820 lines
112 KiB
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820 lines
112 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DCDF172DCF4F8BE177F4A6A8461FCFB8">A review of Northern Peruvian glassfrogs (Centrolenidae), with the description of four new remarkable species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="118805420E6366159983FC6BEEDBB21D">Twomey, Evan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F3A211F0CAB6621E82FCE60263E821B6">Delia, Jesse</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AC88C6C407D23CE44367BD60E31D0ADF">Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A6106BEB53DCC4EC5B49CB8CAE38AC1B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BC136D975CA915F96C0F4F202F93D4F7">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3DFB0F2C289E279EEDBF8CB23289357B">3851</mods:number>
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<treatment id="664887B1FFE9FF8BFF7CFD85D382FA66" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6136445" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127669031" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6136445" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:664887B1FFE9FF8BFF7CFD85D382FA66" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/664887B1FFE9FF8BFF7CFD85D382FA66" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection id="A6FB652CFFE9FF8FFF7CFD85D24FFD4F" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE9FF8FFF7CFD85D07CFD6E" blockId="48.[151,778,620,679]" box="[151,778,620,646]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFF7CFD85D07CFD6E" ID-CoL="4TPFG" authority="Duellman & Schulte 1993" authorityName="Duellman & Schulte" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,778,620,646]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFF7CFD85D07CFD6E" bold="true" box="[151,778,620,646]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFF7CFD85D2C6FD6E" bold="true" box="[151,432,620,646]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rulyrana saxiscandens</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFE54FD85D074FD6E" author="Duellman" box="[447,770,620,646]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman & Schulte 1993</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE9FF8FFF7CFD67D24FFD4F" blockId="48.[151,778,620,679]" box="[151,313,654,679]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFE9FF8FFF7CFD67D266FD4F" box="[151,272,654,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 28. a, b" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1644,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 28. a, b) Adult Rulyrana saxiscandens. Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14153 from type locality; c, d) Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14149, also from type locality; e, f) Dorsal and ventral views of Rulyrana tangarana (CORBIDI 14149), from Abra Tangarana, which, prior to the current synonymy of R. tangarana with R. saxiscandens, was the type locality of the former species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286952/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Figures 28</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFE9FF8FFEF7FD66D24FFD4F" box="[284,313,655,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1013,1035]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,367,986]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[155,1440,367,986]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 29. Cochranella croceopodes holotype, KU 211804, SVL 24.7 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286953/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">29</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE9FF8FFF7CFD3FD277FCC2" blockId="48.[151,1436,726,963]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFF7CFD3FD1ACFD04" ID-CoL="WNTC" authority="Duellman and Schulte, 1993" authorityName="Duellman and Schulte" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,730,726,748]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
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||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFF7CFD3FD2D2FD04" box="[151,420,726,748]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cochranella saxiscandens</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFE46FD3FD1ACFD04" author="Duellman" box="[429,730,726,748]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman and Schulte, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE9FF8FFD0DFD3FD032FD04" box="[742,836,726,748]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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KU 211779, an adult male from “Catarata Ahuashiyacu, (
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,
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,
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),
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<quantity id="29199B42FFE9FF8FFDEFFD1CD133FCE3" box="[516,581,757,779]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="km" value="14.0">14 km</quantity>
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(by road) northeast of Tarapoto, Provincia San Martín, Departamento San Martín,
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<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFE9FF8FFF2CFCFDD381FCC2" box="[199,247,788,810]" name="Peru" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Perú</collectingCountry>
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”
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE9FF8FFF7CFCDBD023FCA0" blockId="48.[151,1436,726,963]" box="[151,853,818,840]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFF7CFCDBD1D9FCA0" ID-CoL="WNTM" authority="Duellman and Schulte, 1993" authorityName="Duellman and Schulte" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,687,818,840]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
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||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFF7CFCDBD2F0FCA0" box="[151,390,818,840]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cochranella tangarana</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFE67FCDBD1D9FCA0" author="Duellman" box="[396,687,818,840]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman and Schulte, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFD53FCDAD023FCA0" bold="true" box="[696,853,819,840]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">New synonym.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE9FF8FFF7CFCB8D01DFC8E" blockId="48.[151,1436,726,963]" box="[151,875,849,871]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFF7CFCB8D1B3FC8F" ID-CoL="WNRC" authority="Duellman and Schulte, 1993" authorityName="Duellman and Schulte" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,709,849,871]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
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||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFF7CFCB8D2EDFC8F" box="[151,411,849,871]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cochranella croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFE4AFCB8D1B3FC8F" author="Duellman" box="[417,709,849,871]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman and Schulte, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
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||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFD25FCB8D01DFC8E" bold="true" box="[718,875,849,870]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">New synonym.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE9FF8FFF7CFC99D7FEFC6E" blockId="48.[151,1436,726,963]" box="[151,1160,880,902]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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“
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||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFF49FC99D257FC6E" ID-CoL="3RQB" box="[162,289,880,902]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFF49FC99D257FC6E" box="[162,289,880,902]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cochranella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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”
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFED9FC99D2B1FC6E" box="[306,455,880,902]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">croceopodes—</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFE23FC99D7F2FC6E" author="Guayasamin" box="[456,1156,880,902]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Guayasamin, J. M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Trueb, L., Ayarzaguena, J., Rada, M. & Vila, C. (2009) Phylogenetic systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa, 2100, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="2009">Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, and Vilà 2009</bibRefCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE9FF8FFF7CFC67D728FC4C" blockId="48.[151,1436,726,963]" box="[151,1118,910,932]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFF7CFC67D2E1FC4C" box="[151,407,910,932]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFF7CFC67D383FC4C" ID-CoL="7B4J" box="[151,245,910,932]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rulyrana</taxonomicName>
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saxiscandens—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFE7CFC67D72CFC4C" author="Guayasamin" box="[407,1114,910,932]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Guayasamin, J. M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Trueb, L., Ayarzaguena, J., Rada, M. & Vila, C. (2009) Phylogenetic systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa, 2100, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="2009">Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, and Vilà, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
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.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE9FF8FFF7CFC44D734FC2B" blockId="48.[151,1436,726,963]" box="[151,1090,941,963]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFF7CFC44D20DFC2B" box="[151,379,941,963]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFF7CFC44D383FC2B" ID-CoL="7B4J" box="[151,245,941,963]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rulyrana</taxonomicName>
|
||
tangarana—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFE90FC44D748FC2B" author="Guayasamin" box="[379,1086,941,963]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Guayasamin, J. M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Trueb, L., Ayarzaguena, J., Rada, M. & Vila, C. (2009) Phylogenetic systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa, 2100, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="2009">Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, and Vilà, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE9FF8FFF7CFC06D251FA50" blockId="48.[151,1437,1007,2005]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFF7CFC06D2B1FBE0" bold="true" box="[151,455,1007,1032]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Background information.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFE26FC06D182FBE0" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[461,756,1007,1032]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
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||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFE26FC06D182FBE0" box="[461,756,1007,1032]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cochranella saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described from a series of
|
||
<specimenCount id="F8E7FD2EFFE9FF8FFBBAFC19D7DAFBE0" box="[1105,1196,1007,1032]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="adult">30 adult</specimenCount>
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||
males collected from Ahuashiyacu waterfalls (
|
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),
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||
<quantity id="29199B42FFE9FF8FFDCCFBFDD102FBC5" box="[551,628,1044,1069]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="km" value="14.0">14 km</quantity>
|
||
NE from Tarapoto, San Martín,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFE9FF8FFBE2FBFCD74AFBC4" box="[1033,1084,1045,1068]" name="Peru" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Peru</collectingCountry>
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFBBAFBFDD6E6FBC4" author="Duellman" box="[1105,1424,1044,1069]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman & Schulte 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFF7CFBDED2D4FBB8" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[151,418,1079,1104]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFF7CFBDED2D4FBB8" box="[151,418,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cochranella tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described on the basis of two adult males and one adult female, all collected from Abra
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFF32FBB4D2B3FB9C" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[217,453,1116,1141]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
Tangarana (
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFE9FF8FFE8BFBB5D2CBFB9C" box="[352,445,1116,1140]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1080.0">1080 m</quantity>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, San Martín,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFE9FF8FFD8CFBB4D1EBFB9C" box="[615,669,1117,1140]" name="Peru" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a site roughly
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFE9FF8FFCBDFBB5D0C3FB9D" box="[854,949,1116,1141]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="km" value="50.8">50.8 km</quantity>
|
||
W from Ahuashiyacu. Both species were allocated to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFEA7FB96D14DFB70" ID-CoL="WNSH" box="[332,571,1151,1176]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFEA7FB96D14DFB70" box="[332,571,1151,1176]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cochranella ocellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group due to the combination of white parietal peritonea with clear visceral peritonea. Additional characters of these two species include vomerine teeth present, bones green, dorsal skin finely spiculate, humeral spine absent, and color in life dark green to black.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFBA6FB2ED6EAFB08" author="Duellman" box="[1101,1436,1223,1248]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman & Schulte (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
distinguished these two species from each other based on color in preservative (dark grey to black in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFA6FFB04D25DFAC0" ID-CoL="WNTC" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFA6FFB04D25DFAC0" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. lavender in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFE0EFAF8D10AFAC0" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[485,636,1297,1320]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFE0EFAF8D10AFAC0" box="[485,636,1297,1320]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), presence/absence of melanophores on ventral surface of shanks and tarsi (melanophores present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFE12FADCD1D8FAA5" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[505,686,1332,1357]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFE12FADCD1D8FAA5" box="[505,686,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFCA4FADCD090FAA4" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[847,998,1333,1356]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFCA4FADCD090FAA4" box="[847,998,1333,1356]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and presence/absence of inner tarsal fold (fold present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFE6EFAB0D14DFA98" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[389,571,1367,1392]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFE6EFAB0D14DFA98" box="[389,571,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFD37FAB0D005FA98" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[732,883,1369,1392]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFD37FAB0D005FA98" box="[732,883,1369,1392]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Both species were removed from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFAFBFABED6EAFA98" ID-CoL="3RQB" box="[1296,1436,1367,1392]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFAFBFABED6EAFA98" box="[1296,1436,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cochranella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and placed in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFE4DFA95D178FA7D" ID-CoL="7B4J" box="[422,526,1404,1429]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFE4DFA95D178FA7D" box="[422,526,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rulyrana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFDD2FA95D021FA7C" box="[569,855,1404,1429]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Guayasamin, J. M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Trueb, L., Ayarzaguena, J., Rada, M. & Vila, C. (2009) Phylogenetic systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa, 2100, 1 - 97." type="journal article">
|
||
Guayasamin
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFD27FA94D073FA7D" box="[716,773,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on the basis of overall similarity with other species of the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE9FF8FFF2CFA2DD78AF8C8" blockId="48.[151,1437,1007,2005]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFF2CFA2DD29FFA35" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[199,489,1476,1501]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFF2CFA2DD29FFA35" box="[199,489,1476,1501]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cochranella croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described on the basis of two adult females, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE9FF8FFBBCFA2DD7CFFA35" box="[1111,1209,1476,1501]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
collected from km. 23.2 on the Tarapoto-Yurimaguas road and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE9FF8FFD44FA01D079F9E8" box="[687,783,1512,1536]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
collected from Ahuashiyacu waterfalls, both San Martín,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFE9FF8FFF7CF9E4D3BDF9CC" box="[151,203,1549,1572]" name="Peru" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFF32F9E5D173F9CC" author="Duellman" box="[217,517,1548,1573]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman & Schulte 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This species was assigned to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFC60F9E4D75AF9CD" ID-CoL="WNRV" box="[907,1068,1548,1573]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFC60F9E4D75AF9CD" box="[907,1068,1548,1573]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Co. granulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group due to the combination of white parietal and visceral peritonea.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFDABF9C6D017F9A0" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[576,865,1583,1608]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFDABF9C6D017F9A0" box="[576,865,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cochranella croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described as having a “diffuse yellow line on flanks from axilla to groin” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFE0EF9BDD062F984" author="Duellman" box="[485,788,1620,1645]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman & Schulte 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and diagnosed only against species having dorsolateral stripes;
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFF1AF990D265F978" box="[241,275,1657,1680]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFEC8F99ED16DF978" ID-CoL="S9YC" box="[291,539,1655,1680]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Centrolene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperium">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFEC8F99ED16DF978" box="[291,539,1655,1680]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Centrolene hesperium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFDBDF991D064F978" box="[598,786,1655,1680]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Ce.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFD6EF99ED064F978" ID-CoL="S9YJ" box="[645,786,1655,1680]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Centrolene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemniscatum">lemniscatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, both of which lack vomerine teeth and have first finger shorter than the second.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFE53F975D1ADF95D" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[440,731,1692,1717]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFE53F975D1ADF95D" box="[440,731,1692,1717]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cochranella croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was moved from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFC08F975D723F95D" ID-CoL="WNRV" box="[995,1109,1692,1717]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFC08F975D723F95D" box="[995,1109,1692,1717]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">granulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group to the
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFB11F974D626F95C" box="[1274,1360,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
group (Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch 1995), then back to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFD25F956D036F930" ID-CoL="WNRV" box="[718,832,1727,1752]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFD25F956D036F930" box="[718,832,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">granulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFC71F956D66AF930" author="Guayasamin" box="[922,1308,1727,1752]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Guayasamin, J. M. & Bonaccorso, E. (2004) A new species of glass frog (Centrolenidae: Cochranella) from the lowlands of northwestern Ecuador, with comments on the Cochranella granulosa group. Herpetologica, 60, 485 - 494. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / 03 - 74" type="journal article" year="2004">Guayasamin & Bonnacorso 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Cisneros-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFF7CF90DD166F914" author="Heredia" box="[151,528,1764,1789]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Cisneros-Heredia, D. F. & McDiarmid, R. W. (2007) Revision of the characters of Centrolenidae (Amphibia: Anura: Athesphatanura), with comments on its taxonomy and the description of new taxa of glassfrogs. Zootaxa, 1572, 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="2007">Heredia and McDiarmid (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
removed it from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFCCAF90DD0E5F915" ID-CoL="WNRV" box="[801,915,1764,1789]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFCCAF90DD0E5F915" box="[801,915,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">granulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group but did not assign it to any group.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFF7CF8EED2C2F8C8" box="[151,436,1799,1824]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Guayasamin, J. M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Trueb, L., Ayarzaguena, J., Rada, M. & Vila, C. (2009) Phylogenetic systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa, 2100, 1 - 97." type="journal article">
|
||
Guayasamin
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFEC1F8E0D214F8C8" box="[298,354,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
left
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFE0CF8E1D1D4F8C8" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[487,674,1799,1824]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFE0CF8E1D1D4F8C8" box="[487,674,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Co. croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFD2CF8E0D014F8C8" box="[711,866,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
within the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFBB3F8EED78FF8C8" ID-CoL="6275N" box="[1112,1273,1799,1824]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Centroleninae">Centroleninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE9FF8EFF2CF8C5D124FC05" blockId="48.[151,1437,1007,2005]" lastBlockId="49.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFF2CF8C5D233F8AD" bold="true" box="[199,325,1836,1861]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">New data.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE9FF8FFEB9F8C4D2D9F8AC" author="In" box="[338,431,1836,1860]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refString="Cisneros-Heredia, D. F., Delia, J., Yanez-Munoz, M. H. & Ortega-Andrade, H. M. (2010) Endemic Ecuadorian glassfrog Cochranella mache is Critically Endangered because of habitat loss. Oryx, 44, 114 - 117. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0030605309990640" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
In
|
||
<date id="9A5F1067FFE9FF8FFE9CF8C5D2D9F8AC" box="[375,431,1836,1860]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" value="2010" valueMax="2011">2010</date>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and 2011 we collected a series of 10
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE9FF8FFC67F8C4D730F8AD" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[908,1094,1836,1861]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE9FF8FFC67F8C4D730F8AD" box="[908,1094,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from two sites: three males (CORBIDI-HE-2012-14150, CORBIDI-HE-2012-14151, and CORBIDI-HE-2012-14153) and three females (CORBIDI-HE-2012-14149, CORBIDI-HE-2012-14152, and ET-10-124) from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE9FF8FFBBAF89CD7F7F865" box="[1105,1153,1909,1933]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of Ahuashiyacu (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFE9FF8FFF74F87ED241F858" box="[159,311,1943,1968]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="1" value="-6.455469">6°27'19.69"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFE9FF8FFEA3F87ED283F858" box="[328,501,1943,1968]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="1" value="-76.30898">76°18'32.33"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFE9FF8FFDEDF871D120F858" box="[518,598,1944,1968]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.97" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="797.0">797 m</quantity>
|
||
); and four males (ET-10-126, ET-10-127, CORBIDI 14668, CORBIDI 10464) from
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFE9FF8FFEDAF855D2F4F83D" box="[305,386,1980,2005]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="km" value="2.3">2.3 km</quantity>
|
||
E of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE9FF8FFE1DF854D150F83D" box="[502,550,1981,2005]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFE9FF8FFD73F855D059F83D" box="[664,815,1980,2005]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="1" value="-6.4584107">6°27'30.28"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFE9FF8FFCD5F855D09AF83D" box="[830,1004,1980,2005]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="1" value="-76.287315">76°17'14.35"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFE9FF8FFC11F855D730F83C" box="[1018,1094,1980,2004]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.879999999999999" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="988.0">988 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFE9FF8FFBBEF855D7D1F83C" box="[1109,1191,1980,2005]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,757,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[152,1435,757,1769]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Distribution of Centrolene charapita new species (blue dot); type locality, La Oliva, Amazonas, 5 ° 18 ' 3.86 " S, 78 ° 23 ' 44.57 " W, 682 m; Ce. muelleri (red dots); (1) type locality, 14 km W of Venceremos, San Martín, approx. 5 ° 40 ' 58.96 " S, 77 ° 46 ' 45.74 " W, 2047 m; (2) 7.4 km SE from Puente Vilcaniza, Amazonas, 5 ° 48 ' 52.25 " S, 77 ° 50 ' 6.19 " W, 1858 m; (3) Gocta waterfall, Amazonas, 6 ° 1 ' 37.80 " S, 77 ° 53 ' 15.15 " W, 1830 m; Rulyrana saxiscandens (yellow dots); (1) Abra Tangarana, San Martín, 6 ° 16 ' 52.86 " S, 76 ° 43 ' 57.86 " W, 1047 m; (2) km. 26 on Tarapoto-Yurimaguas road, San Martín, 6 ° 24 ' 44.79 " S, 76 ° 19 ' 2.09 " W, 684 m; (3) San Jose, San Martín, 6 ° 25 ' 14.67 " S, 76 ° 17 ' 28.42 " W, 518 m; (4) type locality, Ahuashiyacu waterfalls, San Martín, 6 ° 27 ' 19.69 " S, 76 ° 18 ' 32.33 " W, 797 m; (5) 2.3 km E from Ahuashiyacu, San Martín, 6 ° 27 ' 30.28 " S, 76 ° 17 ' 14.35 " W, 988 m. Asterisks on map indicate type localities for each species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286930/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFE9FF8FFB5DF855D7A0F83C" box="[1206,1238,1980,2004]" captionStart="FIGURE 28. a, b" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1644,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 28. a, b) Adult Rulyrana saxiscandens. Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14153 from type locality; c, d) Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14149, also from type locality; e, f) Dorsal and ventral views of Rulyrana tangarana (CORBIDI 14149), from Abra Tangarana, which, prior to the current synonymy of R. tangarana with R. saxiscandens, was the type locality of the former species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286952/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">28</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition, we collected four
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFED3FF70D2BAFF58" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[312,460,153,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFED3FF70D2BAFF58" box="[312,460,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males, three of which were from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE8FF8EFC85FF71D0E8FF58" box="[878,926,152,176]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFE8FF8EFBE2FF7ED7D6FF58" box="[1033,1184,151,176]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="1" value="-6.28135">6°16'52.86"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFE8FF8EFB47FF7ED62CFF58" box="[1196,1370,151,176]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="1" value="-76.73274">76°43'57.86"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFE8FF8EFA8FFF71D3C6FF3C" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.047" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="1047.0">1047 m</quantity>
|
||
), and one from
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFE8FF8EFE69FF55D2B5FF3D" box="[386,451,188,213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
|
||
SE from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE8FF8EFD91FF54D1DCFF3D" box="[634,682,189,213]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFE8FF8EFCCEFF55D0CBFF3D" box="[805,957,188,213]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="1" value="-6.322889">6°19'22.40"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFE8FF8EFC3BFF55D708FF3D" box="[976,1150,188,213]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="1" value="-76.695435">76°41'43.55"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFE8FF8EFB7AFF55D786FF3C" box="[1169,1264,188,212]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.003" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="1003.0">1003 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFE8FF8EFAEEFF55D62DFF3C" box="[1285,1371,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,757,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[152,1435,757,1769]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Distribution of Centrolene charapita new species (blue dot); type locality, La Oliva, Amazonas, 5 ° 18 ' 3.86 " S, 78 ° 23 ' 44.57 " W, 682 m; Ce. muelleri (red dots); (1) type locality, 14 km W of Venceremos, San Martín, approx. 5 ° 40 ' 58.96 " S, 77 ° 46 ' 45.74 " W, 2047 m; (2) 7.4 km SE from Puente Vilcaniza, Amazonas, 5 ° 48 ' 52.25 " S, 77 ° 50 ' 6.19 " W, 1858 m; (3) Gocta waterfall, Amazonas, 6 ° 1 ' 37.80 " S, 77 ° 53 ' 15.15 " W, 1830 m; Rulyrana saxiscandens (yellow dots); (1) Abra Tangarana, San Martín, 6 ° 16 ' 52.86 " S, 76 ° 43 ' 57.86 " W, 1047 m; (2) km. 26 on Tarapoto-Yurimaguas road, San Martín, 6 ° 24 ' 44.79 " S, 76 ° 19 ' 2.09 " W, 684 m; (3) San Jose, San Martín, 6 ° 25 ' 14.67 " S, 76 ° 17 ' 28.42 " W, 518 m; (4) type locality, Ahuashiyacu waterfalls, San Martín, 6 ° 27 ' 19.69 " S, 76 ° 18 ' 32.33 " W, 797 m; (5) 2.3 km E from Ahuashiyacu, San Martín, 6 ° 27 ' 30.28 " S, 76 ° 17 ' 14.35 " W, 988 m. Asterisks on map indicate type localities for each species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286930/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFE8FF8EFA9BFF55D6E6FF3C" box="[1392,1424,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 28. a, b" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1644,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 28. a, b) Adult Rulyrana saxiscandens. Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14153 from type locality; c, d) Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14149, also from type locality; e, f) Dorsal and ventral views of Rulyrana tangarana (CORBIDI 14149), from Abra Tangarana, which, prior to the current synonymy of R. tangarana with R. saxiscandens, was the type locality of the former species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286952/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">28</figureCitation>
|
||
). Morphological, bioacoustic, and genetic data all strongly suggest the existence of a single species. With respect to color in preservative, of the 10
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFDEEFEECD1CDFEF5" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[517,699,260,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFDEEFEECD1CDFEF5" box="[517,699,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two (CORBIDI 10464 and CORBIDI 14668) were lavender in preservative; seven (CORBIDI-HE-2012-14149 through CORBIDI-HE-2012-14153, ET-10-124, ET-10-126, and ET-10-127) ranged from bright green or yellowish green to dark or dull green in preservative, and one individual (CORBIDI-HE-2012-14151) was completely black in preservative. In contrast with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFE8FF8EFBA1FE86D6E1FE60" author="Duellman" box="[1098,1431,367,392]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman and Schulte (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, none of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFEC6FE7CD2BEFE44" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[301,456,405,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFEC6FE7CD2BEFE44" box="[301,456,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were lavender in preservative but rather dull green. With respect to melanophore presence/absence on the ventral surface of the tarsi and shanks, of the 10
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFC21FE50D70BFE38" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[970,1149,439,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFC21FE50D70BFE38" box="[970,1149,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two (ET-10-126 and ET- 10-127) entirely lacked melanophores in this area, six (CORBIDI-HE-2012-14149 through CORBIDI-HE-2012- 14151, ET-10-124, MNCN 45962, and CORBIDI 14668) had faint melanophores restricted to the edges of the leg (barely extending to ventral surface), and two (CORBIDI-HE-2012-14152 and CORBIDI-HE-2012-14153) had distinct melanophores present. Of the four
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFD92FDA0D07BFD88" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[633,781,585,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFD92FDA0D07BFD88" box="[633,781,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two individuals (CORBIDI 14149 and CORBIDI 10476) completely lacked melanophores in this area. The remaining two individuals (CORBIDI 10478 and CORBIDI 14151) had melanophores present only on the leg edges, similar to six of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFBFFFD78D7BCFD40" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[1044,1226,655,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFBFFFD78D7BCFD40" box="[1044,1226,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mentioned above. Finally, with respect to presence/absence of the inner tarsal fold, of the 10
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFBCEFD5CD7A8FD25" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[1061,1246,692,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFBCEFD5CD7A8FD25" box="[1061,1246,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, six individuals (CORBIDI-HE-2012-14151, CORBIDI-HE-2012-14153, ET-10-124, ET-10-127, CORBIDI 10464, and CORBIDI 14668) had a distinct inner tarsal fold, while one individual (ET-10-126) lacked a fold completely. The remaining three individuals (CORBIDI-HE-2012-14149 through CORBIDI-HE-2012-14151) have very faint folds, mainly present as a row of yellowish discoloration extending from the base of the foot along the inner surface of the tarsus. In the series of four
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFE94FC80D165FC68" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[383,531,873,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFE94FC80D165FC68" box="[383,531,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one individual from
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFE8FF8EFCE7FC8ED030FC68" box="[780,838,871,896]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
|
||
SE from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE8FF8EFC34FC81D779FC68" box="[991,1039,872,896]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (CORBIDI 10478) clearly has an inner tarsal fold. Two individuals (CORBIDI 10476 and CORBIDI 14151) from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE8FF8EFB5DFC64D790FC4D" box="[1206,1254,909,933]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality do not. One individual (CORBIDI 14149) from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE8FF8EFD6CFC59D1C1FC20" box="[647,695,944,968]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality has a discoloration along the inner tarsus, similar to three of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFF35FC3CD2E7FC05" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[222,401,980,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFF35FC3CD2E7FC05" box="[222,401,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but lacks a fold.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE8FF8EFF2CFC1ED2D6F9E0" blockId="49.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Specimens from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE8FF8EFE45FC11D2A8FBF8" box="[430,478,1016,1040]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFDB4FC10D065FBF8" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[607,787,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFDB4FC10D065FBF8" box="[607,787,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
display considerable variation in dorsal coloration in life. In a series of five individuals collected in a single night, one individual (CORBIDI-HE-2012-14153) was black (
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFE8FF8EFF74FBD6D275FBB0" box="[159,259,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 28. a, b" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1644,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 28. a, b) Adult Rulyrana saxiscandens. Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14153 from type locality; c, d) Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14149, also from type locality; e, f) Dorsal and ventral views of Rulyrana tangarana (CORBIDI 14149), from Abra Tangarana, which, prior to the current synonymy of R. tangarana with R. saxiscandens, was the type locality of the former species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286952/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 28a</figureCitation>
|
||
), one was bluish-gray (ET-10-124), one dull green (CORBIDI-HE-2012-14152), and two lime-green (CORBIDI-HE-2012-14149 and CORBIDI-HE-2012-14151) (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFE8FF8EFC67FB8DD0A8FB94" box="[908,990,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 28. a, b" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1644,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 28. a, b) Adult Rulyrana saxiscandens. Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14153 from type locality; c, d) Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14149, also from type locality; e, f) Dorsal and ventral views of Rulyrana tangarana (CORBIDI 14149), from Abra Tangarana, which, prior to the current synonymy of R. tangarana with R. saxiscandens, was the type locality of the former species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286952/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
c). Four individuals (ET-10-126, ET-10- 127, CORBIDI 10464, and CORBIDI 14668) found
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFE8FF8EFD16FB61D038FB48" box="[765,846,1159,1184]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="km" value="2.3">2.3 km</quantity>
|
||
E of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE8FF8EFC29FB60D084FB49" box="[962,1010,1161,1185]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality ranged from black to bright green; furthermore, two of these individuals (CORBIDI 10464 and CORBIDI 14668) had faint lime-green flecks on the dorsum. The four specimens collected in or near the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE8FF8EFCDDFB38D010FB01" box="[822,870,1233,1257]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFC03FB38D7F5FB00" box="[1000,1155,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFC03FB38D709FB00" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[1000,1151,1233,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">R. tangarana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal coloration ranged from dull to bright green. Two (CORBIDI 14149 and CORBIDI 10476) had prominent lime-green flecks on the dorsum, which appear to vary in number from just a few to consistently scattered throughout the dorsum. Much of this variation may be due to the apparent ability for individuals to change color. Two individuals (CORBIDI 10464 and CORBIDI 14668) from
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFE8FF8EFE3CFA89D150FA90" box="[471,550,1375,1400]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="km" value="2.3">2.3 km</quantity>
|
||
E of Ahuashiyacu were lime green upon collection but turned nearly black by the following morning. Iris color also varies from dark bronze to light bronze (
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFE8FF8EFBEFFA6DD720FA74" box="[1028,1110,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 28. a, b" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1644,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 28. a, b) Adult Rulyrana saxiscandens. Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14153 from type locality; c, d) Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14149, also from type locality; e, f) Dorsal and ventral views of Rulyrana tangarana (CORBIDI 14149), from Abra Tangarana, which, prior to the current synonymy of R. tangarana with R. saxiscandens, was the type locality of the former species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286952/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
), and appears to be related to dorsal color (with darker individuals tending to have darker irises). Skin texture of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFBACFA40D78DFA28" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[1095,1275,1447,1472]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFBACFA40D78DFA28" box="[1095,1275,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE8FF8EFA87FA40D6EAFA29" box="[1388,1436,1449,1473]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality varies from spiculate to shagreened to nearly smooth. The two specimens from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFB41FA24D636FA0C" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[1194,1344,1485,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFB41FA24D636FA0C" box="[1194,1344,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
locality both had spiculate skin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE8FF8EFF2CF9FDD01DF955" blockId="49.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
There is variation in the extent to which iridophores cover the parietal peritoneum among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFB0DF9FCD6EAF9C5" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[1254,1436,1556,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFB0DF9FCD6EAF9C5" box="[1254,1436,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens and those collected from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE8FF8EFD88F9D0D1E5F9B9" box="[611,659,1593,1617]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFCF1F9D0D0C6F9B8" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[794,944,1593,1616]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFCF1F9D0D0C6F9B8" box="[794,944,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In some individuals the iridophores cover nearly the entire venter (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFE8FF8EFE0FF9B5D132F99D" box="[484,580,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 28. a, b" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1644,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 28. a, b) Adult Rulyrana saxiscandens. Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14153 from type locality; c, d) Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14149, also from type locality; e, f) Dorsal and ventral views of Rulyrana tangarana (CORBIDI 14149), from Abra Tangarana, which, prior to the current synonymy of R. tangarana with R. saxiscandens, was the type locality of the former species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286952/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 28b</figureCitation>
|
||
) whereas in others they are restricted to only the anterior ~1/2 of the venter (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFE8FF8EFF31F996D258F970" box="[218,302,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 28. a, b" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1644,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 28. a, b) Adult Rulyrana saxiscandens. Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14153 from type locality; c, d) Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14149, also from type locality; e, f) Dorsal and ventral views of Rulyrana tangarana (CORBIDI 14149), from Abra Tangarana, which, prior to the current synonymy of R. tangarana with R. saxiscandens, was the type locality of the former species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286952/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
f). Additionally, there is some variation in the prominence of the inner tarsal fold (see above) and extent of melanophores on ventral surfaces of limbs (see above).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFE8FF8DFF2CF92ED3BBFEF4" blockId="49.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="50.[151,1436,151,284]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Calls obtained from both the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE8FF8EFDFDF920D130F909" box="[534,582,1737,1761]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFD20F920D016F908" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[715,864,1737,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFD20F920D016F908" box="[715,864,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFC72F920D738F908" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[921,1102,1735,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFC72F920D738F908" box="[921,1102,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are nearly identical. The call consists of a short, high-pitched “zip” given every few seconds. We obtained a series of six calls from a single male at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFE8FF8EFF37F8F8D27AF8C1" box="[220,268,1809,1833]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFE65F8F8D154F8C0" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[398,546,1809,1832]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFE65F8F8D154F8C0" box="[398,546,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, recorded
|
||
<date id="9A5F1067FFE8FF8EFD71F8E6D054F8C0" box="[666,802,1807,1832]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" value="2011-06-06">6 June 2011</date>
|
||
at 21.5°C. Note length was 0.038–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFE8FF8EFB45F8E6D7A8F8C0" box="[1198,1246,1807,1832]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="555" value="-0.05">0.05</geoCoordinate>
|
||
s (mean =
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFE8FF8EFAB6F8E6D3D5F8A4" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="55" value="-0.046">0.046 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), each note was composed of 7 or 8 pulses (mean = 7.8 pulses), pulse rate 160–184 pulses/s (mean = 170.3 pulses/ s), dominant frequency 6103–7106 Hz (mean = 6599 Hz). We also recorded calls of three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFB41F8B0D616F898" ID-CoL="WNTC" box="[1194,1376,1879,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFB41F8B0D616F898" box="[1194,1376,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(two from Ahuashiyacu and one from
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFE8FF8EFDECF895D123F87D" box="[519,597,1916,1941]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="km" value="2.3">2.3 km</quantity>
|
||
E Ahuashiyacu) at temperatures ranging from 20–23°C. Calls were similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFE8FF8EFF5CF848D239F850" ID-CoL="WNTM" box="[183,335,1953,1976]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFE8FF8EFF5CF848D239F850" box="[183,335,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calls; note length 0.028–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFE8FF8EFD9CF849D1C0F851" box="[631,694,1952,1977]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="55" value="-0.056">0.056</geoCoordinate>
|
||
s (mean
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFE8FF8EFCC3F849D00BF850" box="[808,893,1952,1976]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="55" value="-0.041">0.041 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), notes composed of 7–12 pulses (mean = 8.2 pulses), pulse rate 179–250 pulses/s (mean = 205.6 pulses/s), dominant frequency 6568–6915 Hz (mean = 6833 Hz). While there are slight differences between the two nominal taxa (e.g., when comparing means), the amount of interspecific variation is in most cases is equal to or lower than intraspecific or even intra-individual variation (
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFA98FF54D6E3FF3C" box="[1395,1429,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
, different notes given by a single male). Thus, there are no fixed, discernible differences in the calls of these two taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BA9E662FFFEBFF8DFF7CF985D1AAF935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286952/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" targetBox="[151,1436,337,1622]" targetPageId="50">
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFEBFF8DFF7CF985D1AAF935" blockId="50.[151,1436,1644,1757]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFF7CF985D269F969" bold="true" box="[151,287,1644,1666]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
|
||
a, b) Adult
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFE73F985D1FCF96A" box="[408,650,1644,1666]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFE73F985D1F0F96A" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[408,646,1644,1666]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">Rulyrana saxiscandens</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE-2012-14153 from type locality; c, d) Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE-2012-14149, also from type locality; e, f) Dorsal and ventral views of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFAD5F963D277F957" ID-CoL="4TPFK" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFAD5F963D277F957" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Rulyrana tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CORBIDI 14149), from Abra
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFD8CF943D1A5F957" ID-CoL="4TPFK" box="[615,723,1706,1727]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">Tangarana</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which, prior to the current synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFB5AF943D648F957" ID-CoL="4TPFK" box="[1201,1342,1706,1727]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFB5AF943D648F957" box="[1201,1342,1706,1727]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFA6DF943D255F935" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFA6DF943D269F935" ID-CoL="4TPFG" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">R. saxiscandens</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was the type locality of the former species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFEBFF8CFF2CF8ECD74BFF10" blockId="50.[151,1436,1796,2038]" lastBlockId="51.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Our new molecular data reveals that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFD87F8EDD028F8F5" ID-CoL="6X9DP" box="[620,862,1796,1821]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFD87F8EDD028F8F5" box="[620,862,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Rulyrana mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFC86F8EFD775F8F5" ID-CoL="4TPFK" box="[877,1027,1798,1821]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFC86F8EFD775F8F5" box="[877,1027,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFBF9F8EFD7B1F8F5" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[1042,1223,1796,1821]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFBF9F8EFD7B1F8F5" box="[1042,1223,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and an individual referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFEAFF8C3D048F8A9" ID-CoL="4TPFD" authority="Guayasamin et al. 2008" authorityName="Guayasamin et al." authorityYear="2008" box="[324,830,1833,1858]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavopunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFEAFF8C3D175F8AA" box="[324,515,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">R. flavopunctata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFEBFF8DFDFCF8C0D041F8A9" author="Guayasamin" box="[535,823,1833,1858]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Guayasamin, J. M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Ayarzaguena, J., Trueb, L. & Vila, C. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of glassfrogs (Centrolenidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 574 - 595. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2008.04.012" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Guayasamin
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFD59F8C3D186F8AA" box="[690,752,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Provincia Morona-Santiago,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFEBFF8DFB34F8C0D64AF8AA" box="[1247,1340,1833,1858]" name="Ecuador" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
are not reciprocally monophyletic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFEBFF8DFE25F8A4D156F88D" box="[462,544,1869,1894]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2 a" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2 c" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1894,1916]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1850]" captionTargetBox-1="[193,1379,190,1860]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1857]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[193,1380,190,1888]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 2 a. Phylogeny of Centrolenidae, Allophrynidae, and outgroups. Strict consensus tree of 52 most parsimonious trees (cost = 16898 steps). Values above and below branches indicate jackknife and Goodman-Bremer support, respectively. a) outgroups, Allophrynidae, Celsiella, and Hyalinobatrachium; b) Nymphargus and Centrolene; c) Vitreorana, Teratohyla, Chimerella, Espadarana, Cochranella, Sachatamia, and Rulyrana." captionText-1="FIGURE 2 c. Phylogeny of Centrolenidae, Allophrynidae, and outgroups. Strict consensus tree of 52 most parsimonious trees (cost = 16898 steps). Values above and below branches indicate jackknife and Goodman-Bremer support, respectively. a) outgroups, Allophrynidae, Celsiella, and Hyalinobatrachium; b) Nymphargus and Centrolene; c) Vitreorana, Teratohyla, Chimerella, Espadarana, Cochranella, Sachatamia, and Rulyrana." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/286923/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/286925/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 2c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The specimen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFD33F8A7D01BF88D" ID-CoL="4TPFK" box="[728,877,1870,1893]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFD33F8A7D01BF88D" box="[728,877,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
CORBIDI 14149 is retrieved as sister to all other specimens, which are grouped in a polytomy. Within this polytomy, there are eight single terminals corresponding to specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFEB8F87FD17EF846" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[339,520,1941,1966]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFEB8F87FD17EF846" box="[339,520,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFDA9F87FD1AEF845" ID-CoL="4TPFK" box="[578,728,1942,1965]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFDA9F87FD1AEF845" box="[578,728,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and three clades. The first clade groups two specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFA6FF87FD25DF83A" ID-CoL="4TPFG" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFA6FF87FD25DF83A" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CORBIDI-HE-2012-14150 and CORBIDI-HE-2012-14151), the second clade groups another three individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEBFF8DFED1F837D298F81E" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[314,494,2013,2038]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEBFF8DFED1F837D298F81E" box="[314,494,2013,2038]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ET-10-124, CORBIDI 14668, and CORBIDI-HE-2012-14152) in a polytomy, and the third clade groups three specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFD76FF70D033FF58" ID-CoL="6X9DP" box="[669,837,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFD76FF70D033FF58" box="[669,837,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CORBIDI-HE-2010-6848, CORBIDI 10470, and CORBIDI 10473) with the specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFD88FF54D06BFF3D" ID-CoL="4TPFD" box="[611,797,188,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavopunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFD88FF54D06BFF3D" box="[611,797,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. flavopunctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
QCAZ 32265. Intra- and interspecific genetic distances among these terminals are low (p-distances = 0.0–0.6%) and overlapping (
|
||
<tableCitation id="A363031CFFEAFF8CFC33FF36D759FF10" box="[984,1071,223,248]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="55.[151,239,936,959]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,1053,1395]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="TABLE 6. Percentage of inter- and intraspecific uncorrected genetic distances (diagonal and below the diagonal respectively) within members of Rulyrana (sample size in parentheses) inferred from 537 aligned characters of a fragment of the mitochondrial 16 S gene. In this work we consider R. saxiscandens and R. tangarana as synonyms." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/BA9E662FFFEEFF88FF7CFC41D628FBE8" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" tableUuid="BA9E662FFFEEFF88FF7CFC41D628FBE8">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFEAFF8CFF2CFEEDD177FCFD" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFF2CFEEDD21AFEF5" bold="true" box="[199,364,260,285]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on the above data, none of the original diagnostic characters between these two species are supported. Color in preservative is variable both within and among populations. Furthermore, none of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFF7CFEA5D20BFE8C" ID-CoL="4TPFK" box="[151,381,332,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFF7CFEA5D20BFE8C" box="[151,381,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Rulyrana tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens turned lavender in preservative (as mentioned in the original diagnosis, although our specimens were fixed in ethanol and not in formalin, but this did not prevent other specimens from turning lavender). Presence/absence of melanophores on the ventral surfaces of the tarsi and shanks is variable within populations and is not fixed in either
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFEAFF8CFDD2FE51D11FFE38" box="[569,617,440,464]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of the nominal taxa. Finally, the inner tarsal fold appears to vary within populations and is also likely influenced by preservation. For example, CORBIDI 14668, (a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFB01FE34D6EAFE1D" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[1258,1436,476,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFB01FE34D6EAFE1D" box="[1258,1436,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFEAFF8CFEE9FDE9D244FDF0" box="[258,306,512,536]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality), has the most prominent inner tarsal fold of any of the specimens mentioned above. This individual also appears to be the most desiccated and also has prominent dorsolateral ridges, which were not visible in life. Thus, the prominence of the inner tarsal fold was likely exaggerated in this specimen due to desiccation. The modification on ulnar and tarsal folds due to preservation artifacts in centrolenids was already mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFEAFF8CFF7CFD66D153FD40" author="Kok" box="[151,549,655,680]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Kok, P. J. & Castroviejo-Fisher, S. (2008) Glassfrogs (Anura: Centrolenidae) of Kaieteur National Park, Guyana, with notes on the distribution and taxonomy of some species of the family in the Guiana Shield. Zootaxa, 1680, 25 - 53." type="journal article" year="2008">Kok and Castroviejo-Fisher (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Uncorrected pairwise genetic distances among DNA sequences of a fragment of 16S also indicate that the two populations are genetically similar (p-distances 0.0–0.4%, see
|
||
<tableCitation id="A363031CFFEAFF8CFADAFD5DD6F8FD25" box="[1329,1422,692,717]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="55.[151,239,936,959]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,1053,1395]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="TABLE 6. Percentage of inter- and intraspecific uncorrected genetic distances (diagonal and below the diagonal respectively) within members of Rulyrana (sample size in parentheses) inferred from 537 aligned characters of a fragment of the mitochondrial 16 S gene. In this work we consider R. saxiscandens and R. tangarana as synonyms." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/BA9E662FFFEEFF88FF7CFC41D628FBE8" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" tableUuid="BA9E662FFFEEFF88FF7CFC41D628FBE8">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, as they were not recovered as reciprocally monophyletic in the phylogenetic analysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFEAFF8CFAFAFD3ED613FD18" box="[1297,1381,727,752]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2 a" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2 c" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1894,1916]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1850]" captionTargetBox-1="[193,1379,190,1860]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1857]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[193,1380,190,1888]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 2 a. Phylogeny of Centrolenidae, Allophrynidae, and outgroups. Strict consensus tree of 52 most parsimonious trees (cost = 16898 steps). Values above and below branches indicate jackknife and Goodman-Bremer support, respectively. a) outgroups, Allophrynidae, Celsiella, and Hyalinobatrachium; b) Nymphargus and Centrolene; c) Vitreorana, Teratohyla, Chimerella, Espadarana, Cochranella, Sachatamia, and Rulyrana." captionText-1="FIGURE 2 c. Phylogeny of Centrolenidae, Allophrynidae, and outgroups. Strict consensus tree of 52 most parsimonious trees (cost = 16898 steps). Values above and below branches indicate jackknife and Goodman-Bremer support, respectively. a) outgroups, Allophrynidae, Celsiella, and Hyalinobatrachium; b) Nymphargus and Centrolene; c) Vitreorana, Teratohyla, Chimerella, Espadarana, Cochranella, Sachatamia, and Rulyrana." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/286923/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/286925/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 2c</figureCitation>
|
||
), we consider them to be conspecific.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFEAFF8CFF2CFCC9D08FFBE7" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
In the original description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFEAFF8CFE1EFCF6D04BFCD0" author="Duellman" box="[501,829,799,824]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman and Schulte (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not compare
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFC14FCF6D668FCD0" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[1023,1310,799,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFC14FCF6D668FCD0" box="[1023,1310,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Cochranella croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFF7CFCADD2ECFCB5" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[151,410,836,861]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFF7CFCADD2ECFCB5" box="[151,410,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Rulyrana saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFE2AFCACD122FCB4" ID-CoL="4TPFK" box="[449,596,837,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFE2AFCACD122FCB4" box="[449,596,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We studied in detail the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFEAFF8CFC9EFCACD0C6FCB5" box="[885,944,837,861]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFC3DFCACD7E4FCB5" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[982,1170,836,861]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFC3DFCACD7E4FCB5" box="[982,1170,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Co. croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFEAFF8CFB49FCADD780FCB4" box="[1186,1270,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1013,1035]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,367,986]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[155,1440,367,986]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 29. Cochranella croceopodes holotype, KU 211804, SVL 24.7 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286953/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
), as well as all available photos of the live
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFEAFF8CFE33FC81D165FC68" box="[472,531,872,896]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">types</typeStatus>
|
||
deposited at KU (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFEAFF8CFCFDFC8ED730FC68" author="Duellman" box="[790,1094,871,896]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman & Schulte 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We found that: (1) there are problems in the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFDBCFC64D070FC4D" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[599,774,908,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFDBCFC64D070FC4D" box="[599,774,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">C. croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and (2) the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFEAFF8CFC7FFC64D0B9FC4D" box="[916,975,909,933]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">types</typeStatus>
|
||
are extremely similar to the syntopic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFA6FFC64D25DFC20" ID-CoL="4TPFG" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFA6FFC64D25DFC20" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFDC9FC58D1CFFC20" ID-CoL="4TPFK" box="[546,697,945,968]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFDC9FC58D1CFFC20" box="[546,697,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above). Below, we list and discuss the ways in which the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFE72FC3CD120FC05" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[409,598,980,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFE72FC3CD120FC05" box="[409,598,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Co. croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is inconsistent with our own observations on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFEAFF8CFB6CFC3CD7C1FC05" box="[1159,1207,981,1005]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens and how they fall within the variability observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFD9EFC10D05EFBF8" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[629,808,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFD9EFC10D05EFBF8" box="[629,808,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFCB5FC10D084FBF8" ID-CoL="4TPFK" box="[862,1010,1017,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFCB5FC10D084FBF8" box="[862,1010,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFEAFF8CFF2CFBF5D01AF970" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The visceral peritoneum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFDE4FBF5D045FBDD" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[527,819,1052,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFDE4FBF5D045FBDD" box="[527,819,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Cochranella croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described as white, but our examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFEAFF8CFF7CFBD6D38FFBB0" box="[151,249,1087,1112]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
revealed that the visceral peritoneum is transparent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFEAFF8CFC80FBD6D0B5FBB0" box="[875,963,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1013,1035]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,367,986]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[155,1440,367,986]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 29. Cochranella croceopodes holotype, KU 211804, SVL 24.7 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286953/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is also the character state in all specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFEDDFB8CD29DFB95" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[310,491,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFEDDFB8CD29DFB95" box="[310,491,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFDCDFB8CD1CBFB94" ID-CoL="4TPFK" box="[550,701,1125,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFDCDFB8CD1CBFB94" box="[550,701,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
examined.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFCAFFB8DD713FB95" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[836,1125,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFCAFFB8DD713FB95" box="[836,1125,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Cochranella croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described as having a "diffuse yellow line present on flanks from axila to groin"
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFEAFF8CFCD2FB6ED7CEFB48" author="Duellman" box="[825,1208,1159,1184]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman and Schulte (1993: 21)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The diffuse yellow line on flanks is not appreciable in the preserved
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFEAFF8CFD54FB44D18CFB2D" box="[703,762,1197,1221]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">types</typeStatus>
|
||
as described in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFEAFF8CFC5BFB45D65FFB2C" author="Duellman" box="[944,1321,1196,1221]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman and Schulte (1993: 21)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Based on the examination of the photos of the live
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFEAFF8CFDB4FB38D1EBFB01" box="[607,669,1233,1257]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, we interpret that this diffuse yellow line is formed by the absence of melanophores on the pigments of the flanks (which are a continuation of the dorsal pigments). A similar diffuse yellow line is also present in two (CORBIDI-HE-2012-14149 and CORBIDI-HE-2012-14151) of the newly collected specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFE5FFAD4D119FABD" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[436,623,1340,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFE5FFAD4D119FABD" box="[436,623,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFEAFF8CFD6DFAD5D197FABC" box="[646,737,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 28. a, b" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1644,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,337,1622]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 28. a, b) Adult Rulyrana saxiscandens. Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14153 from type locality; c, d) Dorsal and ventral views of CORBIDI-HE- 2012 - 14149, also from type locality; e, f) Dorsal and ventral views of Rulyrana tangarana (CORBIDI 14149), from Abra Tangarana, which, prior to the current synonymy of R. tangarana with R. saxiscandens, was the type locality of the former species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286952/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
c). We interpret this character as variability in coloration.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFF7CFAB6D2CEFA90" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[151,440,1375,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFF7CFAB6D2CEFA90" box="[151,440,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Cochranella croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had shagreened dorsal skin in the description (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFEAFF8CFC3BFAB6D3B7FA75" author="Duellman" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Duellman & Schulte 1993,
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFEAFF8CFAE1FAB6D639FA90" box="[1290,1359,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 2 a" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1894,1916]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2 a. Phylogeny of Centrolenidae, Allophrynidae, and outgroups. Strict consensus tree of 52 most parsimonious trees (cost = 16898 steps). Values above and below branches indicate jackknife and Goodman-Bremer support, respectively. a) outgroups, Allophrynidae, Celsiella, and Hyalinobatrachium; b) Nymphargus and Centrolene; c) Vitreorana, Teratohyla, Chimerella, Espadarana, Cochranella, Sachatamia, and Rulyrana." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286923/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, upper left
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); however, it appears smooth after 23 years in ethanol (
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFEAFF8CFCACFA6DD0E8FA74" box="[839,926,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1013,1035]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,367,986]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[155,1440,367,986]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 29. Cochranella croceopodes holotype, KU 211804, SVL 24.7 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286953/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFB7DFA6DD6EAFA75" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[1174,1436,1412,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFB7DFA6DD6EAFA75" box="[1174,1436,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Rulyrana saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have spicules in dorsal surfaces but their distribution and density varies substantially to the point that females of our newly collected specimens have shagreened skin with no spicules. We interpret differences in this character as variability in dorsal skin texture, sexual dimorphism, and effects of preservation.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFBAFFA06D610F9E0" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[1092,1382,1519,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFBAFFA06D610F9E0" box="[1092,1382,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Cochranella croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described as having a snout “nearly truncate in profile” but examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFEAFF8CFBC6F9FDD7F9F9C5" box="[1069,1167,1556,1581]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
reveals that it is round (
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFEAFF8CFF74F9DED387F9B8" box="[159,241,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1013,1035]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,367,986]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[155,1440,367,986]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 29. Cochranella croceopodes holotype, KU 211804, SVL 24.7 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286953/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
) as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFED7F9D0D299F9B8" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[316,495,1591,1616]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFED7F9D0D299F9B8" box="[316,495,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Lastly, examination of photos of the live
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFEAFF8CFC27F9D0D771F9B9" box="[972,1031,1593,1617]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFBC7F9D1D79FF9B8" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[1068,1257,1591,1616]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFBC7F9D1D79FF9B8" box="[1068,1257,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Co. croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taken in situ by the authors revealed that those specimens show the same overall coloration pattern, skin texture, and habitus as the newly collected specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFE03F968D1EDF970" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[488,667,1663,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFE03F968D1EDF970" box="[488,667,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFD3AF968D013F970" ID-CoL="4TPFK" box="[721,869,1665,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFD3AF968D013F970" box="[721,869,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFEAFF8CFF2CF94DD28BF898" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFF2CF94DD2C8F955" bold="true" box="[199,446,1700,1725]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on available morphological, bioacoustic, and phylogenetic evidence, we hereby consider
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFEE8F92ED03AF908" box="[259,844,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFEE8F92ED15DF908" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[259,555,1735,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">Cochranella croceopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFDD7F92ED031F908" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[572,839,1735,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">Rulyrana saxiscandens</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFC65F92ED70FF908" ID-CoL="4TPFK" box="[910,1145,1735,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFC65F92ED70FF908" box="[910,1145,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Rulyrana tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
synonymous. Under the Principle of the First Reviser of the ICZN (article 24.2.2) we give precedence to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFBF4F905D7C5F8ED" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[1055,1203,1772,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFBF4F905D7C5F8ED" box="[1055,1203,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, rendering
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFADFF905D27AF8C0" ID-CoL="4TPFK" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFADFF905D27AF8C0" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Rulyrana tangarana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFEA6F8E6D104F8C0" ID-CoL="WNRC" box="[333,626,1807,1832]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFEA6F8E6D104F8C0" box="[333,626,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Cochranella croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
junior synonyms of
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFC9AF8E6D7F7F8C0" box="[881,1153,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFC9AF8E6D708F8C0" ID-CoL="4TPFG" box="[881,1150,1807,1832]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">Rulyrana saxiscandens</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
We also recognize that Cisneros-Heredia & Guayasamin (in press) arrived at a similar conclusion regarding the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFA6FF8DCD25DF898" ID-CoL="4TPFG" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFA6FF8DCD25DF898" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFE8AF8B0D28BF898" box="[353,509,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEAFF8CFE8AF8B0D28FF898" ID-CoL="4TPFK" box="[353,505,1881,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tangarana">R. tangarana</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A6FB652CFFEAFF8BFF2CF895D382FA66" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFEAFF8CFF2CF895D6EAF834" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEAFF8CFF2CF895D175F87D" bold="true" box="[199,515,1916,1941]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
In addition to the four localities mentioned above, we have also obtained photographic records of this species from two sites in the Cainarachi valley north of Tarapoto (
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFEAFF8CFB0AF849D65EF850" box="[1249,1320,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,757,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[152,1435,757,1769]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Distribution of Centrolene charapita new species (blue dot); type locality, La Oliva, Amazonas, 5 ° 18 ' 3.86 " S, 78 ° 23 ' 44.57 " W, 682 m; Ce. muelleri (red dots); (1) type locality, 14 km W of Venceremos, San Martín, approx. 5 ° 40 ' 58.96 " S, 77 ° 46 ' 45.74 " W, 2047 m; (2) 7.4 km SE from Puente Vilcaniza, Amazonas, 5 ° 48 ' 52.25 " S, 77 ° 50 ' 6.19 " W, 1858 m; (3) Gocta waterfall, Amazonas, 6 ° 1 ' 37.80 " S, 77 ° 53 ' 15.15 " W, 1830 m; Rulyrana saxiscandens (yellow dots); (1) Abra Tangarana, San Martín, 6 ° 16 ' 52.86 " S, 76 ° 43 ' 57.86 " W, 1047 m; (2) km. 26 on Tarapoto-Yurimaguas road, San Martín, 6 ° 24 ' 44.79 " S, 76 ° 19 ' 2.09 " W, 684 m; (3) San Jose, San Martín, 6 ° 25 ' 14.67 " S, 76 ° 17 ' 28.42 " W, 518 m; (4) type locality, Ahuashiyacu waterfalls, San Martín, 6 ° 27 ' 19.69 " S, 76 ° 18 ' 32.33 " W, 797 m; (5) 2.3 km E from Ahuashiyacu, San Martín, 6 ° 27 ' 30.28 " S, 76 ° 17 ' 14.35 " W, 988 m. Asterisks on map indicate type localities for each species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286930/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
): near the village of Santa Rosa (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFEAFF8CFE72F82DD147F835" box="[409,561,1988,2013]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="-6.4124417">6°24'44.79"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFEAFF8CFDD5F82DD1ABF835" box="[574,733,1988,2013]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="-76.317245">76°19'2.09"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFEAFF8CFD02F82DD044F834" box="[745,818,1988,2013]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.85" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="685.0">685 m</quantity>
|
||
) and San Jose (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFEAFF8CFC0DF82DD70BF835" box="[998,1149,1988,2013]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="-6.4207416">6°25'14.67"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFEAFF8CFB61F82DD641F835" box="[1162,1335,1988,2013]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="-76.291245">76°17'28.47"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFEAFF8CFAAFF82DD6E6F834" box="[1348,1424,1988,2013]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.17" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="517.0">517 m</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFEDFF8BFF7CFF7ED3A8FEA8" blockId="52.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Considering these nominal taxa as a single species (see ‘Taxonomic remarks’), this species is distributed in the Cordillera Escalera, roughly between the cities of Tarapoto and Moyobamba, at elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFEDFF8BFB20FF55D62BFF3C" box="[1227,1373,188,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.82" metricValueMax="10.47" metricValueMin="5.17" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="782.0" valueMax="1047.0" valueMin="517.0">517–1047 m</quantity>
|
||
. This species occurs in habitats ranging from small creeks to torrential streams (e.g., Ahuashiyacu) to spray zones of waterfalls. This species has never been registered from heavily disturbed habitat, but does occur in secondary forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BA9E662FFFEDFF8BFF7CFC1CD0D9FBE2" box="[151,943,1012,1035]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286953/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" targetBox="[155,1436,367,986]" targetPageId="52">
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFEDFF8BFF7CFC1CD0D9FBE2" blockId="52.[151,943,1012,1035]" box="[151,943,1012,1035]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEDFF8BFF7CFC1CD256FBE2" bold="true" box="[151,288,1013,1035]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">FIGURE 29.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEDFF8BFECEFC1DD15FFBE2" box="[293,553,1012,1034]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="croceopodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEDFF8BFECEFC1DD15FFBE2" box="[293,553,1012,1034]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Cochranella croceopodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype, KU 211804, SVL 24.7 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFEDFF8BFF2CFBDAD19EFACA" blockId="52.[151,1437,1074,1422]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
At the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFEDFF8BFEF8FBDAD235FBA3" box="[275,323,1075,1099]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of Ahuashiyacu, we have noticed that individuals encountered in the streamside vegetation tend to be bright green whereas those collected from the rocks (particularly near the spray zone of the waterfall) tend to be dark green or black. Members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEDFF8BFD15FB93D010FB7B" box="[766,870,1146,1171]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEDFF8BFD15FB93D010FB7B" box="[766,870,1146,1171]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Rulyrana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are thought to be primarily rock-breeding species (Cisneros-Heredia et al. 2008), but we found that they often call from vegetation along rocky streams (
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEDFF8BFAAFFB76D610FB5E" box="[1348,1382,1183,1206]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
, our observations in both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEDFF8BFE65FB2AD144FB33" box="[398,562,1218,1243]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEDFF8BFE65FB2AD144FB33" box="[398,562,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">R. mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFEDFF8BFD99FB2AD05FFB33" box="[626,809,1218,1243]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxiscandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFEDFF8BFD99FB2AD05FFB33" box="[626,809,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">R. saxiscandens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Observed variation in coloration among individuals reflected microhabitat use when collected (vegetation vs. rocks), suggesting that the ability to change color may be a form of crypsis to aid in dynamic microhabitat use.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFEDFF8BFF2CFAC7D382FA66" blockId="52.[151,1437,1074,1422]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Neither eggs nor tadpoles have been found from this species. Adults are active in a variety of microhabitats such as small trees (calling males have been heard as high as ~
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFEDFF8BFC67FABAD0C9FA83" box="[908,959,1363,1387]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
|
||
), streamside vegetation, and rocks along streams.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |