557 lines
69 KiB
XML
557 lines
69 KiB
XML
<document id="481710C903E4DF436E78C01AD2F51546" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5318.4.5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8181908" ID-ZooBank="3DC09643-717F-45AC-9EE5-4FFB1D40BD6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1690275295888" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Turner, George F., Crampton, Denise A. & Genner, Martin J." docDate="2023" docId="CA67A10D3307FFE13A81BEF9DA35BC31" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5318.4.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5318 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5318.4.5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.12:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="12" docTitle="Lethrinops chilingali Turner & Crampton & Genner 2023" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="528" masterDocId="365ED975330BFFEF3A16BE26D869BE28" masterDocTitle="A new species of Lethrinops (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) from a Lake Malawi satellite lake, believed to be extinct in the wild" masterLastPageNumber="530" masterPageNumber="515" pageNumber="527" updateTime="1690288254029" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="773C222018E4DEADF362CB8F8E3110E2">
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<mods:title id="6E52B2A2F120BE3C9F4F92928B2340DC">A new species of Lethrinops (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) from a Lake Malawi satellite lake, believed to be extinct in the wild</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="42CBFB3031AE6747E70FB1F03F2B8B2D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1339EE2B6F67BD173E071FFD2F523887">Turner, George F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0A78F718A80950A2C1397DA3C5F2B55F">School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL 57 2 UW, United Kingdom & Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7, UK.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="7B28636F982DDD09CCAACD3B9D502F33" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8022C9716DE277808F153A5703488140">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="70FBD34C035CB5DC36B4FC3456F57564">Crampton, Denise A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AE02754AB2F7FC2AA4B630DB7961FBF5">School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL 57 2 UW, United Kingdom; present address: School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L 3 3 AF, UK.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3DBCA73178064BF157EA26A29AB8668D">Genner, Martin J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="41E33337327E396A1BFC891019B76954" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1117-9168</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="C77CBA8A1FFCF82B05F5978945633101">School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS 8 1 TQ, United Kingdom. m. genner @ bristol. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1117 - 9168</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C2ED8E973EA2A879049362D65BF13088" type="email">m.genner@bristol.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="71B8DEDDDFAC0724FA633CFDFD0EBEF6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="30EA1479B78F73882B823295C0C6C913">
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<mods:date id="4296B29DA6EE2E1BBC50F55E09DEAE93">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="34D6B3417E4464D65D6092E11B55DFA9">2023-07-21</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="8723CA0A6E9B142D256BEDE8ECFEE70A">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5318.4.5</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="FA4765683FA009F1A80650862F7FA030">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="CA67A10D3307FFE13A81BEF9DA35BC31" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CA67A10D3307FFE13A81BEF9DA35BC31" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA67A10D3307FFE13A81BEF9DA35BC31" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="528" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">
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<subSubSection id="0AD443903307FFE33A81BEF9DB8DBED1" box="[151,996,223,250]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4271101B3307FFE33A81BEF9DB8DBED1" blockId="12.[151,996,223,250]" box="[151,996,223,250]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">
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<heading id="1939A7773307FFE33A81BEF9DB8DBED1" bold="true" box="[151,996,223,250]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33A81BEF9DB8DBED1" bold="true" box="[151,996,223,250]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">
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Relationship of
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33B45BEF9D988BED2" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[339,481,223,250]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33B45BEF9D988BED2" bold="true" box="[339,481,223,250]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. chilingali</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to other taxa in the Lake
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<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3307FFE33903BEF9DB06BED1" box="[789,879,223,249]" name="Malawi" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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radiation
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0AD443903307FFE33A81BF01D9BABA1D" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="4271101B3307FFE33A81BF01D9BABA1D" blockId="12.[151,1437,295,1078]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">
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The present study has assumed that
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE3380FBF0EDAF1BF69" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[537,664,295,321]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE3380FBF0EDAF1BF69" box="[537,664,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is both the most likely sister taxon for
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33E22BF0EDCD0BF69" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[1076,1209,295,321]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33E22BF0EDCD0BF69" box="[1076,1209,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. chilingali</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the species most likely to interbreed with it, should habitat barriers be broken down. The former proposition is based on their overall similar appearance, including very similar male breeding dress, and similar – although distinct- melanin patterns in the females and juveniles. They are the only two known
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE3390EBFB5DB83BF85" box="[792,1002,403,429]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE3390EBFB5DBF8BF85" box="[792,913,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Lethrinops</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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to share a largely horizontally-banded melanin pattern. Other Lake
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<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3307FFE33BC2BF91DA43BFF9" box="[468,554,439,465]" name="Malawi" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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cichlids also share some of these features, notably species of
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33ED8BF91D90DBFDD" authority="Eccles & Trewavas 1989" authorityName="Eccles & Trewavas" authorityYear="1989" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33ED8BF91DD27BFF9" box="[1230,1358,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Protomelas</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE33F45BF91D90DBFDD" author="Eccles, D. H. & Trewavas, E." pageId="12" pageNumber="527" refId="ref9167" refString="Eccles, D. H. & Trewavas, E. (1989) Malawian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, 335 pp." type="book" year="1989">Eccles & Trewavas 1989</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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found in similar shallow weedy/muddy habitats, including
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33E00BFFDDDF1BFDD" authority="(Gunther 1894)" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1046,1432,475,501]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkii">
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33E00BFFDDCB2BFDD" box="[1046,1243,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Protomelas kirkii</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE33EFABFFDDDF9BFDD" author="Gunther, A." box="[1260,1424,475,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" pagination="616 - 628" refId="ref9470" refString="Gunther, A. (1894) Second report on the reptiles, batrachians, and fishes transmitted by Mr. H. H. Johnston, C. B., from British Central Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1894, 616 - 628, pls. 53 - 57" type="journal article" year="1894">Günther 1894</bibRefCitation>
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)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33A81BFD9DA65BC31" authority="(Regan 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[151,524,511,537]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="similis">
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33A81BFD9D900BC31" box="[151,361,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Protomelas similis</emphasis>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE33B6FBFD9DA6DBC31" author="Regan, C. T." box="[377,516,511,537]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" pagination="675 - 727" refId="ref9939" refString="Regan, C. T. (1922) The cichlid fishes of Lake Nyasa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1921, 675 - 727. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1921. tb 03287. x" type="journal article" year="1922">Regan 1922</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33850BFD9DC69BC32" authority="(Trewavas 1935)" baseAuthorityName="Trewavas" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[582,1024,511,538]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labridens">
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33850BFD9DB50BC31" box="[582,825,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Protomelas labridens</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE3395EBFD9DB91BC32" author="Trewavas, E." box="[840,1016,511,538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" pagination="65 - 118" refId="ref10114" refString="Trewavas, E. (1935) A synopsis of the cichlid fishes of Lake Nyasa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 16, 65 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933508655026" type="journal article" year="1935">Trewavas 1935</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE33E06BFD9DD58BC31" author="Eccles, D. H. & Trewavas, E." box="[1040,1329,511,538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" refId="ref9167" refString="Eccles, D. H. & Trewavas, E. (1989) Malawian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, 335 pp." type="book" year="1989">Eccles & Trewavas 1989</bibRefCitation>
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,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE33F2BBFD9D8BBBC15" author="Konings, A." pageId="12" pageNumber="527" refId="ref9580" refString="Konings, A. (2016) Lake Malawi Cichlids in their Natural Habitat. 5 th Edition. Cichlid Press, El Paso, Texas, 432 pp." type="book" year="2016">Konings 2016</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE33AF7BC02D91ABC15" author="Turner, G. F." box="[225,371,547,574]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" refId="ref10157" refString="Turner, G. F. (1996) Offshore Cichlids of Lake Malawi. Cichlid Press, Lauenau, 240 pp." type="book" year="1996">Turner 1996</bibRefCitation>
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). These three species also have females/immatures with a sandy/countershaded appearance, with a strong horizontal dark band running along the flank. Males are also metallic blue-green, with a red and white dorsal fin margin. These species have shorter snouts and more upwardly-angled mouths than
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33F04BC4ADDFFBCAD" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1298,1430,619,645]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33F04BC4ADDFFBCAD" box="[1298,1430,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but so does
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33B34BCB6D9DABC81" box="[290,435,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">
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||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33B34BCB6D9C6BC81" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[290,431,655,681]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">L. chilingali</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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which is arguably morphologically intermediate between them. The genera
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33F0ABCA9DDF5BC81" authorityName="Eccles & Trewavas" authorityYear="1989" box="[1308,1436,655,681]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33F0ABCA9DDF5BC81" box="[1308,1436,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Protomelas</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33ADEBC95D928BCE5" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1922" box="[200,321,691,717]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33ADEBC95D928BCE5" box="[200,321,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Lethrinops</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by the shape of the lower jaw dental arcade, and it is presently assumed that this is a phylogenetically informative trait (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE33892BCF1DBCCBCD9" author="Eccles, D. H. & Trewavas, E." box="[644,933,727,754]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" refId="ref9167" refString="Eccles, D. H. & Trewavas, E. (1989) Malawian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, 335 pp." type="book" year="1989">Eccles & Trewavas 1989</bibRefCitation>
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||
), although this requires confirmation from a phylogenetic analysis, ideally based on genome-scale sequence data. A published phylogenomic analysis places
|
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33A81BD06D970BD11" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[151,281,799,825]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33A81BD06D970BD11" box="[151,281,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the middle of a clade of shallow water
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<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE338E3BD39DC53BD11" box="[757,1082,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">
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||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE338E3BD39DB18BD11" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1922" box="[757,881,799,825]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lethrinops</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE3396BBD39DC53BD11" authorityName="Eccles & Trewavas" authorityYear="1989" box="[893,1082,799,825]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Taeniolethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Taeniolethrinops</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33E67BD39D974BD75" authority="(Masonick et al. 2022)" baseAuthorityName="Masonick" baseAuthorityYear="2022" family="Cichlidae" genus="Tramitichromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33E67BD39DD74BD11" box="[1137,1309,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Tramitichromis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE33F3ABD39D97CBD75" author="Masonick, P. & Meyer, A. & Hulsey, C. D." pageId="12" pageNumber="527" refId="ref9696" refString="Masonick, P., Meyer, A. & Hulsey, C. D. (2022) Phylogenomic analyses show repeated evolution of hypertrophied lips among Lake Malawi Cichlid Fishes. Genome Biology & Evolution, 14, evac 051. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / gbe / evac 051" type="book" year="2022">
|
||
Masonick
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33A81BD62D8B8BD75" box="[151,209,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thus grouping these genera showing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE338DDBD65DB2DBD75" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1922" box="[715,836,835,861]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE338DDBD65DB2DBD75" box="[715,836,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Lethrinops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<typeStatus id="9D75AEB93307FFE3395ABD62DB17BD76" box="[844,894,836,862]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">type</typeStatus>
|
||
dentition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE339ECBD65DD72BD75" author="Eccles, D. H. & Trewavas, E." box="[1018,1307,835,862]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" refId="ref9167" refString="Eccles, D. H. & Trewavas, E. (1989) Malawian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, 335 pp." type="book" year="1989">Eccles & Trewavas 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33A81BD4ED90FBDA9" box="[151,358,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33A81BD4ED89BBDA9" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[151,242,871,897]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkii">P. kirkii</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33AE9BD4ED90FBDA9" baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[255,358,871,897]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="similis">P. similis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33BB6BD4EDA4EBDA9" baseAuthorityName="Trewavas" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[416,551,871,897]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labridens">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33BB6BD4EDA4EBDA9" box="[416,551,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">P. labridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not included in that analysis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE339D7BD41DCD3BDA9" author="Masonick, P. & Meyer, A. & Hulsey, C. D." box="[961,1210,871,897]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" refId="ref9696" refString="Masonick, P., Meyer, A. & Hulsey, C. D. (2022) Phylogenomic analyses show repeated evolution of hypertrophied lips among Lake Malawi Cichlid Fishes. Genome Biology & Evolution, 14, evac 051. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / gbe / evac 051" type="book" year="2022">
|
||
Masonick
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33E2CBD4EDC1DBDA9" box="[1082,1140,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Notably, however, an additional group of deep-water
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33832BDADDAF4BD8D" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1922" box="[548,669,907,933]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33832BDADDAF4BD8D" box="[548,669,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Lethrinops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears in a separate part of the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33AD4BD89D952BDE1" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1922" box="[194,315,943,969]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33AD4BD89D952BDE1" box="[194,315,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Lethrinops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<typeStatus id="9D75AEB93307FFE33B55BD96D91CBDE2" box="[323,373,944,970]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">type</typeStatus>
|
||
dentition is prone to parallelism. Thus, we conclude that available evidence does not conflict with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33AC5BDF2D936BDC5" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[211,351,979,1005]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33AC5BDF2D936BDC5" box="[211,351,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being a sister species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE3389FBDF2DB64BDC5" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[649,781,979,1005]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE3389FBDF2DB64BDC5" box="[649,781,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but this requires detailed phylogenetic investigation for confirmation. If
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33B58BDDED9A6BA39" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[334,463,1015,1041]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33B58BDDED9A6BA39" box="[334,463,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows relatively high levels of population structure, it could be paraphyletic (ancestral) with respect to
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33B55BA3AD9BABA1D" box="[323,467,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33B55BA3AD9B9BA1D" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[323,464,1051,1077]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">L. chilingali</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0AD443903307FFE23A81BAA1DD08BB19" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="528" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3307FFE33A81BAA1DAC0BA8A" blockId="12.[151,681,1159,1186]" box="[151,681,1159,1186]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">
|
||
<heading id="1939A7773307FFE33A81BAA1DAC0BA8A" bold="true" box="[151,681,1159,1186]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33A81BAA1DAC0BA8A" bold="true" box="[151,681,1159,1186]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">
|
||
Distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33B4CBAA1D98EBA8A" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[346,487,1159,1186]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33B4CBAA1D98EBA8A" bold="true" box="[346,487,1159,1186]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33834BAA1DAC0BA8A" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[546,681,1159,1186]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33834BAA1DAC0BA8A" bold="true" box="[546,681,1159,1186]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3307FFE23A81BAE9DD7DBCE5" blockId="12.[151,1437,1231,2014]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,1329]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="528" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33A81BAE9D9EABAC1" box="[151,387,1231,1257]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33A81BAE9D9EABAC1" box="[151,387,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Lethrinops chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only been positively recorded from Lake Chilingali, but here we consider whether it may have a broader distribution in Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3307FFE33821BAD5DAE6BB25" box="[567,655,1267,1293]" name="Malawi" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, possibly extending to the central to northern part of the lake as an allopatric sister species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33BACBB3EDA52BB19" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[442,571,1303,1329]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33BACBB3EDA52BB19" box="[442,571,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although a lake-wide distribution has been claimed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33EB8BB3ED8B2BB7D" authority="(Konings 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="2016" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33EB8BB3EDD46BB19" box="[1198,1327,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE33F2ABB31D8BABB7D" author="Konings, A." pageId="12" pageNumber="527" refId="ref9580" refString="Konings, A. (2016) Lake Malawi Cichlids in their Natural Habitat. 5 th Edition. Cichlid Press, El Paso, Texas, 432 pp." type="book" year="2016">Konings 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the great majority of records backed by preserved specimens or photographs come from the southern arms, Lake Malombe and the Shire River (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE3383CBB79DB75BB51" author="Eccles, D. H. & Lewis, D. S. C." box="[554,796,1375,1401]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref9127" refString="Eccles, D. H. & Lewis, D. S. C. (1978) A taxonomic study of the genus Lethrinops Part 2. Ichthyological Bulletin of Rhodes University, 37, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1978">Eccles & Lewis 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE33930BB46DBDBBB51" author="Turner, G. F." box="[806,946,1375,1402]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" refId="ref10157" refString="Turner, G. F. (1996) Offshore Cichlids of Lake Malawi. Cichlid Press, Lauenau, 240 pp." type="book" year="1996">Turner 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE339AABB79DC37BB51" author="Konings, A." box="[956,1118,1375,1401]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" refId="ref9580" refString="Konings, A. (2016) Lake Malawi Cichlids in their Natural Habitat. 5 th Edition. Cichlid Press, El Paso, Texas, 432 pp." type="book" year="2016">Konings 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the Global Biodiversity Information Facility website (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3307FFE33BF1BBA5DA05BBB5" author="GBIF" box="[487,620,1411,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" refId="ref9308" refString="GBIF (2023) Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Available from: http: // www. gbif. org (accessed 12 March 2023)" type="url" year="2023">GBIF 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), there is a record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE3394ABBA5DC28BBB5" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[860,1089,1411,1437]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE3394ABBA5DC28BBB5" box="[860,1089,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Lethrinops lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from co-ordinates indicating a collection site off the Tanzanian shore near Ngkuyo Island, Mbamba Bay (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="27FA76DC3307FFE339DABB81DC5FBBE9" box="[972,1078,1447,1473]" degrees="11.334" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" precision="55" value="-11.334">11.334°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="27FA76DC3307FFE33E57BB81DCC7BBE9" box="[1089,1198,1447,1473]" degrees="34.769" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" precision="55" value="34.769">34.769°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), based on specimens at the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB). An offshore location near a rocky headland seems an unlikely collecting site for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33BEEBBC9DA89B821" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[504,736,1519,1545]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33BEEBBC9DA89B821" box="[504,736,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Lethrinops lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which favours shallow sheltered vegetated habitats and the locality label is given as ‘Lifuwu’, which probably corresponds to the vicinity of Lifuwu village (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="27FA76DC3307FFE33EC6B835DD44B805" box="[1232,1325,1555,1581]" degrees="13.69" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" precision="555" value="-13.69">13.69°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="27FA76DC3307FFE33F2EB835DDFCB805" box="[1336,1429,1555,1581]" degrees="34.60" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" precision="555" value="34.6">34.60°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) just north of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="800ADEF93307FFE33B30B811D91EB879" box="[294,375,1591,1617]" country="Malawi" name="Salima" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Salima</collectingRegion>
|
||
, suggesting that the co-ordinates have been recorded in error. The single small specimen shows no melanic markings (faded post-preservation?), but the head shape is consistent with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33E7BB87DDD3AB85D" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[1133,1363,1627,1653]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33E7BB87DDD3AB85D" box="[1133,1363,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Lethrinops lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rather than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33ADBB8A6D93CB8B1" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[205,341,1663,1689]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33ADBB8A6D93CB8B1" box="[205,341,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Another GBIF record from co-ordinates
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="27FA76DC3307FFE33937B859DB17B8B2" box="[801,894,1663,1690]" degrees="13.35" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" precision="555" value="-13.35">13.35°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="27FA76DC3307FFE3399EB859DBBCB8B1" box="[904,981,1663,1689]" degrees="33.4" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" precision="5555" value="33.4">33.4°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
would suggest specimens were collected from the Rusa River, a tributary of the Bua River, which joins Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3307FFE339B1B885DB94B895" box="[935,1021,1699,1725]" name="Malawi" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
near Lake Chilingali. The site is far upstream, around
|
||
<quantity id="8536BDFE3307FFE33B7EB8E1D9C1B8C9" box="[360,424,1735,1761]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" unit="km" value="97.0">97km</quantity>
|
||
West of the Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3307FFE33891B8E1DAB4B8C9" box="[647,733,1735,1761]" name="Malawi" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
shore at Benga, and initially we thought this might suggest specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33B25B8CAD9D5B92D" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[307,444,1771,1797]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33B25B8CAD9D5B92D" box="[307,444,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be widespread in the river catchment. However, the collection label indicates the specimens were collected from Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3307FFE33852B929DAF3B901" box="[580,666,1807,1833]" name="Malawi" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
at Foo, which is a trawling station in the SE Arm of Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3307FFE33F51B929DDF4B901" box="[1351,1437,1807,1833]" name="Malawi" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
(also sometimes written as Fowo), which is at approximately
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="27FA76DC3307FFE33960B915DBBBB965" box="[886,978,1843,1869]" degrees="14.14" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" precision="555" value="-14.14">14.14°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="27FA76DC3307FFE339F5B915DC29B966" box="[995,1088,1843,1870]" degrees="35.18" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" precision="555" value="35.18">35.18°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, again suggesting an error in the co-ordinates. Photographs of the specimens show typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33976B971DC21B959" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[864,1096,1879,1905]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33976B971DC21B959" box="[864,1096,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Lethrinops lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with long snouts and strong horizontal melanic markings. The catalogue of the Natural History Museum in London contains a single accession of
|
||
<specimenCount id="54C8DB923307FFE33AA3B9B9D900B991" box="[181,361,1951,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
labelled as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983307FFE33BFAB986DA04B991" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[492,621,1951,1977]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093307FFE33BFAB986DA04B991" box="[492,621,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Lupembe Sand Bar, collected by Cuthbert Christy in 1925 (BMNH 1935.6.14.2077-9;
|
||
<figureCitation id="DAF50C9E3307FFE33B7BB9E5D9A7B9F5" box="[365,462,1987,2013]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1202,1226]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1178]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[151,1436,181,1178]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. a. Lower pharyngeal bones of Lethrinops lethrinus, 128mm SL, BMNH 2023.1.11.49-50 (left); Lethrinops lethrinus 84mm SL (unregistered, bottom right); Lethrinops chilingali 69mmSL (unregistered, top right); b. Distribution of Lethrinops lethrinus specimens examined (●), unconfirmed records: juveniles or not examined (Q) and Lethrinops chilingali (●)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8181916" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8181916/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The electronic catalogue suggests that this location is in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3307FFE33E48B9E5DCAFB9F5" box="[1118,1222,1987,2013]" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="527">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, perhaps following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3306FFE23A81BEB1D9AEBE99" author="Eccles, D. H. & Trewavas, E." box="[151,455,151,177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" refId="ref9167" refString="Eccles, D. H. & Trewavas, E. (1989) Malawian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, 335 pp." type="book" year="1989">Eccles & Trewavas (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who suggested it might represent a site at the mouth of the ‘Kivira River’. However, the town at the mouth of the Kiwira River (as presently named) is currently known as Itungi Port. It is more likely that the 1925 collection site is Lupembe on the Malawian lakeshore, just south of Karonga (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="27FA76DC3306FFE23EAEBEF8DD4DBED1" box="[1208,1316,222,249]" degrees="10.055" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" precision="55" value="-10.055">10.055°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="27FA76DC3306FFE23F27BEF9DDF9BED1" box="[1329,1424,223,249]" degrees="33.99" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" precision="555" value="33.99">33.99°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
). Notably, recent satellite images show a conspicuous sandbar (Google Earth). Examination of the unpublished diary of Cuthbert Christy held at the Natural History Museum shows a single accession from Lupembe following an extensive collection of several hundred accessions from Vua / Deep Bay (Chilumba area) and immediately before another extensive collection from Mwaya in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3306FFE2388CBF49DB6BBFA1" box="[666,770,367,393]" name="Tanzania" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, on the far north coast of the lake (itemising various river mouths visited). No other accessions were made from Lupembe. This suggests that the location was visited en-route from Chilumba to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3306FFE23B75BF91D9A2BFF9" box="[355,459,439,465]" name="Tanzania" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which would fit well with the location near
|
||
<collectingRegion id="800ADEF93306FFE239A3BF91DC70BFF9" box="[949,1049,439,465]" country="Malawi" name="Karonga" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Karonga</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Unfortunately, the specimens (fig. 5a) are very small (
|
||
<quantity id="8536BDFE3306FFE23B7BBFFCDA7BBFDD" box="[365,530,474,501]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.784999999999999" metricValueMax="5.09" metricValueMin="4.4799999999999995" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" unit="mm" value="47.849999999999994" valueMax="50.9" valueMin="44.8">44.8–50.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL) which makes morphological comparisons difficult with the larger specimens examined for this study, due to allometric effects. For example, they have notably relatively large eyes, making snout measurements relatively small. However, the low position of the mouth on the head and the largely continuous midlateral stripe, fit far better with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23836BC61DAC8BC49" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[544,673,583,609]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23836BC61DAC8BC49" box="[544,673,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than with
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23901BC61DBC1BC49" box="[791,936,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23901BC61DBCDBC49" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[791,932,583,609]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">L. chilingali</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Thus, available museum specimens strongly support the occurrence of typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE2381BBC4DDA98BCAD" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[525,753,619,645]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE2381BBC4DDA98BCAD" box="[525,753,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Lethrinops lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only in the southern arms of the lake, but tentatively indicate that they may also occur just north of Senga Bay and indeed almost at the northernmost extremity of the lake, but do not provide evidence for the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE2386CBC95DB6ABCE5" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[634,771,691,717]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE2386CBC95DB6ABCE5" box="[634,771,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or any other similar form within Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3306FFE23EAEBC95DD79BCE5" box="[1208,1296,691,717]" name="Malawi" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3306FFE23AD1BCF1DD08BB19" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">
|
||
Other published records are not backed by specimens available to examine or photographic evidence.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3306FFE23F21BCF1D944BD3D" author="Eccles, D. H. & Lewis, D. S. C." pageId="13" pageNumber="528" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref9127" refString="Eccles, D. H. & Lewis, D. S. C. (1978) A taxonomic study of the genus Lethrinops Part 2. Ichthyological Bulletin of Rhodes University, 37, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1978">Eccles & Lewis (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that they had found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23863BCDDDA9FBD3D" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[629,758,763,789]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23863BCDDDA9FBD3D" box="[629,758,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="800ADEF93306FFE23901BCDDDBF5BD3D" box="[791,924,763,789]" country="Malawi" name="Nkhata Bay" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Nkhata Bay</collectingRegion>
|
||
, which is well to the north of Lake Chilingali. However, they reported an unusual melanin pattern: “the dark line along the middle of the flank curves upwards anteriorly to merge with the lower of the two rows of spots and the spots themselves may run together posteriorly to form a stripe”. The occurrence of specimens with dramatically different stripe patterns at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="800ADEF93306FFE23E8FBD41DD74BDA9" box="[1177,1309,871,897]" country="Malawi" name="Nkhata Bay" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Nkhata Bay</collectingRegion>
|
||
might lend credence to the idea that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23BA4BDADDA5DBD8D" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[434,564,907,933]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23BA4BDADDA5DBD8D" box="[434,564,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents a complex of allopatric taxa, which might increase the probability that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23AD1BD89D927BDE1" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[199,334,943,969]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23AD1BD89D927BDE1" box="[199,334,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might persist in the main Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3306FFE238B0BD89DA96BDE1" box="[678,767,943,969]" name="Malawi" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Eccles & Lewis provided no illustration of this ‘
|
||
<collectingRegion id="800ADEF93306FFE23F02BD89DDF5BDE1" box="[1300,1436,943,969]" country="Malawi" name="Nkhata Bay" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Nkhata Bay</collectingRegion>
|
||
variant’. Their specimens were deposited in the collection of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="800ADEF93306FFE2397EBDF5DB90BDC5" box="[872,1017,979,1005]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Monkey Bay</collectingRegion>
|
||
Fisheries Research Unit,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3306FFE23F0EBDF5DD07BDC5" box="[1304,1390,979,1005]" name="Malawi" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
and their present status is unknown. The pattern described is reminiscent of that seen on some of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="9D75AEB93306FFE23EC4BDD1DD6BBA39" box="[1234,1282,1015,1041]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23A81BA3DD9C8BA1D" authority="Regan 1922" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,417,1051,1077]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23A81BA3DD97FBA1D" box="[151,278,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">L. leptodon</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3306FFE23B0ABA3DD9C8BA1D" author="Regan, C. T." box="[284,417,1051,1077]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" pagination="675 - 727" refId="ref9939" refString="Regan, C. T. (1922) The cichlid fishes of Lake Nyasa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1921, 675 - 727. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1921. tb 03287. x" type="journal article" year="1922">Regan 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fig. 5b). In the same 1978 paper, Eccles & Lewis redescribed that species based on a single specimen collected from Chintheche in the NW of the lake, near
|
||
<collectingRegion id="800ADEF93306FFE2397BBA19DB9ABA71" box="[877,1011,1087,1113]" country="Malawi" name="Nkhata Bay" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Nkhata Bay</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but their illustration of that specimen showed a clear midlateral blotch on the upper part of the flank. They reported examining, but not measuring, three of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="9D75AEB93306FFE23AD6BAA1D899BA89" box="[192,240,1159,1185]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23B98BAA1DA64BA89" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1922" box="[398,525,1159,1185]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23B98BAA1DA64BA89" box="[398,525,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">L. leptodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are held at the Natural History Museum in London (BMNH 1921.9.6.201- 207, collected by Wood from somewhere in ‘Lake Nyasa’). Thus, it seems unclear whether the reported
|
||
<collectingRegion id="800ADEF93306FFE23F0EBA8DDDF5BAED" box="[1304,1436,1195,1221]" country="Malawi" name="Nkhata Bay" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Nkhata Bay</collectingRegion>
|
||
populations represent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23B86BAE9DA7BBAC1" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[400,530,1231,1257]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23B86BAE9DA7BBAC1" box="[400,530,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE2382EBAE9DAD0BAC1" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1922" box="[568,697,1231,1257]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE2382EBAE9DAD0BAC1" box="[568,697,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">L. leptodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or indeed something else. In summary, the status of the northern populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23B56BAD5D9D0BB25" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1922" box="[320,441,1267,1293]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23B56BAD5D9D0BB25" box="[320,441,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Lethrinops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of this group is unclear but is consistent with the hypothesis that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23E8DBAD5DD74BB25" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[1179,1309,1267,1293]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23E8DBAD5DD74BB25" box="[1179,1309,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">L. lethrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in suitable habitats throughout Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3306FFE23802BB31DA05BB19" box="[532,620,1303,1329]" name="Malawi" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE238CEBB31DB08BB19" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[728,865,1303,1329]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE238CEBB31DB08BB19" box="[728,865,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a satellite lake endemic extinct in the wild.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0AD443903306FFE13A81BBA4DA35BC31" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="529" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3306FFE23A81BBA4DAF4BBB5" blockId="13.[151,669,1410,1437]" box="[151,669,1410,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">
|
||
<heading id="1939A7773306FFE23A81BBA4DAF4BBB5" bold="true" box="[151,669,1410,1437]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23A81BBA4DAF4BBB5" bold="true" box="[151,669,1410,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">
|
||
Conservation status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23BBCBBA4DAF4BBB5" box="[426,669,1410,1437]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23BBCBBA4DAF4BBB5" bold="true" box="[426,669,1410,1437]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Lethrinops chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3306FFE23A81BBEDDD28B901" blockId="13.[151,1437,1482,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">
|
||
Lake Chilingali is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="8536BDFE3306FFE2381DBBECDA54BBCD" box="[523,573,1482,1509]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" unit="km" value="5.0">5km</quantity>
|
||
in length and a maximum of
|
||
<quantity id="8536BDFE3306FFE23969BBEDDBDBBBCD" box="[895,946,1483,1509]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" unit="km" value="1.0">1km</quantity>
|
||
in width, and is characterised by two deeper basins of approximately
|
||
<quantity id="8536BDFE3306FFE23BBDBBC8D9A7B821" box="[427,462,1518,1545]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" unit="m" value="5.0">5m</quantity>
|
||
depth separated by a shallower plateau (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3306FFE23982BBC9DC0DB821" author="Turner, G. F. & Ngatunga, B. P. & Genner, M. J." box="[916,1124,1519,1545]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" pagination="1 - 131" refId="ref10225" refString="Turner, G. F., Ngatunga, B. P. & Genner, M. J. (2019) The natural history of the satellite lakes of Lake Malawi. EcoevoRxiv, 2019, 1 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.32942 / OSF. IO / SEHDQ" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Turner
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE239FEBBC9DC49B821" box="[1000,1056,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has a single outflow, the Kaombe River, which meanders for approximately
|
||
<quantity id="8536BDFE3306FFE238C7B835DB78B805" box="[721,785,1555,1581]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" unit="km" value="12.0">12km</quantity>
|
||
before reaching the main body of Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3306FFE23EDDB835DD48B805" box="[1227,1313,1555,1581]" name="Malawi" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3306FFE23F38B835D89EB879" author="Genner, M. J. & Nichols, P. & Carvalho, G. R. & Robinson, R. L. & Shaw, P. W. & Smith, A. & Turner, G. F." pageId="13" pageNumber="528" pagination="2249 - 2257" refId="ref9334" refString="Genner, M. J., Nichols, P., Carvalho, G. R., Robinson, R. L., Shaw, P. W., Smith, A. & Turner, G. F. (2007) Evolution of a cichlid fish in a Lake Malawi satellite lake. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 274, 2249 - 2257. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2007.0619" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Genner
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23F9EB835D8DDB879" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lake is a natural water body, and the two basins of the modern lake are represented on early European exploration maps, as two separate bodies of water, Lake Chikukutu to the south, and Lake Chilingali to the north (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3306FFE23A88B859D906B8B1" author="Turner, G. F. & Ngatunga, B. P. & Genner, M. J." box="[158,367,1663,1689]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" pagination="1 - 131" refId="ref10225" refString="Turner, G. F., Ngatunga, B. P. & Genner, M. J. (2019) The natural history of the satellite lakes of Lake Malawi. EcoevoRxiv, 2019, 1 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.32942 / OSF. IO / SEHDQ" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Turner
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23AE5B859D942B8B1" box="[243,299,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lake level was raised when a dam was constructed across the single outflow for irrigation purposes, initially in the 1950s, before being modified in the early 1970s (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3306FFE239F5B885DCDAB895" author="Denys, F. J. M. & Hagen, D. J. & Stephens, T. & Brown, R. & Namukopwe, V." box="[995,1203,1699,1725]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" refId="ref9062" refString="Denys, F. J. M., Hagen, D. J., Stephens, T., Brown, R. & Namukopwe, V. (2013) Lake Chilingali Dam Rehabilitation. Presentation at SANCOLD Conference November 2013. Available from: https: // tinyurl. com / 5 epzav 8 z (accessed 11 July 2023)" type="journal volume" year="2013">
|
||
Denys
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23E23B885DC07B895" box="[1077,1134,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The dam collapsed early in 2012 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3306FFE23B55B8E1DA7EB8C9" author="Denys, F. J. M. & Hagen, D. J. & Stephens, T. & Brown, R. & Namukopwe, V." box="[323,535,1735,1761]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" refId="ref9062" refString="Denys, F. J. M., Hagen, D. J., Stephens, T., Brown, R. & Namukopwe, V. (2013) Lake Chilingali Dam Rehabilitation. Presentation at SANCOLD Conference November 2013. Available from: https: // tinyurl. com / 5 epzav 8 z (accessed 11 July 2023)" type="journal volume" year="2013">
|
||
Denys
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23B80B8E1D9B8B8C9" box="[406,465,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the single lake disappeared, reforming the two separate smaller shallow basins. In 2016 these basins were estimated to be only ~
|
||
<quantity id="8536BDFE3306FFE2393AB8CDDB39B92D" box="[812,848,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
|
||
deep and fringed with macrophytes. The lake was refilled to approximately its pre-collapse-level in June-July 2019 following the construction of a new dam.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4271101B3306FFE13AD1B915DA35BC31" blockId="13.[151,1437,1482,2013]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,537]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="529" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">
|
||
During the period 2004 to 2011, before the collapse of the dam,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23963B915DB93B965" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[885,1018,1843,1869]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23963B915DB93B965" box="[885,1018,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was periodically and reliably sampled from the lake, alongside another apparently endemic haplochromine cichlid, the undescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23EA6B971DDF5B959" box="[1200,1436,1879,1905]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Rhamphochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23EA6B971DD1CB959" box="[1200,1397,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">Rhamphochromis</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“chilingali” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3306FFE23B3EB95DD994B9BD" author="Genner, M. J. & Nichols, P. & Carvalho, G. R. & Robinson, R. L. & Shaw, P. W. & Smith, A. & Turner, G. F." box="[296,509,1915,1941]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" pagination="2249 - 2257" refId="ref9334" refString="Genner, M. J., Nichols, P., Carvalho, G. R., Robinson, R. L., Shaw, P. W., Smith, A. & Turner, G. F. (2007) Evolution of a cichlid fish in a Lake Malawi satellite lake. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 274, 2249 - 2257. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2007.0619" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Genner
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23B95B95DD9D2B9BD" box="[387,443,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3306FFE2381EB95DDABFB9BD" author="Turner, G. F. & Ngatunga, B. P. & Genner, M. J." box="[520,726,1915,1941]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" pagination="1 - 131" refId="ref10225" refString="Turner, G. F., Ngatunga, B. P. & Genner, M. J. (2019) The natural history of the satellite lakes of Lake Malawi. EcoevoRxiv, 2019, 1 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.32942 / OSF. IO / SEHDQ" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Turner
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE2384CB95DDAFBB9BD" box="[602,658,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). To our knowledge, the last sampling event where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983306FFE23F05B95DDDF5B9BD" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[1299,1436,1915,1941]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23F05B95DDDF5B9BD" box="[1299,1436,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recorded in the wild was on
|
||
<date id="367036DB3306FFE2381EB9B8DAF4B991" box="[520,669,1950,1977]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" value="2009-06-25">25 June 2009</date>
|
||
(by G. Turner), while representatives of
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093306FFE23E7EB9B9DC10B990" box="[1128,1145,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="528">R</emphasis>
|
||
. sp. “chilingali” were last collected from an artisanal fishing catch on
|
||
<date id="367036DB3306FFE2389FB9E5DB2DB9F5" box="[649,836,1987,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" value="2011-01-12">12 January 2011</date>
|
||
(by M. Genner). During sampling in
|
||
<date id="367036DB3306FFE23EE6B9E5DDF1B9F5" box="[1264,1432,1987,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="528" value="2016-02">February 2016</date>
|
||
, neither of the species was encountered in a survey of the main northern and southern basins of Lake Chilingali (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3305FFE13A88BE9DD911BEFD" author="Turner, G. F. & Ngatunga, B. P. & Genner, M. J." box="[158,376,187,213]" pageId="14" pageNumber="529" pagination="1 - 131" refId="ref10225" refString="Turner, G. F., Ngatunga, B. P. & Genner, M. J. (2019) The natural history of the satellite lakes of Lake Malawi. EcoevoRxiv, 2019, 1 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.32942 / OSF. IO / SEHDQ" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Turner
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093305FFE13AE0BE9DD95BBEFD" box="[246,306,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="529">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A survey in
|
||
<date id="367036DB3305FFE1380BBE9DDAF3BEFD" box="[541,666,187,213]" pageId="14" pageNumber="529" value="2022-04">April 2022</date>
|
||
also failed to sample any either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983305FFE13E0ABE9DDCC1BEFD" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[1052,1192,187,213]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093305FFE13E0ABE9DDCC1BEFD" box="[1052,1192,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="529">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093305FFE13EC2BE9DDC85BEFC" box="[1236,1260,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="529">R.</emphasis>
|
||
sp “chilingali” but did find that Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AD9508B3305FFE13B8BBEF9D99ABED1" box="[413,499,223,249]" name="Malawi" pageId="14" pageNumber="529">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
endemic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983305FFE13872BEF9DC45BED1" authority="(Gunther 1894)" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[612,1068,223,249]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Otopharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tetrastigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093305FFE13872BEF9DB1ABED0" box="[612,883,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="529">Otopharynx tetrastigma</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265F6DEA3305FFE13995BEF9DC4ABED1" author="Gunther, A." box="[899,1059,223,249]" pageId="14" pageNumber="529" pagination="616 - 628" refId="ref9470" refString="Gunther, A. (1894) Second report on the reptiles, batrachians, and fishes transmitted by Mr. H. H. Johnston, C. B., from British Central Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1894, 616 - 628, pls. 53 - 57" type="journal article" year="1894">Günther 1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was abundant (H. Svardal, pers comm). This species was absent between 2004 and 2016 and is likely to have been introduced during restocking after the lake was refilled in 2019 (H. Svardal, pers comm). Although further surveys of Lake Chilingali and the Kaombe river are warranted to determine if remnant populations of either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983305FFE139C0BF6DDC37BF4D" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[982,1118,331,357]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093305FFE139C0BF6DDC37BF4D" box="[982,1118,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="529">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093305FFE13E92BF6DDCF5BF4C" box="[1156,1180,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="529">R.</emphasis>
|
||
sp “chilingali” persist, on the basis of the current evidence, we consider it most likely that both species are no longer present in the natural environment. Breeding populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983305FFE1384EBFB5DA8CBF85" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" box="[600,741,403,429]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093305FFE1384EBFB5DA8CBF85" box="[600,741,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="529">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093305FFE13905BFB5DB42BF84" box="[787,811,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="529">R.</emphasis>
|
||
sp “chilingali” are, however, maintained in captivity, and may be candidates for reintroduction. On the basis of the evidence discussed above, we recommend that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85CE6B983305FFE13F90BF91D96BBFDD" authority="Turner & Crampton & Genner, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Crampton & Genner" authorityYear="2023" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilingali">
|
||
<emphasis id="70BACC093305FFE13F90BF91D96BBFDD" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="529">L. chilingali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is attributed the status of Extinct in the Wild (EW) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |