20DDEFBF36" box="[163,1414,262,286]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330F00103AB5BF20D9BBBF36" box="[163,466,262,286]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Standard length (mm)</th>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F0010387FBF20DAA5BF36" box="[617,716,262,286]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">70.9</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F0010393EBF20DB88BF36" box="[808,993,262,286]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">65.7 (59.3–81.2)</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F00103E7CBF20DDEFBF36" box="[1130,1414,262,286]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">80.4 (56.8–98.7)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FCFE1259330F00103AB5BF6DDDEFBCDE" box="[163,1414,331,758]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330F00103AB5BF6DD9BBBCDE" box="[163,466,331,758]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3AB5BF6DD9FDBF4B" bold="true" box="[163,404,331,355]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">As % Standard length</emphasis>
|
||
Maximum body depth Head length Dorsal fin base length Anal fin base length Predorsal length Preanal length Prepectoral length Prepelvic length Caudal peduncle length Caudal peduncle depth
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F0010387FBF6DDAA5BCDE" box="[617,716,331,758]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">36.2 34.4 53.9 18.8 39.2 65.3 36.4 40.2 19.2 11.0</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F0010393EBF6DDB88BCDE" box="[808,993,331,758]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">35.2 (33.1–36.8) 33.6 (32.1–35.9) 53.0 (51.0–55.7) 19.6 (16.9–21.5) 37.5 (35.0–39.3) 64.1 (62.5–66.5) 35.5 (33.5–38.0) 39.9 (37.1–43.1) 17.9 (16.1–20.0) 11.5 (10.4–12.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F00103E7CBF6DDDEFBCDE" box="[1130,1414,331,758]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">34.1 (31.1–36.7) 35.9 (34.7–38.9) 53.0 (50.8–56.7) 18.0 (17.1–18.8) 39.1 (35.2–42.5) 64.6 (61.1–67.8) 36.1 (33.8–38.0) 41.5 (38.2–44.1) 17.2 (16.1–20.4) 11.4 (10.9–12.3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FCFE1259330F00103AB5BD04DDEFBA7C" box="[163,1414,802,1108]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330F00103AB5BD04D9BBBA7C" box="[163,466,802,1108]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3AB5BD04D900BD13" bold="true" box="[163,361,802,827]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">As % Head length</emphasis>
|
||
Head width Interorbital width Snout length Lower jaw length Premaxillary pedicel length Eye diameter Lachrymal depth
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F0010387FBD04DAA5BA7C" box="[617,716,802,1108]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">47.1 21.1 33.3 40.9 29.8 31.1 21.5</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F0010393EBD04DB88BA7C" box="[808,993,802,1108]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">45.6 (40.9–50.0) 21.8 (18.8–24.5) 35.2 (31.1–38.2) 39.2 (35.3–42.9) 29.7 (25.7–35.9) 31.8 (28.2–37.7) 21.4 (18.0–25.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F00103E7CBD04DDEFBA7C" box="[1130,1414,802,1108]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">43.7 (40.4–47.4) 22.7 (20.4–27.2) 38.7 (34.6–41.8) 39.2 (37.3–44.2) 30.0 (24.9–35.4) 29.1 (25.7–33.0) 23.8 (21.0–27.7)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FCFE1259330F00103AB5BAAADDEFBADD" box="[163,1414,1164,1269]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330F00103AB5BAAAD9BBBADD" box="[163,466,1164,1269]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3AB5BAAAD881BA8C" bold="true" box="[163,232,1164,1188]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Ratios</emphasis>
|
||
Body depth/Head width Caudal peduncle length/depth
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F0010387FBAAADAA5BADD" box="[617,716,1164,1269]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">2.25 1.74</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F0010393EBAAADB88BADD" box="[808,993,1164,1269]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">2.30 (2.11–2.41) 1.56 (1.37–1.80)</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F00103E7CBAAADDEFBADD" box="[1130,1414,1164,1269]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">2.18 (1.99–2.34) 1.51 (1.37–1.76)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FCFE1259330F00103AB5BB0BDDEFBB4A" box="[163,1414,1325,1378]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330F00103AB5BB0BD9BBBB4A" box="[163,466,1325,1378]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3AB5BB0BD899BB6D" bold="true" box="[163,240,1325,1349]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Counts</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F0010387FBB0BDAA5BB4A" box="[617,716,1325,1378]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB387FBB0BDAA5BB6D" bold="true" box="[617,716,1325,1349]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F0010393EBB0BDB88BB4A" box="[808,993,1325,1378]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB393EBB0BDB1EBB4A" bold="true" box="[808,916,1325,1378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Paratypes (range)</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F00103E7CBB0BDDEFBB4A" box="[1130,1414,1325,1378]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3E7CBB0BDD30BB6D" bold="true" box="[1130,1369,1325,1349]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Captive strain (range)</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FCFE1259330F00103AB5BB55DDEFB87C" box="[163,1414,1395,1620]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330F00103AB5BB55D9BBB87C" box="[163,466,1395,1620]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Upper gill rakers Lower gill rakers Dorsal fin Anal fin Longitudinal line scales Cheek scales</th>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F0010387FBB55DAA5B87C" box="[617,716,1395,1620]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">3 10 XV, 10 III, 8 31 3</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F0010393EBB55DB88B87C" box="[808,993,1395,1620]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">3–4 9–11 XIV–XVI, 9–10 III, 8–10 31–33 2–4</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330F00103E7CBB55DDEFB87C" box="[1130,1414,1395,1620]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">3–4 10–12 XIV–XV, 10–11 III, 8–9 30–33 2–4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0AD44390330FFFEB3AD1B88ADCB0B8EE" box="[199,1241,1708,1734]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330FFFEB3AD1B88ADCB0B8EE" blockId="4.[151,1436,1708,2022]" box="[199,1241,1708,1734]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3AD1B88AD93BB8EE" bold="true" box="[199,338,1708,1734]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
‘chilingali’ from Lake Chilingali, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="9D75AEB9330FFFEB38E8B88ADB47B8EE" box="[766,814,1708,1734]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, used as a noun in apposition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0AD44390330FFFEA3AD1B8F6DD11BEFD" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330FFFEA3AD1B8F6DD11BEFD" blockId="4.[151,1436,1708,2022]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3AD1B8F6D92DB8C2" bold="true" box="[199,324,1744,1770]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
The outer tooth row of the lower jaw curves smoothly to end just behind the inner tooth rows (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330FFFEB3AB7B8D2D973B926" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1922" box="[161,282,1780,1806]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3AB7B8D2D973B926" box="[161,282,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Lethrinops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<typeStatus id="9D75AEB9330FFFEB3B37B8D2D93AB926" box="[289,339,1780,1806]" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">type</typeStatus>
|
||
dentition), distinguishing the species from other Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B330FFFEB39EFB8D2DC26B926" box="[1017,1103,1780,1806]" name="Malawi" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
haplochromines apart from species of the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330FFFEB3B9DB93EDA43B91A" authorityName="Eccles & Trewavas" authorityYear="1989" box="[395,554,1816,1842]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Ctenopharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3B9DB93EDA43B91A" box="[395,554,1816,1842]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Ctenopharynx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB382FB93EDB17B91A" box="[569,894,1816,1842]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330FFFEB382FB93EDADCB91A" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1922" box="[569,693,1816,1842]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lethrinops</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330FFFEB38D7B93EDB17B91A" authorityName="Eccles & Trewavas" authorityYear="1989" box="[705,894,1816,1842]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Taeniolethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Taeniolethrinops</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB39B2B93EDD22B91A" box="[932,1355,1816,1842]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330FFFEB39B2B93EDC3AB91A" authorityName="Eccles & Trewavas" authorityYear="1989" box="[932,1107,1816,1842]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Tramitichromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tramitichromis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330FFFEB3E49B93EDD22B91A" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[1119,1355,1816,1842]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">Lethrinops chilingali</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can be distinguished from other species in the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330FFFEB38B2B91ADB2AB97E" authorityName="Eccles & Trewavas" authorityYear="1989" box="[676,835,1852,1878]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Ctenopharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB38B2B91ADB2AB97E" box="[676,835,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Ctenopharynx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3947B91ADCFFB97E" box="[849,1174,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330FFFEB3947B91ADBA4B97E" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1922" box="[849,973,1852,1878]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lethrinops</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330FFFEB39CFB91ADCFFB97E" authorityName="Eccles & Trewavas" authorityYear="1989" box="[985,1174,1852,1878]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Taeniolethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Taeniolethrinops</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330FFFEB3EDBB91ADD10B97E" authorityName="Eccles & Trewavas" authorityYear="1989" box="[1229,1401,1852,1878]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Tramitichromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3EDBB91ADD10B97E" box="[1229,1401,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Tramitichromis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of a conspicuous horizontal series of dark grey to black spots along the middle of the flanks behind the head, linked to form one or two longer dashes, in total comprising 3–6 separate elements.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330FFFEB3E9DB9A2DD19B9B6" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1163,1392,1924,1950]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330FFFEB3E9DB9A2DD19B9B6" box="[1163,1392,1924,1950]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="519">Lethrinops lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a similar horizontal dark midlateral band, but it is typically more continuous, particularly posterior to the first anal spine, rather than broken into shorter spots and dashes. The horizontal melanic elements are generally not exhibited in dominant reproductively active males, however.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330EFFEA38C4BEB1DB33BE99" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[722,858,151,177]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA38C4BEB1DB33BE99" box="[722,858,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also typically has a less ventrally placed mouth and shorter snout than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330EFFEA3B71BE9DD981BEFD" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[359,488,187,213]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA3B71BE9DD981BEFD" box="[359,488,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(snout as % of head length:
|
||
<quantity id="8536BDFE330EFFEA393EBE9DDBDCBEFD" box="[808,949,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2583" metricValueMax="10.6172" metricValueMin="7.8994" pageId="5" pageNumber="520" unit="in" value="36.45" valueMax="41.8" valueMin="31.1">31.1–41.8 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA39ADBE9DDC22BEFD" box="[955,1099,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330EFFEA39ADBE9DDC2EBEFD" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[955,1095,187,213]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">L. chilingali</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
37.6–50.0 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330EFFEA3EF0BE9DDD01BEFD" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1254,1384,187,213]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA3EF0BE9DDD01BEFD" box="[1254,1384,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="16B14093330EFFEA3A81BF22DBC2BF34" box="[151,939,260,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="520" startId="5.[151,239,260,284]" targetBox="[163,1180,300,1710]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330EFFEA3A81BF22DBC2BF34" blockId="5.[151,939,260,284]" box="[151,939,260,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA3A81BF22D963BF34" bold="true" box="[151,266,260,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric and meristic characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330EFFEA38DDBF22DBCDBF34" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[715,932,260,284]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA38DDBF22DBCDBF34" box="[715,932,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">Lethrinops lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330EFFEA38EBBF0ADC69B886" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<table id="30CEE2BB330E00103AB5BF0ADCF5B886" box="[163,1180,300,1710]" gridcols="3" gridrows="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<tr id="FCFE1259330E00103AB5BF0ADCF5BF4A" box="[163,1180,300,354]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="520" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330E001038EBBF0ADB09BF4A" box="[765,864,300,354]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA38EBBF0ADB09BF6C" bold="true" box="[765,864,300,324]" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330E001039CCBF0ADCF5BF4A" box="[986,1180,300,354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA39CCBF0ADC03BF49" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">Non-types (n=26) mean (range)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FCFE1259330E00103AB5BF54DCF5BFA2" box="[163,1180,370,394]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330E00103AB5BF54D9BBBFA2" box="[163,466,370,394]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">Standard Length (mm)</th>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330E001038EBBF54DB09BFA2" box="[765,864,370,394]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">118.5</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330E001039CCBF54DCF5BFA2" box="[986,1180,370,394]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">110.7 (62.9–152.6)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FCFE1259330E00103AB5BF91DCF5BD4A" box="[163,1180,439,866]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330E00103AB5BF91D9BBBD4A" box="[163,466,439,866]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA3AB5BF91D9FDBFE7" bold="true" box="[163,404,439,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">As % Standard length</emphasis>
|
||
Maximum body depth Head length Dorsal fin base length Anal fin base length Predorsal length Preanal length Prepectoral length Prepelvic length Caudal peduncle length Caudal peduncle depth
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330E001038EBBF91DB09BD4A" box="[765,864,439,866]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">36.4 34.5 53.9 17.7 37.7 66.2 35.1 42.5 17.9 12.5</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330E001039CCBF91DCF5BD4A" box="[986,1180,439,866]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">37.2 (33.0–41.0) 35.1 (33.1–39.1) 53.4 (49.9–56.2) 18.7 (16.5–21.0) 39.5 (37.1–42.3) 64.9 (61.5–68.6) 37.1 (33.9–40.1) 42.2 (35.7–46.4) 17.5 (14.7–20.2) 12.1 (10.8–13.4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FCFE1259330E00103AB5BDBFDCF5BAE4" box="[163,1180,921,1228]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330E00103AB5BDBFD9BBBAE4" box="[163,466,921,1228]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA3AB5BDBFD900BD9A" bold="true" box="[163,361,921,946]" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">As % Head length</emphasis>
|
||
Head width Interorbital width Snout length Lower jaw length Premaxillary pedicel length Eye diameter Lachrymal depth
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330E001038EBBDBFDB09BAE4" box="[765,864,921,1228]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">46.2 24.2 42.5 40.1 31.1 29.5 29.5</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330E001039CCBDBFDCF5BAE4" box="[986,1180,921,1228]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">44.8 (41.0–50.1) 22.6 (18.0–26.9) 44.4 (37.6–50.0) 41.0 (37.0–43.5) 31.0 (25.4–34.3) 28.4 (25.2–34.7) 30.7 (21.6–34.8)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FCFE1259330E00103AB5BB25DCF5BB45" box="[163,1180,1283,1389]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330E00103AB5BB25D9BBBB45" box="[163,466,1283,1389]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA3AB5BB25D881BB33" bold="true" box="[163,232,1283,1307]" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">Ratios</emphasis>
|
||
Body depth/Head width Caudal peduncle length/depth
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330E001038EBBB25DB09BB45" box="[765,864,1283,1389]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">2.29 1.43</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330E001039CCBB25DCF5BB45" box="[986,1180,1283,1389]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">2.36 (2.14–2.67) 1.45 (1.17–1.66)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FCFE1259330E00103AB5BB82DCF5B886" box="[163,1180,1444,1710]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<th id="BF2F7B25330E00103AB5BB82D9BBB886" box="[163,466,1444,1710]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA3AB5BB82D899BB94" bold="true" box="[163,240,1444,1468]" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">Counts</emphasis>
|
||
Upper gill rakers Lower gill rakers Dorsal fin Anal fin Longitudinal line scales Cheek scales
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330E001038EBBB82DB09B886" box="[765,864,1444,1710]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA38EBBB83DB09BB95" bold="true" box="[765,864,1445,1469]" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
3 9 XV, 11 III, 9 31 3
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="BF2F7B25330E001039CCBB82DCF5B886" box="[986,1180,1444,1710]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA39CCBB83DCF5BB94" bold="true" box="[986,1180,1444,1469]" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">Non-types (range)</emphasis>
|
||
2–4 8–10 XIV–XVI, 8–12 III, 8–9 30–36 3–4
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0AD44390330EFFE83AD1B8FBD898BF35" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="522" pageId="5" pageNumber="520" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330EFFEA3AD1B8FBD99FB984" blockId="5.[151,1437,1757,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA3AD1B8FBD930B8DF" bold="true" box="[199,345,1757,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Body measurements and counts are presented in
|
||
<tableCitation id="0F4C25A0330EFFEA398DB8F8DC7CB8DF" box="[923,1045,1758,1784]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,239,152,176]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric and meristic characters of Lethrinops chilingali." pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
Table 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330EFFEA3E14B8F8DC7CB8DF" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[1026,1045,1758,1783]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330EFFEA3E14B8F8DC7CB8DF" box="[1026,1045,1758,1783]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">L</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</tableCitation>
|
||
. chilingali is a small (<
|
||
<quantity id="8536BDFE330EFFEA3F3FB8FBDD1AB8D0" box="[1321,1395,1757,1784]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="520" unit="mm" value="85.0">85mm</quantity>
|
||
SL in wild-caught specimens) moderately laterally compressed (maximum body depth 2.0–2.4 times maximum head width) cichlid fish with a moderately long snout (31.1–41.8 % head length). Females and immature males have distinctive melanic markings in the form of a horizontal row of dark spots and dashes (fig. 3b, d) and also have a thin red dorsal fin margin, while mature males are brilliant metallic green with a red dorsal fin margin above broader black and white bands (fig. 3f).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330EFFE93AD1B990DC4EBC49" blockId="5.[151,1437,1757,2036]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="521" pageId="5" pageNumber="520">
|
||
All specimens are relatively deep-bodied and laterally compressed, with the deepest part of the body generally well behind the first dorsal fin spine. The anterior upper lateral profile is almost straight from the tip of the snout to the plane of the posterior margin of the eye, occasionally with a slight concavity above the eye, gentle sloping at an angle of about 40-degrees to the horizontal plane. There is no inflection to the angle of the profile above the eye (in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330DFFE93B7ABEF9DA71BED1" authorityName="Eccles & Trewavas" authorityYear="1989" box="[364,536,223,249]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Tramitichromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330DFFE93B7ABEF9DA71BED1" box="[364,536,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="521">Tramitichromis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330DFFE93846BEF9DB13BED1" authority="Trewavas 1984" authorityName="Trewavas" authorityYear="1984" box="[592,890,223,249]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Tropheops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330DFFE93846BEF9DAACBED1" box="[592,709,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="521">Tropheops</emphasis>
|
||
Trewavas 1984
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the premaxillary pedicel makes little or no interruption to the profile. The tip of the snout lies at about the same level in a horizontal plane as the upper margin of the insertion of the pectoral fin and at or below the level of the lowermost margin of the eye. The lower anterior lateral profile is also almost straight as far as the insertion of the pelvic fins, gently angled to the horizontal plane (about 12–15-degrees) and with little inflection at the posterior angle of the lower jaw even when the mouth is fully closed. The lower profile is more or less horizontal between the pelvic and anal fins. The mouth is relatively small and moderately upwardly-angled (gape about 40-degrees to horizontal). The caudal peduncle is relatively slender (1.4–1.8 times longer than deep). The pectoral fins are relatively long, extending past the first anal spine, but the pelvic fins are generally short of this, except in the largest mature males. The dorsal and anal fins, when folded, end well short of the caudal fin insertion, except in large mature males. The caudal fin is crescentic. The eye is large and circular and almost touches the upper lateral profile in perpendicular lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330DFFE93AD1BC4DDDF5BCD9" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="521">
|
||
The flank scales are weakly ctenoid, with the ctenii becoming reduced dorsally, particularly anteriorly above the upper lateral line, where they transition into a cycloid state. The scales on the chest are relatively large and there is a gradual transition in size from the larger flank scales, as is typical in non-mbuna Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B330DFFE93EF6BC95DD5FBCE5" box="[1248,1334,691,717]" name="Malawi" pageId="6" pageNumber="521">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
endemic haplochromines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA330DFFE93B4FBCF1DA1FBCD9" author="Eccles, D. H. & Trewavas, E." box="[345,630,727,753]" pageId="6" pageNumber="521" refId="ref9167" refString="Eccles, D. H. & Trewavas, E. (1989) Malawian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, 335 pp." type="book" year="1989">Eccles & Trewavas 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A few small scales are scattered on the proximal part of the caudal fin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330DFFE93AD1BCDDD9EFBD75" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="521">The cephalic lateral line pores are inconspicuous and the flank lateral line shows the usual cichlid pattern of separate upper and lower portions. The lachrymal bone is about as wide as deep and the lateral line pores are heavily overgrown with skin.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330DFFE93AD1BD41DAE3BDE1" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="521">The lower jaw is relatively small, with thin mandibular bones. The jaw teeth are small, short and erect. The outer series in both the upper and lower jaw are short, blunt, erect and largely unequally bicuspid. These is a single inner series of small, pointed tricuspid teeth.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330DFFE93AD1BDF5DD70BA55" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="521">
|
||
The lower pharyngeal bone (fig. 4a) is small, lightly built, Y-shaped, and carries small, slender, widely-spaced simple teeth, as illustrated for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330DFFE93BECBDD1DA17BA39" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[506,638,1015,1041]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330DFFE93BECBDD1DA17BA39" box="[506,638,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="521">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA330DFFE938B8BDD1DBDDBA39" author="Eccles, D. H. & Lewis, D. S. C." box="[686,948,1015,1041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="521" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref9127" refString="Eccles, D. H. & Lewis, D. S. C. (1978) A taxonomic study of the genus Lethrinops Part 2. Ichthyological Bulletin of Rhodes University, 37, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1978">Eccles & Lewis (1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figure 5). The teeth gradually increase in size from lateral to medial positions, but there are no distinctly differentiated enlarged medial teeth. There are approximately nine teeth in the midline row and 17–18 on each side on the posterior row. The gill rakers are short and blunt, generally with the most anterior rakers in the lower and upper arches reduced to small stubs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330DFFE93AD1BAA1DD6EBBE9" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="521">Female and immature fish (fig. 3d) are countershaded, pale sandy-brown dorsally, pale silvery on the flanks and underside. The flanks are marked by a midlateral horizontal row of dark spots and stripes extending from just behind the upper part of the operculum to the caudal peduncle. This varies between individuals, but generally comprises three to six separate melanic elements. A series up to six dark blotches is sometimes visible at the base of the dorsal fin, and element of a thin longitudinal dark stripe sometimes appears about half-way between the midlateral stripe and the base of the dorsal fin, usually starting a little behind the head and ending well before the caudal peduncle. The dorsal fin has a thin red outer margin and occasionally shows some faint dark spotting on both spinous and soft portions. Occasionally there is a pale submarginal band and anteriorly a thicker dark band. The caudal fin is usually translucent, sometimes with faint spotting. The anal fin sometimes shows a few faint yellowish spots.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330DFFE83AD1BBEDD898BF35" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,285]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="522" pageId="6" pageNumber="521">Males in breeding dress (fig. 3f) are iridescent metallic green to pale blue. The horizontal melanic markings are occasionally exhibited when individuals are caught in fishing gear, or defeated in aggressive contests (seen in aquaria). Sometimes a series of faint dark vertical bars are visible. Patches of flank scales sometimes exhibit a metallic orange section anteriorly. The dorsal fin has a broad scarlet margin, underlain with a white submarginal band: these bands are narrower on the soft dorsal area. On the spinous dorsal, the red and white bands are underlain with a broad black band which extends to the base of the dorsal fin on the first inter-radial membrane, but as the membranes become longer posteriorly, the band overlies a series of orange spots extending onto the soft dorsal area, where they can be up to 10 spots between the longest rays. The membranes between the spots are pale grey to white. The caudal fin continues this pattern of orange spots with white/grey areas between. Sometimes the white inter-spot areas are missing, resulting in spots merging into stripes parallel to the fin rays. Occasionally, the white areas merge into stripes too. The upper and lower parts of the caudal fin can sometimes appear a bit darker, particularly on the basal section closer to the body, and particularly during dominant/courting behaviour. The pelvic fins are dark grey to black with a thin white anterior edge. The anal fin is greyish to black depending on mood, with a wide pink to red lower margin. A variable number (4–18) of large pale yellow ‘egg-spots’ are visible in one to two rows on the membranes behind the third anal spine. The colour of the iris varies from silvery to dark gold, with a darker spot above and below the lens continuing the line of a dark lachrymal stripe from the corner of the mouth. This stripe is very variable in intensity, showing up very prominently during territorial defence and courtship phases. The lower surface of the head and chest can turn dark grey during courtship and territorial behaviour but is otherwise pale greyish.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="16B14093330CFFE83A81B8C8D9C9B902" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8181912" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8181912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8181912/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="522" startId="7.[151,250,1774,1798]" targetBox="[151,1436,309,1751]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330CFFE83A81B8C8D9C9B902" blockId="7.[151,1436,1774,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330CFFE83A81B8C8D97AB92E" bold="true" box="[151,275,1774,1798]" pageId="7" pageNumber="522">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330CFFE83B0CB8C8D99EB92E" box="[282,503,1774,1798]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330CFFE83B0CB8C8D99BB92E" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[282,498,1774,1798]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">Lethrinops chilingali</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330CFFE83BEAB8C8DA66B92E" bold="true" box="[508,527,1774,1798]" pageId="7" pageNumber="522">a.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype, BMNH 2023.1.11.1; female 70.9mm SL.
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330CFFE83E3FB8C8DC54B92E" bold="true" box="[1065,1085,1774,1798]" pageId="7" pageNumber="522">b.</emphasis>
|
||
Paratype, BMNH 2023.1.11.2-21; mature male, 81.2mm SL.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0AD44390330CFFE83AD1B97EDCC5B95A" box="[199,1196,1880,1907]" pageId="7" pageNumber="522" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330CFFE83AD1B97EDCC5B95A" blockId="7.[151,1436,1880,2015]" box="[199,1196,1880,1907]" pageId="7" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330CFFE83AD1B97ED908B95A" bold="true" box="[199,353,1880,1906]" pageId="7" pageNumber="522">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Known only from Lake Chilingali in the Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B330CFFE83964B97EDBA1B95A" box="[882,968,1880,1906]" name="Malawi" pageId="7" pageNumber="522">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
catchment (fig. 4b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0AD44390330CFFE63AD1B95AD899B95E" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="524" pageId="7" pageNumber="522" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B330CFFE73AD1B95ADAE0BEFD" blockId="7.[151,1436,1880,2015]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,213]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="523" pageId="7" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330CFFE83AD1B95AD98CB9BF" bold="true" box="[199,485,1916,1943]" pageId="7" pageNumber="522">Behaviour and Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
The diet of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330CFFE83865B95BDA94B9BE" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[627,765,1916,1942]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330CFFE83865B95BDA94B9BE" box="[627,765,1916,1942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="522">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens sampled in 2009 consisted largely of chaoborid (midge) larvae and pupae, along with cladocerans and other larger invertebrates, including odonatan nymphs and caridinid shrimps, but with little detritus, perhaps suggesting more midwater feeding than is usual in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B98330CFFE73F35B9E2D899BE99" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="523" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC09330CFFE83F35B9E2DDF5B9F6" box="[1315,1436,1988,2014]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="522">Lethrinops</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
The behaviour of the species in the wild has not been observed, as the water of Lake Chilingali was highly turbid when visited between 2004 and 2009.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="16B140933303FFE73A81BB28DD73BBBA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8181914" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8181914" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8181914/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" startId="8.[151,250,1294,1318]" targetBox="[165,1423,237,1271]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3303FFE73A81BB28DD73BBBA" blockId="8.[151,1437,1294,1426]" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73A81BB28D97CBB0E" bold="true" box="[151,277,1294,1318]" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparisons of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE73BDFBB28DAF0BB0E" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[457,665,1294,1318]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73BDFBB28DAF0BB0E" box="[457,665,1294,1318]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">Lethrinops lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE738D8BB28DBF2BB0E" box="[718,923,1294,1318]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">
|
||
Lethinops
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE7392CBB28DBF2BB0E" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[826,923,1294,1318]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">chilingali</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE739BCBB28DBD4BB0E" bold="true" box="[938,957,1294,1318]" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">a.</emphasis>
|
||
holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE73E52BB29DD7CBB0E" authority=", BMNH" authorityName="BMNH" box="[1092,1301,1294,1318]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73E52BB29DCD2BB0E" box="[1092,1211,1294,1318]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
, BMNH
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
1893.15.15., 118.5mm SL.
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73B3EBB14D955BB62" bold="true" box="[296,316,1330,1354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">b.</emphasis>
|
||
paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE73BAABB15DAF8BB62" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[444,657,1330,1354]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73BAABB15DA51BB62" box="[444,568,1330,1354]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
, BMNH
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
2023.1.11.2-21, female, 60.7mm SL;
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73E02BB14DC4FBB62" bold="true" box="[1044,1062,1330,1354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE73E3ABB15DCC8BB62" box="[1068,1185,1330,1354]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73E3ABB15DCC8BB62" box="[1068,1185,1330,1354]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparent female alive in aquarium.
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73B12BB70D971BB46" bold="true" box="[260,280,1366,1390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">d.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE73B09BB71D9F2BB46" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[287,411,1366,1390]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73B09BB71D9F2BB46" box="[287,411,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparent immature male alive in aquarium.
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73949BB70DB18BB46" bold="true" box="[863,881,1366,1390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">e.</emphasis>
|
||
mature male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE739EBBB71DC1BBB46" box="[1021,1138,1366,1390]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE739EBBB71DC1BBB46" box="[1021,1138,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73E69BB70DCE7BB46" bold="true" box="[1151,1166,1366,1390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">f.</emphasis>
|
||
mature male
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73F0CBB71DDF4BB46" box="[1306,1437,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE73F0CBB71DDF0BB46" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[1306,1433,1366,1390]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">L. chilingali</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The shorter snout
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE73B59BB5DD9A2BBBA" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[335,459,1402,1426]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73B59BB5DD9A2BBBA" box="[335,459,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is evident, and the more broken midlateral stripe can be seen in the live specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3303FFE73AD1BBE7DC5EB842" blockId="8.[151,1437,1472,2039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">
|
||
In captivity,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE73B44BBE7D9B3BBF2" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[338,474,1472,1498]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73B44BBE7D9B3BBF2" box="[338,474,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females, non-territorial males and juveniles tend to aggregate in loose groups, feeding not only in the sediment, but on objects such as rocks or plants, or even at the surface. When attempts are made to catch the fish, they show a strong tendency to dive into the sand, turning sideways and completely burying themselves. This same behaviour has been reported to occur in the wild in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE739E2B80AD8B2B842" authority="(Boulenger 1899)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1899" family="Cichlidae" genus="Fossorochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE739E2B80ADD7CB86E" box="[1012,1301,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">Fossorochromis rostratus</emphasis>
|
||
(Boulenger 1899)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, another cichlid from the Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3303FFE7382CB876DAF9B842" box="[570,656,1616,1642]" name="Malawi" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
radiation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3303FFE7391FB876DBBFB842" author="Fryer, G. A. & Iles, T. D." box="[777,982,1616,1642]" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" refId="ref9273" refString="Fryer, G. A. & Iles, T. D. (1972) The Cichlid Fishes of the Great Lakes of Africa. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, 641 pp." type="book" year="1972">Fryer & Iles 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 207).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3303FFE73AD1B852DA80B9DE" blockId="8.[151,1437,1472,2039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">
|
||
Dominant male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE73B6DB853DA6DB8A6" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[379,516,1652,1678]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73B6DB853DA6DB8A6" box="[379,516,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are territorial and actively court females in typical haplochromine style: fins wide open, body horizontal or head-up, making rapid darts to the spawning site and back to the female, with spawning taking place amid bouts of circling and quivering, while alternating head-to-anal-fin ‘T-positions’ on the substrate. It is notable that dominant male coloration and aggression vary a lot, appearing to peak when females are approaching spawning, but are otherwise often quite subdued. During persistent bouts of courtship or aggression, the melanic elements of the male colour are emphasised, particularly the lachrymal/eye stripe, dark pelvic and anal fins, dark upper and lower margins of the caudal fin and even faint vertical barring on the flanks. Even in a large tank with a high density of fish, there is usually just a single dominant male: this is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE73E41B956DDF1B9A2" authority="Pellegrin 1904" authorityName="Pellegrin" authorityYear="1904" box="[1111,1432,1904,1930]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Astatotilapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73E41B956DC81B9A2" box="[1111,1256,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">Astatotilapia</emphasis>
|
||
Pellegrin 1904
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which tend to be solitary breeders. Communal lek breeders, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE73984B9B2DCACB986" authority="Gunther 1889" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1889" box="[914,1221,1940,1966]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Oreochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73984B9B2DC4DB986" box="[914,1060,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">Oreochromis</emphasis>
|
||
Günther 1889
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will usually divide up a tank into numerous smaller territories and engage in frequent boundary disputes. This suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983303FFE73F35B99ED96BB9DE" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093303FFE73F35B99ED96BB9DE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="523">Lethrinops chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not communal lek breeders in the wild.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="16B140933302FFE63A81BA94DD54BB3A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8181916" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8181916" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8181916/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" startId="9.[151,250,1202,1226]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1178]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3302FFE63A81BA94DD54BB3A" blockId="9.[151,1436,1202,1300]" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093302FFE63A81BA94D978BAE2" bold="true" box="[151,273,1202,1226]" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
a. Lower pharyngeal bones of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983302FFE63855BA94DB66BAE2" box="[579,783,1202,1226]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093302FFE63855BA94DB66BAE2" box="[579,783,1202,1226]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">Lethrinops lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 128mm SL, BMNH 2023.1.11.49-50 (left);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983302FFE63EC6BA94DDF5BAE2" box="[1232,1436,1202,1226]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093302FFE63EC6BA94DDF5BAE2" box="[1232,1436,1202,1226]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">Lethrinops lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
84mm SL (unregistered, bottom right);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983302FFE63838BAF0DB6CBAC6" box="[558,773,1238,1262]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093302FFE63838BAF0DB6CBAC6" box="[558,773,1238,1262]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">Lethrinops chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
69mmSL (unregistered, top right); b. Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983302FFE63F38BAF0D898BB3A" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093302FFE63F38BAF0D898BB3A" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">Lethrinops lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens examined (●), unconfirmed records: juveniles or not examined (Q) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983302FFE63E2DBADCDD79BB3A" box="[1083,1296,1274,1298]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093302FFE63E2DBADCDD79BB3A" box="[1083,1296,1274,1298]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">Lethrinops chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(●).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3302FFE63AD1BB66DD37B8B6" blockId="9.[151,1437,1344,1910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">
|
||
There is little indication of bower construction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983302FFE6391FBB67DBFDBB72" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[777,916,1344,1370]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093302FFE6391FBB67DBFDBB72" box="[777,916,1344,1370]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
when a sand or gravel substrate is provided: dominant males usually try to lead females to a slight depression near to an object such as a rock or piece of wood: in a bare tank, the focus would probably be the tank bottom near one of the corners or a wall near a heater or filter inlet. This is in marked contrast to reports of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983302FFE6388ABB8BDB76BBEE" box="[668,799,1452,1478]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093302FFE6388ABB8BDB76BBEE" box="[668,799,1452,1478]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where complex bowers have been recorded in the field, out over open substrate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3302FFE63BA7BBF6DA3CBBC2" author="Konings, A." box="[433,597,1488,1514]" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" refId="ref9580" refString="Konings, A. (2016) Lake Malawi Cichlids in their Natural Habitat. 5 th Edition. Cichlid Press, El Paso, Texas, 432 pp." type="book" year="2016">Konings 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 369). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983302FFE638F4BBF7DB05BBC2" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[738,876,1488,1514]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093302FFE638F4BBF7DB05BBC2" box="[738,876,1488,1514]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the construction of the depression seems almost haphazard: males have not been observed to show consistent bouts of digging, but spend most of their time chasing, then returning to the territory focus next to the object, during which they make occasional ‘feeding movement’ of picking up a mouthful of substrate, moving forwards and ejecting it through the mouth and/or opercular openings at a slight distance away. This occurs all over the vicinity of the side of the object they are defending, but there seems to be a slight bias towards a certain point up against the object, which thereby becomes a shallow depression.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3302FFE63AD1B88ED899B95E" blockId="9.[151,1437,1344,1910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">
|
||
Female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983302FFE63B09B88FD9CFB8EA" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[287,422,1704,1730]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093302FFE63B09B88FD9CFB8EA" box="[287,422,1704,1730]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are maternal mouthbrooders, brooding young until they are capable of independent feeding. As fry complete the absorption of the yolk, they show through the female’s buccal membrane as a dark area, but females do not develop the ‘warpaint’ typical of fry guarders, such as known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983302FFE63E18B8D6DCF6B922" authorityName="Pellegrin" authorityYear="1904" box="[1038,1183,1776,1802]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Astatotilapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093302FFE63E18B8D6DCF6B922" box="[1038,1183,1776,1802]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">Astatotilapia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093302FFE63ED1B8D6DD0BB922" box="[1223,1378,1776,1802]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983302FFE63ED1B8D6DD35B922" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1889" box="[1223,1372,1776,1802]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Oreochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Oreochromis</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
dark eyes, lachrymal stripes and forehead stripes. There is no indication that females guard free-swimming fry or permit them to return to their mouths. This non-guarding behaviour is similar to other known shallow-water
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983302FFE63F35B91ED899B95E" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093302FFE63F35B91EDDF5B97A" box="[1315,1436,1848,1874]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="524">Lethrinops</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |