231 lines
26 KiB
XML
231 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="8F8332E444C721988ABE90DA92EF00F5" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae114" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1734031824042" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Schweiger, Susan, Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Hammel, Jörg. U. & Müller, Hendrik" docDate="2024" docId="7C754916FF8DFFA7FC76E969D32DF88B" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae114.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.9:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Astylosternus occidentalis Parker 1931" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="804C316EFF89FFA1FF89EB56D203FFBE" masterDocTitle="Don’t go with the flow: cranial adaptations of stream tadpoles in the Afrobatrachian family Arthroleptidae" masterLastPageNumber="17" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1734375812536" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:title id="9D965895A46D6E50D8CCBF19E1F382E3">Don’t go with the flow: cranial adaptations of stream tadpoles in the Afrobatrachian family Arthroleptidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A053D4AC644962D8A4ADA3F769B503A0">Schweiger, Susan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6D08512C3EF22240EAC8E76DF76B4D86">Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="53D9BEC08E46FA3C51995612ADCA4C93" type="email">susan.schweiger@uni-jena.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="3058AC207971EEB16140727E9E0E9346">Rödel, Mark-Oliver</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F7145ADF733B84E71F45C637EC68BE22">Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7FEC5D84B0191C222A206B679242ACBC">Hammel, Jörg. U.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="282BD1F86ECDE366379AA132A2537E26">Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Insitute of Materials Physics, Geesthacht, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E97924565E22D2CF69E8EDDAD9A2D1D6">Müller, Hendrik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C51FD746B787B36EF8CCC1B2FC003199">Zentralmagazin Naturwissenschaftlicher Sammlungen, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="BA9945EE4A4D96D77DC139F9DE030BE4">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1A7828486864AB68149AA6B59E9CC1BA">2024-10-14</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="607F414FA773B6BA1765D545800E5C60" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae114</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="7C754916FF8DFFA7FC76E969D32DF88B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C754916FF8DFFA7FC76E969D32DF88B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C754916FF8DFFA7FC76E969D32DF88B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="BCC6AB8BFF8DFFA5FC76E969D6FFFDE4" box="[1023,1276,575,602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8DFFA5FC76E969D6FFFDE4" ID-CoL="J649" authority="Parker, 1931" authorityName="Parker" authorityYear="1931" box="[1023,1276,575,602]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8DFFA5FC76E969D6FFFDE4" bold="true" box="[1023,1276,575,602]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="BCC6AB8BFF8DFFA7FCB0E930D32DF88B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="F463F800FF8DFFA5FCB0E930D64CFD45" blockId="4.[825,1474,575,763]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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The tadpole was robust with a long, muscular tail and low dorsal and ventral fins (Fig. 1). The oral disc showed lateral papillae on the anterior lip; the posterior lip consisted of 2–3 rows of rounded-triangular papillae (see
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<bibRefCitation id="904D85F1FF8DFFA5FB0EE992D764FD62" author="Griesbaum F & Hirschfeld M & Barej MF" box="[1159,1383,708,732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="133 - 60" refId="ref9642" refString="Griesbaum F, Hirschfeld M, Barej MF et al. Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 2019; 95: 133 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10. 3897 / zse. 95. 32793" type="journal article" year="2019">
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||
Griesbaum
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||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8DFFA5FB76E993D72DFD62" box="[1279,1326,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
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2019
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
for a detailed description; Fig. 3B).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<caption id="A0A3A888FF8DFFA5FF08EC64D348F805" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[129,194,1842,1866]" targetBox="[132,1471,836,1810]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="F463F800FF8DFFA5FF08EC64D348F805" blockId="4.[129,1438,1842,1979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8DFFA5FF08EC64D2DBF8F5" bold="true" box="[129,216,1842,1867]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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Close-up of the mouth region and the oral disc. A, slow-flowing stream tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8DFFA5FC56EC65D67CF8F5" box="[991,1151,1843,1867]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Leptopelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8DFFA5FC56EC65D67CF8F5" box="[991,1151,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leptopelis parkeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. B, moderate-flowing stream tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8DFFA5FF6CEC19D3CBF8D9" box="[229,456,1871,1895]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8DFFA5FF6CEC19D3CBF8D9" box="[229,456,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. C, fast-flowing stream tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8DFFA5FC81EC19D1C9F8D8" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1904" box="[776,970,1871,1895]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Nyctibates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corrugatus">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8DFFA5FC81EC19D1C9F8D8" box="[776,970,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nyctibates corrugatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. D, fast-flowing stream tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8DFFA5FA82EC19D2CEF83D" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Trichobatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8DFFA5FA82EC19D2CEF83D" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trichobatrachus robustus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The oral disc of
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8DFFA5FEE2EC3DD3E6F83C" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1904" box="[363,485,1899,1922]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Nyctibates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corrugatus">
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||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8DFFA5FEE2EC3DD3E6F83C" box="[363,485,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. corrugatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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consists of semicircular, wide, and flattened lobes which are surrounded by marginal papillae. The oral disc of
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8DFFA5FF65ECD1D34CF821" box="[236,335,1927,1951]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Trichobatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
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||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8DFFA5FF65ECD1D34CF821" box="[236,335,1927,1951]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. robustus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
is a large oral sucker with multiple rows of small papillae. Also see
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<bibRefCitation id="904D85F1FF8DFFA5FC37ECD1D696F821" author="Channing A & Rodel M-O & Channing J" box="[958,1173,1927,1951]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref9329" refString="Channing A, Rodel M-O, Channing J. Tadpoles of Africa. The Biology and Identification of all known Tadpoles of sub-Saharan Africa. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt Contributions of Natural History, Vol. 35. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Frankfurt Contributions to Natural History / Frankfurter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, 2012." type="book" year="2012">
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Channing
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8DFFA5FBA8ECD1D64EF821" box="[1057,1101,1927,1951]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
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(2012)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
for a detailed description of external morphology.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<caption id="A0A3A888FF8CFFA4FFFAEEB9D6FFF9E5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[115,180,1519,1543]" targetBox="[115,1456,145,1489]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
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||
<paragraph id="F463F800FF8CFFA4FFFAEEB9D6FFF9E5" blockId="5.[113,1415,1519,1627]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FFFAEEB9D2C8F9B9" bold="true" box="[115,203,1519,1543]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 4.</emphasis>
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3D reconstruction of the chondrocranium, dorsal view. A, slow-flowing stream tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FB92EEB9D6BFF9B9" box="[1051,1212,1519,1543]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Leptopelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FB92EEB9D6BFF9B9" box="[1051,1212,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Leptopelis parkeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. B, moderate-flowing stream tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FE93ED5DD3FEF99D" box="[282,509,1547,1571]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FE93ED5DD3FEF99D" box="[282,509,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. C, fast-flowing stream tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FCB4ED5DD1FCF99D" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1904" box="[829,1023,1547,1571]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Nyctibates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corrugatus">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FCB4ED5DD1FCF99D" box="[829,1023,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nyctibates corrugatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. D, fast-flowing stream tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FFF8ED71D356F981" box="[113,341,1575,1599]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Trichobatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FFF8ED71D356F981" box="[113,341,1575,1599]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Trichobatrachus robustus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Note the partial (
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FD8BED7ED080F981" box="[514,643,1575,1599]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FD8BED7ED080F981" box="[514,643,1575,1599]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and complete fusion (
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FCE8ED7ED1D8F981" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1904" box="[865,987,1576,1599]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Nyctibates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corrugatus">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FCE8ED7ED1D8F981" box="[865,987,1576,1599]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. corrugatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FC6CED7ED64BF981" box="[997,1096,1575,1599]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Trichobatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FC6CED7ED64BF981" box="[997,1096,1575,1599]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T. robustus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) of the cornua trabeculae and the broad commissura quadratoorbitalisin
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FE56ED12D063F9E5" box="[479,608,1603,1627]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FE56ED12D063F9E5" box="[479,608,1603,1627]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FD04ED12D0F3F9E5" box="[653,752,1603,1627]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Trichobatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FD04ED12D0F3F9E5" box="[653,752,1603,1627]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T. robustus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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compared to the more generalized tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FB16ED12D6F4F9E5" box="[1183,1271,1603,1627]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Leptopelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
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<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FB16ED12D6F4F9E5" box="[1183,1271,1603,1627]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. parkeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="F463F800FF8CFFA4FF04EDD8D6EBF89D" blockId="5.[113,763,1678,1984]" lastBlockId="5.[810,1459,1678,1984]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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The cornua trabeculae were about one-third of the length of the chondrocranium and were partially fused (Fig. 4B). The palatoquadrate was dorsally connected to the neurocranium via a broad commissura quadratoorbitalis (Fig. 4B), and anteromedially by a broad commissura quadratocranialis (Fig. 6B). The processus muscularis was flattened, larger, and more heavily chondrified in comparison to
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<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FD90EC1DD081F8DC" box="[537,642,1866,1890]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Leptopelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FD90EC1DD081F8DC" box="[537,642,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. parkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 5B). Ventrolaterally, the palatoquadrate bore a processus ventralis, which was not seen in the tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FE75ECDFD05CF81F" box="[508,607,1929,1953]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Leptopelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FE75ECDFD05CF81F" box="[508,607,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. parkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 5B). The cartilago labialis superior was formed as a single massive element and not separated as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FB9EEDD9D675F918" box="[1047,1142,1678,1702]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Leptopelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FB9EEDD9D675F918" box="[1047,1142,1678,1702]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. parkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 6B). The cartilago labialis inferior is a paired element of the upper jaw and is v-shaped (Fig. 6B). Posteriorly, it articulates with the cartilago meckeli. For a detailed description of the complete cranial skeleton see Supporting Information (Fig. S2,
|
||
<tableCitation id="B95ECDBBFF8CFFA4FB09EC5DD6D4F89D" box="[1152,1239,1803,1827]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="10.[112,167,612,637]" captionTargetId="graphics-12@10.[112,1943,644,1539]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of cranial adaptations in the chondrocranium of different tadpole species in relation to their habitat (see Table 3)" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table S2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F463F800FF8CFFA7FCCCEC7DD37BF927" blockId="5.[810,1459,1678,1984]" lastBlockId="6.[129,778,1539,1845]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The ceratohyale was massive compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8CFFA4FAAFEC7DD78DF8FD" box="[1318,1422,1835,1859]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Leptopelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8CFFA4FAAFEC7DD78DF8FD" box="[1318,1422,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. parkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A basibranchiale was present in all four species and was connected to the ceratohyale and the planum hyobranchiale. The basihyale and the pars reuniens were absent (Fig. 7B). The planum hyobranchiale was anterolaterally connected to the ceratohyale via the processus anterior branchialis (Fig. 7B). Posteriorly, the planum hyobranchiale formed a narrow and tapering processus posterior. The branchial basket consisted of four separated ceratobranchialia that were fused medially to the planum hyobranchiale (Fig. 7B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A0A3A888FF8FFFA7FF08EE1DD72CFA6D" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[129,194,1355,1379]" targetBox="[130,1471,145,1326]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="F463F800FF8FFFA7FF08EE1DD72CFA6D" blockId="6.[129,1432,1355,1491]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8FFFA7FF08EE1DD2DBFADA" bold="true" box="[129,216,1355,1380]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
3D reconstruction of the chondrocranium, lateral view. A, slow-flowing stream tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8FFFA7FBA1EE1DD6CAFADD" box="[1064,1225,1355,1379]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Leptopelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8FFFA7FBA1EE1DD6CAFADD" box="[1064,1225,1355,1379]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Leptopelis parkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. B, moderate-flowing stream tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8FFFA7FEA0EE31D00FFAC1" box="[297,524,1383,1407]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8FFFA7FEA0EE31D00FFAC1" box="[297,524,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. C, fast-flowing stream tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8FFFA7FCC4EE31D60DFAC1" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1904" box="[845,1038,1383,1407]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Nyctibates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corrugatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8FFFA7FCC4EE31D60DFAC1" box="[845,1038,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nyctibates corrugatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. D, fast-flowing stream tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8FFFA7FF08EED5D367FA25" box="[129,356,1411,1435]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Trichobatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8FFFA7FF08EED5D367FA25" box="[129,356,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Trichobatrachus robustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Note short processus ventralis in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8FFFA7FD2FEED2D124FA25" box="[678,807,1411,1435]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8FFFA7FD2FEED2D124FA25" box="[678,807,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8FFFA7FCDAEED2D1CEFA25" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1904" box="[851,973,1412,1435]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Nyctibates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corrugatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8FFFA7FCDAEED2D1CEFA25" box="[851,973,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. corrugatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and an elongated processus ventralis articulating with the ceratohyale in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8FFFA7FED5EEF6D3BCFA09" box="[348,447,1439,1463]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Trichobatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8FFFA7FED5EEF6D3BCFA09" box="[348,447,1439,1463]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">T. robustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A processus ventralis is not present in the more generalized tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8FFFA7FBD5EEF6D6B6FA09" box="[1116,1205,1439,1463]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Leptopelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8FFFA7FBD5EEF6D6B6FA09" box="[1116,1205,1439,1463]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. parkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A long processus hyoquadratis, forming a functional unit together with the ceratohyale, has developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DC8383FF8FFFA7FC3FEEEAD633FA6D" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1904" box="[950,1072,1468,1491]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Nyctibates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corrugatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A82412FF8FFFA7FC3FEEEAD633FA6D" box="[950,1072,1468,1491]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. corrugatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an evolutionary novelty.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F463F800FF8FFFA7FF15EDF6D32DF88B" blockId="6.[129,778,1539,1845]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The large m. orbitohyoideus originated on the mediolateral part of the ceratohyale and inserted on the ventromedial process of the palatoquadrate (Fig. 8B). For a complete description of the cranial musculature see Supporting Information (File S1, Fig. S6;
|
||
<tableCitation id="B95ECDBBFF8FFFA7FF5BEC4BD31EF88B" box="[210,285,1821,1845]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="10.[112,167,612,637]" captionTargetId="graphics-12@10.[112,1943,644,1539]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of cranial adaptations in the chondrocranium of different tadpole species in relation to their habitat (see Table 3)" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |