476 lines
58 KiB
XML
476 lines
58 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6CFFD616F8D5597B3AE738A027C1FD00">A review of Northern Peruvian glassfrogs (Centrolenidae), with the description of four new remarkable species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B9B1366548936C533F812964F6F77ECA">Delia, Jesse</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="55F43A22F0A5E37671537DF4B4ED8336">Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="312C946835E764B39FE5EA53AB988C41">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="664887B1FFC3FFA3FF7CF9B5D012F8A4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6136425" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127669039" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6136425" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:664887B1FFC3FFA3FF7CF9B5D012F8A4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/664887B1FFC3FFA3FF7CF9B5D012F8A4" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC3FFA5FF7CF9B5D7F8F99E" blockId="26.[151,1166,1628,1687]" box="[151,1166,1628,1654]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<heading id="B51681CBFFC3FFA5FF7CF9B5D7F8F99E" bold="true" box="[151,1166,1628,1654]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC3FFA5FF7CF9B5D7F8F99E" bold="true" box="[151,1166,1628,1654]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC3FFA5FF7CF9B5D047F99E" ID-CoL="WNRL" authority="Torres-Gastello, Suarez-Segovia" authorityName="Torres-Gastello, Suarez-Segovia" box="[151,817,1628,1654]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC3FFA5FF7CF9B5D2E1F99E" bold="true" box="[151,407,1628,1654]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cochranella erminea</emphasis>
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Torres-Gastello, Suárez-Segovia
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</taxonomicName>
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, and Cisneros Heredia 2007
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC3FFA5FF7CF997D275F97F" blockId="26.[151,1166,1628,1687]" box="[151,259,1662,1687]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFC3FFA5FF7CF997D275F97F" box="[151,259,1662,1687]" captionStart="FIGURE 17. a" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1461,1483]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,583,1439]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,583,1439]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. a) Cochranella erminea male from La Oliva, Amazonas (voucher MNCN 45949), b) ventral view of same individual, c) Co. erminea male from 28 km S Juanjui, San Martín (voucher CORBIDI 10477), and d) Co. erminea uncollected individual from 28 km S Juanjui (photo by M. Pepper). Note geographic variation in iris color and dorsal pattern in Co. erminea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286940/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 17</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A6FB652CFFC3FFA3FF7CF92FD2B0FEF4" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC3FFA5FF7CF92FD086F934" ID-CoL="WNRL" authority="Torres-Gastello, Suarez-Segovia" authorityName="Torres-Gastello, Suarez-Segovia" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,1008,1734,1756]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC3FFA5FF7CF92FD207F934" box="[151,369,1734,1756]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cochranella erminea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFC3FFA5FE91F92FD086F934" author="Torres-Gastello" box="[378,1008,1734,1756]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Torres-Gastello, C. P., Suarez-Segovia, J. & Cisneros-Heredia, D. F. (2007) Cochranella erminea, a new species of Centrolenidae (Amphibia: Anura: Athesphatanura) from Amazonian Peru. Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series, 176, 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2007">Torres-Gastello, Suárez-Segovia, and Cisneros-Heredia 2007</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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<typeStatus id="315A8805FFC3FFA5FC17F92FD72CF934" box="[1020,1114,1734,1756]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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MUSM 24056, collected from “Sabetari stream (
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC3FFA5FDC1F90CD1BEF913" box="[554,712,1765,1787]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="15" value="-73.52583">73° 31' 33" W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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), on the Tambo River Basin,
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<quantity id="29199B42FFC3FFA5FB8AF90CD7EFF913" box="[1121,1177,1765,1787]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="km" value="9.0">9 km</quantity>
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NNE of the indigenous community of Quitepampani2, province of Satipo, department of Junín,
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<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFC3FFA5FC75F8EFD0A7F8F4" box="[926,977,1798,1820]" name="Peru" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Peru</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC3FFA5FF7CF8CCD753F8D3" blockId="26.[151,1435,1734,1882]" box="[151,1061,1829,1851]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC3FFA5FF7CF8CCD383F8D3" ID-CoL="7B4J" box="[151,245,1829,1851]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rulyrana</taxonomicName>
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erminea—
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||
</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFC3FFA5FE8EF8CCD757F8D3" author="Guayasamin" box="[357,1057,1829,1851]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Guayasamin, J. M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Trueb, L., Ayarzaguena, J., Rada, M. & Vila, C. (2009) Phylogenetic systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa, 2100, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="2009">Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, and Vilà 2009</bibRefCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC3FFA5FF7CF8ADD62CF8B2" blockId="26.[151,1435,1734,1882]" box="[151,1370,1860,1882]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC3FFA5FF7CF8ADD213F8B2" box="[151,357,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC3FFA5FF7CF8ADD383F8B2" ID-CoL="7B4J" box="[151,245,1860,1882]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rulyrana</taxonomicName>
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||
erminae—
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFC3FFA5FE8EF8ADD757F8B2" author="Guayasamin" box="[357,1057,1860,1882]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Guayasamin, J. M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Trueb, L., Ayarzaguena, J., Rada, M. & Vila, C. (2009) Phylogenetic systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa, 2100, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="2009">Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, and Vilà 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Incorrect subsequent spelling.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC3FFA5FF7CF848D773F819" blockId="26.[151,1436,1953,2033]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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||
2. The original description states that the
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<typeStatus id="315A8805FFC3FFA5FDD6F848D110F85E" box="[573,614,1953,1974]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
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||
locality is " [...]
|
||
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NNE of the indigenous community of Quitepampani, province of Satipo, department of Junín". Kitepampani (correct spelling) is a Machiguenga community located in Cusco, not Junín. The
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<typeStatus id="315A8805FFC3FFA5FF2CF835D386F819" box="[199,240,2012,2033]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
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locality is situated in the Mayapo community, which is an Asháninka community.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC2FFA4FF7CFF71D76BFF46" blockId="27.[151,1053,152,174]" box="[151,1053,152,174]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FF7CFF71D2F0FF46" box="[151,390,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC2FFA4FF7CFF71D260FF46" ID-CoL="3RQB" box="[151,278,152,174]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cochranella</taxonomicName>
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erminea—
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFC2FFA4FE6EFF71D76FFF46" author="Castroviejo-Fisher" box="[389,1049,152,174]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Guayasamin, J. M., Gonzalez-Voyer, A. & Vila, C. (2014) Neotropical diversification seen through glassfrogs. Journal of Biogeography, 41, 66 - 80. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 12208" type="journal article" year="2014">Castroviejo-Fisher, Guayasamin, Gonzalez-Voyer, and Vilà 2014</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC2FFA4FF7CFF33D732FDFB" blockId="27.[151,1436,218,531]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FF7CFF33D2B8FF1B" bold="true" box="[151,462,218,243]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Background information.</emphasis>
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||
This species was described on the basis of a single adult female collected from Departamento Junín in south-central
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<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFC2FFA4FDBCFF16D1FCFEFE" box="[599,650,255,278]" name="Peru" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFC2FFA4FD4BFF17D09DFEFF" author="Torres-Gastello" box="[672,1003,254,279]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Torres-Gastello, C. P., Suarez-Segovia, J. & Cisneros-Heredia, D. F. (2007) Cochranella erminea, a new species of Centrolenidae (Amphibia: Anura: Athesphatanura) from Amazonian Peru. Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series, 176, 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Torres-Gastello
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||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FCB4FF16D0D6FEFF" box="[863,928,254,279]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and was distinguished from other centrolenid species by its combination of extensive webbing between fingers III and IV, transparent visceral peritonea, and dorsum covered in abundant white enameled spots with scattered dark spots. The authors considered the placement of this species in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC2FFA4FD85FE83D18CFE6B" ID-CoL="3RQB" box="[622,762,362,387]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FD85FE83D18CFE6B" box="[622,762,362,387]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cochranella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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tentative, as no males were available and thus the condition of the humeral spine was unknown at the time of description.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFC2FFA4FCBCFE67D700FE4F" box="[855,1142,398,423]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Guayasamin, J. M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Trueb, L., Ayarzaguena, J., Rada, M. & Vila, C. (2009) Phylogenetic systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa, 2100, 1 - 97." type="journal article">
|
||
Guayasamin
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||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FC01FE66D752FE4F" box="[1002,1060,398,423]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
moved this species to the newly-erected genus
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC2FFA4FE65FE5BD280FE23" ID-CoL="7B4J" box="[398,502,434,459]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FE65FE5BD280FE23" box="[398,502,434,459]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Rulyrana</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, as more recent observations indicated that males of this species lack humeral spines.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFC2FFA4FF04FE3FD2DFFE07" author="Mercado" box="[239,425,470,495]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Mercado, D. A. R. (2012) Rulyrana erminea (Torres-Gastello, Suarez-Segovia and Cisneros-Heredia, 2007) (Anura: Centrolenidae): Distribution and range extension, Peru. Check List, 8, 894 - 895." type="journal article" year="2012">Mercado (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
added four specimens from three new localities from the department of Cusco,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFC2FFA4FA89FE3ED6EEFE06" box="[1378,1432,471,494]" name="Peru" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, extending the range of this species
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC2FFA4FDCBFE13D1FEFDFB" box="[544,648,506,531]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.115" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="111.5">111.5 km</quantity>
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||
to the south and up to
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC2FFA4FC63FE12D0B9FDFA" box="[904,975,507,531]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="870.0">870 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BA9E662FFFC2FFA4FF7CFA5CD386F9CF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286940/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[151,1435,583,1439]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC2FFA4FF7CFA5CD386F9CF" blockId="27.[151,1436,1461,1575]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FF7CFA5CD255FA22" bold="true" box="[151,291,1461,1483]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
|
||
a)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC2FFA4FEA0FA5CD151FA23" ID-CoL="WNRL" box="[331,551,1461,1483]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FEA0FA5CD151FA23" box="[331,551,1461,1483]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cochranella erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male from La Oliva, Amazonas (voucher MNCN 45949), b) ventral view of same individual, c)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC2FFA4FECFFA3DD2D7FA02" ID-CoL="WNRL" box="[292,417,1492,1514]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FECFFA3DD2D7FA02" box="[292,417,1492,1514]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Co. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male from 28 km S Juanjui, San Martín (voucher CORBIDI 10477), and d)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC2FFA4FB4FFA3DD657FA02" ID-CoL="WNRL" box="[1188,1313,1492,1514]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FB4FFA3DD657FA02" box="[1188,1313,1492,1514]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Co. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
uncollected individual from 28 km S Juanjui (photo by M. Pepper). Note geographic variation in iris color and dorsal pattern in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC2FFA4FA93FA1AD39CF9CF" ID-CoL="WNRL" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FA93FA1AD39CF9CF" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Co. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC2FFA3FF2CF9A7D2B0FEF4" blockId="27.[151,1437,1614,2035]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1437,151,1869]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FF2CF9A7D248F98F" bold="true" box="[199,318,1614,1639]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">New data.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<date id="9A5F1067FFC2FFA4FE89F9A7D17EF98F" box="[354,520,1614,1639]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2010-02">February 2010</date>
|
||
, during field work in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFC2FFA4FCB6F9A6D0E5F98E" box="[861,915,1615,1638]" name="Peru" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, ET, M. Pepper, M. Sanchez-Rodriguez, and J. Tumulty encountered two individuals of
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FD67F99BD0FCF963" box="[652,906,1650,1675]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC2FFA4FD67F99BD0F0F963" ID-CoL="WNRL" box="[652,902,1650,1675]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">Cochranella erminea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
confirmed by comparisons of morphology, bioacoustics, and phylogenetics (
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFC2FFA4FDE0F97FD110F947" box="[523,614,1686,1711]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2 a" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2 c" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1894,1916]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1850]" captionTargetBox-1="[193,1379,190,1860]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1857]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[193,1380,190,1888]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 2 a. Phylogeny of Centrolenidae, Allophrynidae, and outgroups. Strict consensus tree of 52 most parsimonious trees (cost = 16898 steps). Values above and below branches indicate jackknife and Goodman-Bremer support, respectively. a) outgroups, Allophrynidae, Celsiella, and Hyalinobatrachium; b) Nymphargus and Centrolene; c) Vitreorana, Teratohyla, Chimerella, Espadarana, Cochranella, Sachatamia, and Rulyrana." captionText-1="FIGURE 2 c. Phylogeny of Centrolenidae, Allophrynidae, and outgroups. Strict consensus tree of 52 most parsimonious trees (cost = 16898 steps). Values above and below branches indicate jackknife and Goodman-Bremer support, respectively. a) outgroups, Allophrynidae, Celsiella, and Hyalinobatrachium; b) Nymphargus and Centrolene; c) Vitreorana, Teratohyla, Chimerella, Espadarana, Cochranella, Sachatamia, and Rulyrana." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/286923/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/286925/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs. 2c</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFC2FFA4FD76F97ED1CAF947" box="[669,700,1687,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 17. a" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1461,1483]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,583,1439]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,583,1439]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. a) Cochranella erminea male from La Oliva, Amazonas (voucher MNCN 45949), b) ventral view of same individual, c) Co. erminea male from 28 km S Juanjui, San Martín (voucher CORBIDI 10477), and d) Co. erminea uncollected individual from 28 km S Juanjui (photo by M. Pepper). Note geographic variation in iris color and dorsal pattern in Co. erminea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286940/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">17</figureCitation>
|
||
). These specimens were collected from two sites north of Bagua, Amazonas,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFC2FFA4FEF7F952D225F93A" box="[284,339,1723,1746]" name="Peru" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The first site was a small stream running through an overgrown cacao plantation, roughly
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC2FFA4FABEF952D6EAF93B" box="[1365,1436,1722,1747]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="92.0">92 km</quantity>
|
||
N of Bagua,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC2FFA4FECDF936D202F91F" box="[294,372,1758,1783]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="2.3">2.3 km</quantity>
|
||
south (airline) from the village of Huabico, Amazonas (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC2FFA4FC01F937D7F7F91F" box="[1002,1153,1758,1783]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="1" value="-4.954608">4°57'16.59"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC2FFA4FB66F936D64CF91F" box="[1165,1338,1759,1783]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="1" value="-78.21108">78°12'39.92"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC2FFA4FAAEF936D6E6F91F" box="[1349,1424,1759,1783]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4899999999999998" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="349.0">349 m</quantity>
|
||
). The second site was roughly
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC2FFA4FE30F8EAD154F8F3" box="[475,546,1794,1819]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="49.0">49 km</quantity>
|
||
N of Bagua,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC2FFA4FD5CF8EAD18BF8F3" box="[695,765,1794,1819]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="14.0">14 km</quantity>
|
||
north (airline) from the Pongo de Rentema near the town of Muyo (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC2FFA4FF00F8CFD2F4F8D7" box="[235,386,1830,1855]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="1" value="-5.2982974">5°17'53.87"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC2FFA4FE7BF8CED159F8D7" box="[400,559,1831,1855]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="1" value="-78.40055">78°24'1.99"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC2FFA4FDD7F8CFD1F1F8D7" box="[572,647,1830,1855]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="629.0">629 m</quantity>
|
||
), in a small stream with a relatively open forest cover. Three months later, we (SC-F and ET) returned to this area and encountered another two specimens in a relatively large stream flowing through undisturbed forest, close to the second site mentioned above (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC2FFA4FBCBF887D7DFF86F" box="[1056,1193,1902,1927]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="1" value="-5.3010726">5°18'3.86"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC2FFA4FB5CF887D613F86F" box="[1207,1381,1902,1927]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="1" value="-78.39571">78°23'44.57"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC2FFA4FA99F887D3C7F843" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.82" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="682.0">682 m</quantity>
|
||
). These records extend the known distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC2FFA4FD36F87AD01EF843" ID-CoL="WNRL" box="[733,872,1939,1963]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FD36F87AD01EF843" box="[733,872,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Co. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC2FFA4FC84F87BD0B2F843" box="[879,964,1938,1963]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="875.0">875 km</quantity>
|
||
northwest from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFC2FFA4FB43F87AD7AEF843" box="[1192,1240,1939,1963]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality. In 2011, we filled in this
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC2FFA4FEA4F85FD2D2F827" box="[335,420,1974,1999]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="875.0">875 km</quantity>
|
||
sampling gap with a single specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC2FFA4FC99F85ED08BF826" ID-CoL="WNRL" box="[882,1021,1975,1998]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC2FFA4FC99F85ED08BF826" box="[882,1021,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Co. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CORBIDI 10477) taken from a site
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC2FFA4FF7CF832D394F81B" box="[151,226,2010,2035]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="28.0">28 km</quantity>
|
||
S (airline) from the city of Juanjui, San Martín,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFC2FFA4FCC2F832D02AF81A" box="[809,860,2011,2034]" name="Peru" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC2FFA4FC9BF833D77EF81B" box="[880,1032,2010,2035]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="1" value="-7.4273944">7°25'38.62"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC2FFA4FBFCF833D7B3F81B" box="[1047,1221,2010,2035]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="1" value="-76.6648">76°39'53.28"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC2FFA4FB3FF833D654F81B" box="[1236,1314,2010,2035]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.66" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="366.0">366 m</quantity>
|
||
), which is located
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC5FFA3FF05FF7ED235FF58" box="[238,323,151,176]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.45" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="545.0">545 km</quantity>
|
||
NW from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFC5FFA3FE0EFF71D163FF58" box="[485,533,152,176]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality. This was an adult male observed calling from a leaf
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC5FFA3FB2FFF71D798FF47" box="[1220,1262,152,176]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
|
||
above the edge of a waterfall. An additional record (uncollected specimen) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FC98FF54D777FF3C" ID-CoL="WNRL" box="[883,1025,189,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FC98FF54D777FF3C" box="[883,1025,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was obtained from the Río Shunté drainage,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC5FFA3FEECFF36D213FF10" box="[263,357,223,248]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.62" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="26.2">26.2 km</quantity>
|
||
SW from the city of Tocache, San Martín,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFC5FFA3FCB0FF09D0F9FF1F" box="[859,911,224,247]" name="Peru" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC5FFA3FC4BFF36D74EFF10" box="[928,1080,223,248]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="1" value="-8.3238">8°19'25.68"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC5FFA3FBAEFF36D784FF10" box="[1093,1266,223,248]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="1" value="-76.709946">76°42'35.82"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC5FFA3FAEBFF09D63CFF10" box="[1280,1354,224,248]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.23" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="923.0">923 m</quantity>
|
||
) on
|
||
<date id="9A5F1067FFC5FFA3FA6BFF09D269FEF4" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2012-03-12">12 March 2012</date>
|
||
by JD and ET.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A6FB652CFFC5FFA3FF2CFECED665FC4C" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC5FFA3FF2CFECED148FE38" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FF2CFECED24DFEA8" bold="true" box="[199,315,295,320]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FEA2FECED14DFEA8" box="[329,571,295,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FEA2FECED14DFEA8" box="[329,571,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cochranella erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits moderate morphological variation over its large range. While our records from near Juanjui and Tocache appear nearly identical to material from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFC5FFA3FBA3FEA4D70EFE8D" box="[1096,1144,333,357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, individuals from northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFC5FFA3FF16FE99D246FE6F" box="[253,304,368,391]" name="Peru" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
are notable in that they have a distinctly pinkish-red iris, and they show variation in the number and distribution of dorsal spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFC5FFA3FE3FFE7DD15EFE44" box="[468,552,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 17. a" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1461,1483]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,583,1439]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,583,1439]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. a) Cochranella erminea male from La Oliva, Amazonas (voucher MNCN 45949), b) ventral view of same individual, c) Co. erminea male from 28 km S Juanjui, San Martín (voucher CORBIDI 10477), and d) Co. erminea uncollected individual from 28 km S Juanjui (photo by M. Pepper). Note geographic variation in iris color and dorsal pattern in Co. erminea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286940/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, the white enameled spots as mentioned in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFC5FFA3FB34FE7DD637FE45" box="[1247,1345,404,429]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
are less notable in these northern populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC5FFA3FF2CFE35D665FC4C" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FF2CFE35D21AFE1D" bold="true" box="[199,364,476,501]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Vocalizations.</emphasis>
|
||
The following call description is based on a single call from a male recorded by SC-F and ET on
|
||
<date id="9A5F1067FFC5FFA3FF55FDE9D223FDF0" box="[190,341,511,536]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2010-04-03">3 April 2010</date>
|
||
from Pongo de Rentema (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC5FFA3FD7BFE16D06FFDF0" box="[656,793,511,536]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="1" value="-5.3010726">5°18'3.86"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC5FFA3FCC2FE16D0A1FDF0" box="[809,983,511,536]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="1" value="-78.39571">78°23'44.57"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC5FFA3FC0DFE16D745FDF0" box="[998,1075,511,536]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.82" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="682.0">682 m</quantity>
|
||
), temperature 21.4°C. The call consists of two harsh buzz-notes given in quick succession. The first of these notes starts quietly and increases in amplitude throughout, with a duration
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC5FFA3FDB2FDA1D1D9FDB7" box="[601,687,584,608]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="55" value="-0.313">0.313 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 14 pulses, dominant frequency 4870 Hz. This is followed by a single “chirp” given
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC5FFA3FE95FD85D2B9FD6C" box="[382,463,620,644]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="55" value="-0.173">0.173 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
after the first note. This chirp is
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFC5FFA3FCD7FD85D0FBFD6C" box="[828,909,620,645]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="55" value="-0.054">0.054 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
in duration, with 3 pulses, dominant frequency 4866 Hz. In the field, this sounds like a “zzzZZZT ZT”. We have heard calls from other populations (
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FAF1FD78D64AFD40" box="[1306,1340,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
, Juanjui and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFC5FFA3FF1DFD5CD250FD25" box="[246,294,693,717]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality), and the calls all sound similar to the ear, with the only noticeable difference is that the number of trailing chirps can vary from zero to two. This call is similar to the call of
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FBADFD3ED627FD18" box="[1094,1361,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FBADFD3ED63AFD18" box="[1094,1356,727,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">Cochranella granulosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which has a “pulsed primary note followed by 0–5 shorter pulsed secondary notes” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFC5FFA3FBD3FD15D7BBFCFC" author="Ibanez" box="[1080,1229,764,789]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Ibanez, R. (1991) Synchronized calling in Centrolenella granulosa and Smilisca sila (Amphibia, Anura). Dissertation. University of Connecticut. [total page number unkown]" type="book" year="1991">Ibáñez 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FA9FFD14D250FCD0" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guayasamini" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FA9FFD14D250FCD0" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. guayasamini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C7A657CEFFC5FFA3FEC6FCF6D2C1FCD0" box="[301,439,799,824]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FEC6FCF6D2C1FCD0" bold="true" box="[301,439,799,824]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">new species</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(see below) is superficially similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FC8EFCC9D086FCD0" box="[869,1008,800,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FC8EFCC9D086FCD0" box="[869,1008,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FB94FCC9D64BFCD0" box="[1151,1341,800,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guayasamini">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FB94FCC9D64BFCD0" box="[1151,1341,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. guayasamini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to use a two-note call only in groups (often just one note when alone), whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FC18FCACD708FCB4" box="[1011,1150,837,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FC18FCACD708FCB4" box="[1011,1150,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
typically uses a two-note call even when alone. In addition, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FDA2FC81D07CFC68" box="[585,778,872,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guayasamini">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FDA2FC81D07CFC68" box="[585,778,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. guayasamini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the first and second notes are equal in duration, and not amplitude modulated (vs. first note amplitude modulated and longer than second note in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FB92FC64D675FC4C" box="[1145,1283,909,932]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FB92FC64D675FC4C" box="[1145,1283,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A6FB652CFFC5FFA3FF2CFC46D012F8A4" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC5FFA3FF2CFC46D759F9C5" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FF2CFC46D28DFC20" bold="true" box="[199,507,943,968]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is widely distributed throughout the east-Andean versant in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFC5FFA3FA89FC59D6EEFC2F" box="[1378,1432,944,967]" name="Peru" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, occurring from roughly 11° south latitude to 5° south latitude, at elevations between 349 and
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC5FFA3FB37FC3DD650FC04" box="[1244,1318,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.23" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="923.0">923 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFC5FFA3FAD3FC3DD6F9FC04" box="[1336,1423,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1407,1429]" captionTargetBox="[231,1355,195,1384]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[231,1355,195,1385]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 18. Distribution of Cochranella erminea (blue dots), (1) Huabico, Amazonas, 4 ° 57 ' 16.59 " S, 78 ° 12 ' 39.92 " W, 349 m; (2) La Oliva, Amazonas, 5 ° 18 ' 3.86 " S, 78 ° 23 ' 44.57 " W, 682 m; (3) 28 km S from Juanjui, San Martín, 7 ° 25 ' 38.62 " S, 76 ° 39 ' 53.28 " W, 366 m; (4) Río Shunté drainage, San Martín, 8 ° 19 ' 25.68 " S, 76 ° 42 ' 35.82 " W, 923 m; (5) type locality, Sabetari stream, Junin, 11 ° 14 ' 31 " S, 73 ° 31 ' 33 " W, 370 m; (6) Arco Iris waterfall, Junin, 11 ° 19 ' 35.05 " S, 74 ° 30 ' 46.1 " W, 640 m; (7) Parijaro waterfall, Ene River, Junin, 11 ° 56 ' 22.122 " S, 73 ° 45 ' 56.065 " W, 870 m; (8) Parotori river, Cusco, 12 ° 08 ' 42.405 " S, 73 ° 04 ' 07.715 " W, 590 m; Co. guayasamini new species (red dots), (1) Quebrada Kampankis, Amazonas, 4 ° 02 ' 35.1 '' S, 77 ° 32 ' 28.3 '' W, 325 m; (2) village of Lejia near Abra Tangarana, San Martín, 6 ° 18 ' 46.68 " S, 76 ° 43 ' 34.23 " W, 1120 m; (3) km. 26 on Tarapoto-Yurimaguas road, San Martín, 6 ° 24 ' 44.79 " S, 76 ° 19 ' 2.09 " W, 686 m; (4) type locality, San Jose, San Martín, 6 ° 25 ' 14.67 " S, 76 ° 17 ' 28.47 " W, 517 m; (5) Puesto de Control 15, near Shamboyacu, San Martín, 6 ° 56 ' 27.18 " S, 76 ° 3 ' 49.75 " W, 955 m; Hyalinobatrachium anachoretus new species (yellow dot), type locality, 2.2 km by road NE from Puente Nieva, San Martín, 5 ° 40 ' 39.06 " S, 77 ° 46 ' 23.99 " W, 2001 m. Asterisks on map indicate type localities for each species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286941/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FEE0FC1ED28CFBF8" box="[267,506,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FEE0FC1ED28CFBF8" box="[267,506,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cochranella erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be patchily distributed within this region. For example, this species has not been registered from the mountains surrounding Tarapoto,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFC5FFA3FCBFFBF4D0FCFBDC" box="[852,906,1053,1076]" name="Peru" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, despite frequent searches in this area. Some of this patchiness may be attributable to the presence of the closely related
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FC3FFBA9D7E4FBB0" box="[980,1170,1088,1112]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guayasamini">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FC3FFBA9D7E4FBB0" box="[980,1170,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. guayasamini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These two species are sister taxa, have similar calls, occur at similar elevations, and appear to overlap in the montane regions extending from northern San Martín to central Amazonas. However, these two species have never been found together in the same site (N = 7 sites for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FE3EFB44D113FB2C" box="[469,613,1197,1220]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FE3EFB44D113FB2C" box="[469,613,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and N = 8 sites for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FC89FB44D752FB2C" box="[866,1060,1197,1220]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guayasamini">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FC89FB44D752FB2C" box="[866,1060,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. guayasamini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). It is possible that competitive exclusion or microhabitat preferences could be important regulators of community structure at small spatial scales.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FF7CFB1DD2FFFAE4" box="[151,393,1268,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FF7CFB1DD2FFFAE4" box="[151,393,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cochranella erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in a wide variety of habitats ranging from primary premontane forest to relatively disturbed, lowland foothill habitats. The site where we have witnessed the highest density of this species was an overgrown cacao plantation at
|
||
<specimenCount id="F8E7FD2EFFC5FFA3FE1EFAD5D132FABC" box="[501,580,1340,1364]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFC5FFA3FE1EFAD5D136FABC" box="[501,576,1340,1364]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4899999999999998" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="349.0">349 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
The only notable behavior we have observed in this species has been male calling activity. Males call from the tops of leaves, typically in groups of 2–5 individuals, although solitary males have also been observed calling. When calling in groups, males seem to stagger their calls sequentially and calls of different males do not typically overlap. At one site, males called sequentially downstream, with the chorus starting with an upstream male and finishing with a downstream male. See details below on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FB82FA24D65CFA0C" box="[1129,1322,1485,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guayasamini">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FB82FA24D65CFA0C" box="[1129,1322,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. guayasamini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for noted similarities among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FE87FA06D28EF9E0" box="[364,504,1519,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FE87FA06D28EF9E0" box="[364,504,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cochranella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We observed two egg clutches near a chorus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FBFCFA19D7D7F9E0" box="[1047,1185,1520,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FBFCFA19D7D7F9E0" box="[1047,1185,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males that correspond to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FF5FF9FDD237F9C5" box="[180,321,1556,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FF5FF9FDD237F9C5" box="[180,321,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cochranella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs; a globular cluster of pigmented eggs dangling from leaf tips.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC5FFA3FF2CF9D1D707F954" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
At the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFC5FFA3FEF3F9D0D23EF9B9" box="[280,328,1593,1617]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality as well as our record from near Juanjui,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FC6CF9DED70EF9B8" box="[903,1144,1591,1616]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FC6CF9DED70EF9B8" box="[903,1144,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cochranella erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the only centrolenid species registered (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFC5FFA3FE90F9B5D1B2F99C" author="Torres-Gastello" box="[379,708,1628,1653]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Torres-Gastello, C. P., Suarez-Segovia, J. & Cisneros-Heredia, D. F. (2007) Cochranella erminea, a new species of Centrolenidae (Amphibia: Anura: Athesphatanura) from Amazonian Peru. Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series, 176, 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Torres-Gastello
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FDD2F9B4D10FF99D" box="[569,633,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Río Shunté site,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FBEEF9B4D7EEF99C" box="[1029,1176,1629,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FBEEF9B4D7EEF99C" box="[1029,1176,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found alongside
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FF7CF996D282F970" box="[151,500,1663,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carlesvilai">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FF7CF996D282F970" box="[151,500,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hyalinobatrachium carlesvilai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FDD8F996D01BF970" box="[563,877,1663,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavopunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FDD8F996D1EDF970" box="[563,667,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Rulyrana</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FD24F996D01BF970" box="[719,877,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">flavopunctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFC5FFA3FBE2F968D749F970" box="[1033,1087,1665,1688]" name="Peru" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FBA4F969D7A8F970" box="[1103,1246,1664,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FBA4F969D7A8F970" box="[1103,1246,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found alongside
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FEE2F94DD1A6F955" box="[265,720,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FEE2F94DD28AF955" box="[265,508,1700,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Centrolene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="charapita">Centrolene charapita</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FDEDF94DD1A6F955" box="[518,720,1700,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Teratohyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amelie">Teratohyla amelie</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FD35F94CD04BF955" box="[734,829,1700,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Teratohyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FD35F94CD04BF955" box="[734,829,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">T. midas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FC91F94DD71CF955" box="[890,1130,1700,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Rulyrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FC91F94DD71CF955" box="[890,1130,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Rulyrana mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFC5FFA3FF2CF92ED012F8A4" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FF2CF92ED2CBF908" bold="true" box="[199,445,1735,1760]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on results from our phylogenetic analysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFC5FFA3FC06F92ED748F908" box="[1005,1086,1735,1760]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2 a" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2 c" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1894,1916]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1850]" captionTargetBox-1="[193,1379,190,1860]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1857]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[193,1380,190,1888]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 2 a. Phylogeny of Centrolenidae, Allophrynidae, and outgroups. Strict consensus tree of 52 most parsimonious trees (cost = 16898 steps). Values above and below branches indicate jackknife and Goodman-Bremer support, respectively. a) outgroups, Allophrynidae, Celsiella, and Hyalinobatrachium; b) Nymphargus and Centrolene; c) Vitreorana, Teratohyla, Chimerella, Espadarana, Cochranella, Sachatamia, and Rulyrana." captionText-1="FIGURE 2 c. Phylogeny of Centrolenidae, Allophrynidae, and outgroups. Strict consensus tree of 52 most parsimonious trees (cost = 16898 steps). Values above and below branches indicate jackknife and Goodman-Bremer support, respectively. a) outgroups, Allophrynidae, Celsiella, and Hyalinobatrachium; b) Nymphargus and Centrolene; c) Vitreorana, Teratohyla, Chimerella, Espadarana, Cochranella, Sachatamia, and Rulyrana." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/286923/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/286925/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 2c</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FBB8F92ED634F908" box="[1107,1346,1735,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FBB8F92ED634F908" box="[1107,1346,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cochranella erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is wellsupported as a member of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FDD9F905D1C8F8ED" box="[562,702,1772,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FDD9F905D1C8F8ED" box="[562,702,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cochranella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(JK = 100; GB = 16) and is similar in overall morphology to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FA9FF904D27FF8C0" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FA9FF904D27FF8C0" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. granulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, this species shows substantial similarity in advertisement call to other members of
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FF7CF8DDD25CF8A5" box="[151,298,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FF7CF8DDD250F8A5" box="[151,294,1844,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cochranella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
most notably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FE22F8DCD11FF8A5" box="[457,617,1844,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FE22F8DCD11FF8A5" box="[457,617,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. granulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFC5FFA3FD4BF8DCD02BF8A4" box="[672,861,1845,1868]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guayasamini">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFC5FFA3FD4BF8DCD02BF8A4" box="[672,861,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Co. guayasamini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |