209 lines
27 KiB
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209 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document id="A33C8641490C0FD2D6C7F3A6908D680D" ID-CLB-Dataset="293303" ID-DOI="10.1080/14772019.2021.1960911" ID-GBIF-Dataset="53749253-12aa-41cc-9eec-e28c0b075738" ID-ISSN="1478-0941" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10949919" ID-ZooBank="F8991F09-B5FB-40EF-B4CC-474D925085B8" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1711484962835" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gale, Andrew Scott" docDate="2021" docId="B9207C419A58FFCA0CC6FB63FE66FD71" docLanguage="en" docName="JSystPalaeontol.19.10.691-741.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19 (10)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1960911" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571.1:JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571" docStyleName="JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Rugosphaeraster Gale 2021, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="739" masterDocId="451904399A76FFFB0F0FFF8CFF93FF93" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and phylogeny of the ‘ football stars’ (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)" masterLastPageNumber="741" masterPageNumber="691" pageNumber="736" updateTime="1712755325394" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="73AB74B206680DD49BCF1AB10FED1ED4">Taxonomy and phylogeny of the ‘ football stars’ (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CBF8EACA6B1F31A05944D04B99899A73">Gale, Andrew Scott</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1EDF1DF408FEC4B16EE4FD76DA399B41">School of the Environment, Geography and Geological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO 1 3 QL UK; & Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="33965626691F75C1B7B8E7DBB1AA633D">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D818ECE7A62604FF2977767C2A2526E8">
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<mods:date id="B75ACDA55520468FF458BB937CCDD98C">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="B9207C419A58FFCA0CC6FB63FE66FD71" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883591" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883591" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B9207C419A58FFCA0CC6FB63FE66FD71" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B9207C419A58FFCA0CC6FB63FE66FD71" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="739" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">
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<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A58FFD50CC6FB63FAACFA95" box="[969,1343,1263,1286]" pageId="46" pageNumber="736" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A58FFD50CC6FB63FAACFA95" blockId="46.[969,1343,1263,1286]" box="[969,1343,1263,1286]" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">
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<heading id="6A7E7A3B9A58FFD50CC6FB63FAACFA95" box="[969,1343,1263,1286]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="46" pageNumber="736" reason="6">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A58FFD50B19FB63FB42FA95" ID-CoL="8RW8K" authority="Gale, 2021" authorityName="Gale" authorityYear="2021" box="[1046,1233,1263,1286]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Rugosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="736" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A58FFD50B19FB63FB42FA95" bold="true" box="[1046,1233,1263,1286]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">Rugosphaeraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="18CEAC3E9A58FFD50BD6FB63FAACFA95" box="[1241,1343,1263,1286]" pageId="46" pageNumber="736" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A58FFD50C43FAB3FA18FAC5" box="[844,1419,1343,1366]" pageId="46" pageNumber="736" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A58FFD50C43FAB3FA18FAC5" blockId="46.[844,1419,1343,1366]" box="[844,1419,1343,1366]" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A58FFD50C43FAB3FC76FAC5" bold="true" box="[844,997,1343,1366]" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">
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<typeStatus id="EE3273F59A58FFD50C43FAB3FC15FAC5" box="[844,902,1343,1366]" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A58FFD50CE2FAB3FAB8FAC5" authority="Gale, 2021" authorityName="Gale" authorityYear="2021" box="[1005,1323,1343,1366]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Rugosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="736" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ruegenensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A58FFD50CE2FAB3FAB8FAC5" box="[1005,1323,1343,1366]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">Rugosphaeraster ruegenensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="18CEAC3E9A58FFD50A3AFAB3FA18FAC5" box="[1333,1419,1343,1366]" pageId="46" pageNumber="736" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A58FFD50C43FAE3FC7BF909" pageId="46" pageNumber="736" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A58FFD50C43FAE3FAFFF9BA" blockId="46.[844,1467,1391,1577]" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A58FFD50C43FAE3FC52FA15" bold="true" box="[844,961,1391,1414]" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Robust abactinal ossicles block-like, irregularly polygonal to rhombic, mostly equidimensional, with notches for papulae at the corners. Surface of the abactinal ossicles bearing transverse strips or irregularly radial pustules of imperforate stereom. Adambulacrals bear large, irregularly arranged, bifid spine bases.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A58FFD50C43F9CEFC7BF909" blockId="46.[844,1466,1602,1690]" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A58FFD50C43F9CEFBA9F9CA" bold="true" box="[844,1082,1602,1625]" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">Derivation of name.</emphasis>
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From the Latin
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A58FFD50BF1F9CEFAA3F9CA" box="[1278,1328,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">ruga</emphasis>
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, with reference to the rugose and striated surfaces of the abactinals.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A58FFCA0C43F93FFE66FD71" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="739" pageId="46" pageNumber="736" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A58FFCA0C43F93FFE62FDAD" blockId="46.[844,1466,1715,1901]" lastBlockId="49.[159,781,189,738]" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="739" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A58FFD50C43F93FFC28F959" bold="true" box="[844,955,1715,1738]" pageId="46" pageNumber="736">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Other than abactinals, only adambulacrals are known. The affinities of the genus are obscure, but the structure of the large abactinals and adambulacrals indicates that this genus belongs to the
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A58FFD50B98F899FAA9F8BF" authorityName="Schondorf" authorityYear="1906" box="[1175,1338,1813,1836]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="736" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Sphaerasteridae</taxonomicName>
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. The robust structure of the abactinal plates, with vertical sides and large papular notches, is quite different to that found in
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A59FFD40F90F97AFE9EF89E" authorityName="Lambert" authorityYear="1914" box="[159,269,1782,1805]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Valettaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="737" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40F90F97AFE9EF89E" box="[159,269,1782,1805]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">Valettaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, in which the plates have the form of truncated cones, the spaces between which are packed with secondary ossicles to form a flat exterior surface (
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A59FFD40D84F8BAFC9BF8DE" box="[651,776,1846,1870]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="41.[159,226,1558,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-1@40.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 23. A, Valettaster ocellatus (Forbes, 1848), oblique actinal view of well-preserved individual (NHMUK E 5012). B–P, associated ossicles and fragments of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907); B–E, articulated adambulacrals, bearing subadambulacral spines (NHMUK EE 17637i–l); F, G, ambulacral ossicle, in proximal and distal views, to show bulbous swelling from ambulacral base ((NHMUK EE 17637m); H, external surface with ossicles in place (NHMUK EE 17637n). Note smaller secondary ossicles infilling gaps between external surfaces of larger abactinals, creating a smooth surface; I, J, fragments with articulated abactinal ossicles (NHMUK EE 17637o, p), showing smaller secondary plates and possible papular notches; K, fragment with madreporite and two abactinal ossicles (NHMUK EE 17637q); L, adambulacral in proximal/distal view, to show lack of adadm site and internally directed ledge (NHMUK EE 17637r); M–P, adambulacral ossicles; M, abactinal view of ossicle in which three of the articular surfaces each bear a cavity (NHMUK EE 17637f); N, proximal/distal view to show adadm site (oval depression) (NHMUK EE 17637s); O, oblique actinal view (NHMUK EE 17637t); P, actinal view, to show rugose perforate stereom and furrow spine attachment sites (NKMUK EE 17637g). Provenance: A, Santonian, Marsupites Zone, Brighton, Sussex, UK. B–P, Santonian, coranguinum Zone, level of Whitaker’s Flint, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. Distal adambulacrals marked with arrow. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; C = 1 mm; B, D–P = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955103/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">Figs 23H–J</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A59FFD40F90F8DAFF78F8FE" box="[159,235,1878,1901]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="43.[159,226,1726,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-0@42.[159,1466,188,1921]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figure 24. A–G, Valettaster ocellatus (Forbes, 1848); A, B, interpretative drawings of NHMUK E 5012; C, D, interpretative drawings of abactinal surface of individual NHMUK E 5019. E, reconstruction of actinal surface, based on A. F, reconstructed detail of abactinal surface, to show smaller ossicles. G, reconstruction of abactinal surface, to show ossicle types. Provenance; A, B, from the Santonian, Marsupites Zone, Brighton, Sussex, UK; C, D, from the Coniacian or Santonian, coranguinum Zone, Micheldever, Hampshire, UK. Colours as in Figure 1. Note close similarity of ossicle arrangement to that of Podosphaeraster pulvinatus (Fig. 1). The interradial I-plate is arrowed. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955105" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955105/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">24F, G</figureCitation>
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). In the very thick form, with large papular notches, the abactinal plates bear a resemblance to those of
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A59FFD40C43F89AFBB4F8BE" baseAuthorityName="von Zittel" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[844,1063,1814,1837]" class="Asteroidea" family="Stauranderasteridae" genus="Stauraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="737" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="primitivus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40C43F89AFBB4F8BE" box="[844,1063,1814,1837]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">Stauraster primitivus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A59FFD40B35F89AFB5CF8BE" box="[1082,1231,1814,1837]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[161,228,1669,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-0@11.[159,1467,188,1816]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Morphology of the stauranderasterid outgroup, Stauraster primitivus (von Zittel, 1880). A–C, arm, in abactinal, lateral and actinal views, respectively (MZA L246). D–N, isolated ossicles; D–G, I, ossicles from primary circlet; D, E, primary interradial (NHMUK EE 17624); F, G, centrale (NHMUK EE 17625); H, ambulacral ossicle, actinal view (NHMUK EE 17626); I, inner calycinal ossicle (NHMUK EE 17627); J–L, radials (NHMUK EE 17628–17630); M, N, adambulacral ossicles, in abactinal and proximal/distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17631–17632). O, reconstruction of apical region of Stauraster. Provenance: A–C, upper Oxfordian of Switzerland. D–N are from the lower Oxfordian, Cardioceras bukowskii ammonite Subzone, basal Couches de Passage, Andelot-Morval, Jura, France (see Gale 2019, for locality details). Colours as in Figure 1. Scale bars: A–C = 10mm; D–G, I–L = 5 mm; H, M, N = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949929/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">Fig. 5D, F, L</figureCitation>
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), but this is probably convergent, and no broad radial plates like those of
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A59FFD40AA8F8BAFC21F8FE" baseAuthorityName="von Zittel" baseAuthorityYear="1880" class="Asteroidea" family="Stauranderasteridae" genus="Stauraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="737" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="primitivus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40AA8F8BAFC21F8FE" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">S. primitivus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are present in the material. The morphology of some abactinal plate
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<typeStatus id="EE3273F59A47FFCA0E75FF31FE23FF47" box="[378,432,189,212]" pageId="49" pageNumber="739">types</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A47FFCA0ED9FF31FDD8FF47" authority="Gale, 2021" authorityName="Gale" authorityYear="2021" box="[470,587,189,212]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Rugosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="49" pageNumber="739" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rugensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A47FFCA0ED9FF31FDD8FF47" box="[470,587,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="739">R. rugensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="18CEAC3E9A47FFCA0D5CFF31FD67FF47" box="[595,756,189,212]" pageId="49" pageNumber="739" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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is closely comparable with those of other sphaerasterids. The rhombic to six-sided large, elongated abactinals are similar to actinal interradial ‘I plates’ (see below), and the small plates with slanting sides, indicating imbrication, are similar to actinally positioned ossicles of other sphaerasterids. The adambulacrals are typical of sphaerasterids, in the presence of tall abradial surfaces, a square actinal surface, proximal and distal:proximal pits for ligamentary attachment, and replacement of muscles by carious ligament pits; however, these characters are plesiomorphic for sphaerasterids and do not suggest generic affinities.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="65F69DDF9A59FFD40F90FA7DFAECF952" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10949947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949947/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="737" startId="47.[159,226,1521,1542]" targetBox="[166,1459,188,1500]" targetPageId="47" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A59FFD40F90FA7DFAECF952" blockId="47.[159,1467,1521,1729]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40F90FA7DFE08F995" bold="true" box="[159,411,1521,1543]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">Figure 25. A–F, H, J–L,</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A59FFD40EACFA7DFC0AF995" authority="Rowe & Nichols, 1980" authorityName="Rowe & Nichols" authorityYear="1980" box="[419,921,1521,1542]" class="Asteroidea" family="Podosphaerasteridae" genus="Podosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="737" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvinatus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40EACFA7DFD23F995" box="[419,688,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">Podosphaeraster pulvinatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A59FFD40DB7FA7DFC0AF995" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & Nichols, D." box="[696,921,1521,1542]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737" pagination="289 - 295" refId="ref29223" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Nichols, D. 1980. A new species of Podosphaeraster Clark & Wright 1962 (Echinodermata; Asteroidea) from the Pacific. Micronesia, 16, 289 - 295." type="journal article" year="1980">Rowe & Nichols, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40CA7FA7DFC4FF995" bold="true" box="[936,988,1521,1543]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">A–C,</emphasis>
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entire individual, in actinal, lateral and abactinal views, respectively (MnhnL OPH174);
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40D29F980FDAEF9B2" bold="true" box="[550,573,1548,1569]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">D,</emphasis>
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interior of individual to show papular pores and interradial structures (MnhnL OPH175);
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40F90F9AAFF26F9A8" bold="true" box="[159,181,1574,1595]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">E,</emphasis>
|
||
madreporite;
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40E47F9AAFECFF9A8" bold="true" box="[328,348,1574,1595]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">F,</emphasis>
|
||
external view of isolated abactinal ossicle;
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40C23F9AAFCD6F9A8" bold="true" box="[812,837,1574,1595]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">H,</emphasis>
|
||
abactinal ossicle in lateral view to show papular pores and articulation structures;
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40E8FF9CDFE01F9C5" bold="true" box="[384,402,1601,1622]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">J,</emphasis>
|
||
broken surface of abactinal plate, to show separate layers of stereom; dense perforate stereom (top); dense labyrinthic stereom (middle); open reticular stereom (bottom);
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40C0DF9D0FCAAF9E2" bold="true" box="[770,825,1628,1649]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">K, L,</emphasis>
|
||
abactinal spines (
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40CE6F9D0FBE1F9E2" bold="true" box="[1001,1138,1627,1649]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">E, F, H, J–L,</emphasis>
|
||
MnhnL OPH176).
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40A3DF9D0FAD8F9E2" bold="true" box="[1330,1355,1628,1649]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">G,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A59FFD40A5DF9D0FE1CF918" authority="(Forbes, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Forbes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Valettaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="737" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40A5DF9D0FF66F918" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">Valettaster ocellatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A59FFD40E0AF9FAFE16F918" author="Forbes, E." box="[261,389,1654,1675]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737" pagination="457 - 482" refId="ref27876" refString="Forbes, E. 1848. On the Asteriadae found fossil in British strata. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and of the Museum of Practical Geology in London, 2, 457 - 482." type="journal article" year="1848">Forbes, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, abactinal ossicle to show similarities to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A59FFD40C3FF9FAFC33F918" box="[816,928,1654,1675]" class="Asteroidea" family="Podosphaerasteridae" genus="Podosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="737" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40C3FF9FAFC33F918" box="[816,928,1654,1675]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">P. pulvillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK EE 17697).
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40B80F9FAFB0DF918" bold="true" box="[1167,1182,1654,1675]" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">I,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A59FFD40BA6F9FAFAABF918" box="[1193,1336,1654,1675]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Valettaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="737" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A59FFD40BA6F9FAFA82F918" box="[1193,1297,1654,1675]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="737">Valettaster</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, oral ossicle, radial view (SNSB-BSGP 2020 XLV3). Provenance: A–F, H, J–L are Recent, Philippines. G is from the Santonian, east Kent, UK. I is from the lower Maastrichtian of Rugen, Germany. Scale bars: A–D = 10 mm; E–H = 1 mm; I, K, L = 0.5 mm; J = 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="65F69DDF9A46FFCB0F90F9D7FB9BF883" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949949" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10949949" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949949/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="738" startId="48.[159,226,1627,1648]" targetBox="[159,1466,188,1606]" targetPageId="48" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A46FFCB0F90F9D7FB9BF883" blockId="48.[159,1467,1627,1809]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0F90F9D7FE99F9E3" bold="true" box="[159,266,1627,1648]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">Figure 26.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A46FFCB0E19F9D7FD8EF9E3" authority="Gale, 2021" authorityName="Gale" authorityYear="2021" box="[278,541,1627,1648]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Rugosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="48" pageNumber="738" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ruegensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0E19F9D7FD8EF9E3" box="[278,541,1627,1648]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">Rugosphaeraster ruegensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="18CEAC3E9A46FFCB0D27F9D7FD56F9E3" box="[552,709,1627,1648]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0DC0F9D7FD75F9E3" bold="true" box="[719,742,1627,1648]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">A,</emphasis>
|
||
associated ossicles on surface of a flint nodule, holotype (SNSB-BGSP 2020 XLV4).
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0E25F9FAFECEF918" bold="true" box="[298,349,1653,1675]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">B–N,</emphasis>
|
||
isolated paratype abactinal/actinal ossicles, in lateral view (
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0CA3F9FAFC67F918" bold="true" box="[940,1012,1654,1675]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">F, J, L</emphasis>
|
||
) and external view (all others) (
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0A39F9FAFAFCF918" bold="true" box="[1334,1391,1653,1675]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">B–M,</emphasis>
|
||
SNSB-BGSP 2020 XLV5-15;
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0E9DF91DFE3AF935" bold="true" box="[402,425,1681,1702]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">N,</emphasis>
|
||
NHMUK EE 17698).
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0D95F91DFD42F935" bold="true" box="[666,721,1680,1702]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">O–Q,</emphasis>
|
||
adambulacral ossicles in lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0B22F91DFBACF935" bold="true" box="[1069,1087,1681,1702]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">O</emphasis>
|
||
), distal (
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0BAEF91DFB23F935" bold="true" box="[1185,1200,1681,1702]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">P</emphasis>
|
||
) and abactinal (
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0A53F91DFAFDF935" bold="true" box="[1372,1390,1681,1702]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">Q</emphasis>
|
||
) views (SNSB-BGSP 2020 XLV16-18). A–M, O–Q are from the lower Maastrichtian Chalk of Rugen, Germany. N is from the Campanian of Ivo Klack, Skåne, southern Sweden.
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0D3BF94AFC9EF948" bold="true" box="[564,781,1734,1755]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">Abbreviations: ada1,</emphasis>
|
||
single distal amb-adamb articulation;
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0B9EF94AFB5BF948" bold="true" box="[1169,1224,1734,1755]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">ada2,</emphasis>
|
||
proximal adradial ambadamb articulation;
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0E68F96CFE0DF966" bold="true" box="[359,414,1760,1781]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">ada3,</emphasis>
|
||
proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation;
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0B03F96CFBCBF966" bold="true" box="[1036,1112,1760,1781]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">adadm,</emphasis>
|
||
interadambulacral muscle;
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A46FFCB0A61F96CFA28F966" bold="true" box="[1390,1467,1760,1781]" pageId="48" pageNumber="738">padam,</emphasis>
|
||
proximal adamb-amb muscle. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–H, J–L = 0.5 mm; I = 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A47FFCA0FB6FDCBFE66FD71" blockId="49.[159,781,189,738]" pageId="49" pageNumber="739">
|
||
A well-preserved specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A47FFCA0D2EFDCBFF71FDEC" authority="Gale, 2021" authorityName="Gale" authorityYear="2021" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Rugisphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="49" pageNumber="739" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ruegensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A47FFCA0D2EFDCBFF71FDEC" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="739">Rugisphaeraster ruegensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="18CEAC3E9A47FFCA0FE4FDE4FE05FDEC" box="[235,406,616,639]" pageId="49" pageNumber="739" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the Campanian of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A47FFCA0DA5FDE4FC9EFDEC" box="[682,781,616,639]" name="Germany" pageId="49" pageNumber="739">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
is present in the collections of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F34D03B59A47FFCA0D5AFD05FD0BFD33" box="[597,664,649,672]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="49" pageNumber="739">Berlin</collectingRegion>
|
||
Museum, which shows the form of the abactinal surface, but is currently unavailable for study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |