247 lines
27 KiB
XML
247 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document id="4A65ABCCB911E087AFCC08DFAB5024A6" ID-CLB-Dataset="26624" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944" ID-GBIF-Dataset="aae6d6bf-f424-4c8d-92ba-562185c0cfc0" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0889-3-121" ID-ZooBank="F242A4EA12CF4F7390A54CBACF71FD10" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="2535-0889-3-121" ModsDocOrigin="Alpine Entomology 3" ModsDocTitle="Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species" checkinTime="1559196978224" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Patrick, Brian H., Patrick, Hamish J. H. & Hoare, Robert J. B." docDate="2019" docId="8AE380A2A54D36B161ECBF1FD66F7115" docLanguage="en" docName="AlpEntomol 3: 121-136" docOrigin="Alpine Entomology 3" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944" docTitle="Arctesthes avatar Patrick, Patrick & Hoare, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="FE52851D-72D6-46B8-B40B-8913C6290B43" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="121" masterDocId="FFF3FFBB6330FFF07433B72F2C59FFF9" masterDocTitle="Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species" masterLastPageNumber="136" masterPageNumber="121" pageNumber="121" updateTime="1701384734390" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BF428B60718C8F43B17DCB2F32D9A8FA">
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<mods:title id="FF571CF45C20B8E769090F6EDD8AEC76">Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="597745A5F0EA4C63C065F822A28634F3" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B1994383838B9F6CA1C127BEDB38F126">Patrick, Brian H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CE528D60D04062BFD6D786641A493DF3">Patrick, Hamish J. H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="C3C9D9C534FAE72BBEF832840F208DD0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F1517139DDA56420492C34BF49D25618">Hoare, Robert J. B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="04BF88BA9BA99DA275814241BE170D0D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5A768DBEB4712062D7F1AB10AD1578D0">Alpine Entomology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="4FD6EB7EEFAA224F3C28EE534ED12D23">
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<mods:date id="EAC7820E14C23A6D34F3913346860EDA">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="D1DEF37B575A81486698ED0F90E934E3" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2F22F32F1673BD81A739E89F21662E89">3</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="11D9E438FC32B41859072DB0DF2418B9">121</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="4ABDD9E38A9E20D9AAE137AB3660BBA5">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="EBB88BF521F6C837085B0AC8468F0B07">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F7595E96EED32AE2D4C9974D49AA2402" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8AE380A2A54D36B161ECBF1FD66F7115" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157322419" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FE52851D-72D6-46B8-B40B-8913C6290B43" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8AE380A2A54D36B161ECBF1FD66F7115" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
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<subSubSection id="343C77A766DEE4C8F8E2CFE2A35F966C" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="39BF972B11B8F6C9D88C68D30F85D2EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
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<taxonomicName id="367145CE75C74DB3D4CCE0C89DC7D6CF" LSID="http://zoobank.org/FE52851D-72D6-46B8-B40B-8913C6290B43" authority="Patrick, Patrick & Hoare" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arctesthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arctesthes avatar" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avatar">Arctesthes avatar Patrick, Patrick & Hoare</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A999B39EC7A6455F2ADA21DE80FA7B0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 12, 13, 17, 19, 28, 29, 33, 35 (map)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1420AA7DFC7BEF67D9ADFB2DF999F31E" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="CD61ED20D485E352AAC41A676D026729" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0D1D3C87999703F3B58DB8E214D6CD3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
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Holotype: male (pinned), 'NEW ZEALAND NN Denniston - Rochfort wetland area 855m 16-18 Feb 2015 Brian Patrick / NZAC slide Geo. 46 genitalia ♂' [
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<geoCoordinate id="D45E1F44F1F06C253F9C3A0F974EF839" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-41.771667">41°46.3'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="8EC944B51280BD1068CAEE7256CEDB9D" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="171.755">171°45.3'E</geoCoordinate>
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] (NZAC). Paratypes (1 male, 1 female): 1 male, NN: Denniston Plateau 640-720 m, 16-18 Feb 2015, B.H. Patrick (Fig. 12); 1 female, NN: Mt Rochfort 1000m, 16 Feb 2015, B.H. Patrick (genitalia on slide NZAC Geo. 47) [
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<geoCoordinate id="48C83EDD1D2EE5120663C0DA36F61895" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-41.77833">41°46.7'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="217E2313BCCEA418C8497706A0233A23" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="171.74333">171°44.6'E</geoCoordinate>
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] (both NZAC).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="139FCFBF2BBD16A4536A6A8B485D5920" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="E0072C9E9DF32322ABD50B52F21B3246" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Other material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB85EA262463C0C9F7AB155FAE9462AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">1 male, same data as holotype; 2 males, 1 female (Fig. 13), NN: Denniston Plateau 640-720 m, 16-18 Feb 2015, B.H. Patrick; 1 male, Denniston Plateau wetland 650 m, 3 Mar 2012, B. & H. Patrick (Fig. 17). (BPNZ, NZAC).</paragraph>
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<caption id="63FBC451008DE77EF1595F04547BCCE3" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
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<paragraph id="C9114E15B5534DBB20C94F0076DE405D" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
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Figures 21-25.
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<taxonomicName id="0016A2434BB7C61861C3EBF87B0E454A" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arctesthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arctesthes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arctesthes</taxonomicName>
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spp., male abdomen and genitalia (ventral view unless otherwise indicated). 21)
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<taxonomicName id="1FB9E3D718426E1C21FF5F78EE2FB087" lsidName="A. catapyrrha" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">A. catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
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, male abdomen (unrolled); 22)
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<taxonomicName id="FED5452F48B8FEB638F2DF2C0821A489" lsidName="A. catapyrrha" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">A. catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
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, genital capsule; 23)
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<taxonomicName id="F209E683933C67A966D2AB20AEAC6F9A" lsidName="A. catapyrrha" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">A. catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
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, phallus; 24)
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<taxonomicName id="0EDCB7FA283E40839BA3B2AF9EEFF62B" lsidName="A. siris" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="siris">A. siris</taxonomicName>
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, genital capsule; 25)
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<taxonomicName id="3C097F6B92F46E926E0461361A6368CF" lsidName="A. siris" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="siris">A. siris</taxonomicName>
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, phallus.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="460664AC1C9DC6CD92B7B0841F04E12C" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="FD302B07E93FE8AA88138F70ADA45DDD" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2B210132C1048C23ECAC6D52137B6580" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
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<taxonomicName id="9FB52728EB481A4FD2D03B2CD56FA807" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arctesthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arctesthes avatar" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avatar">Arctesthes avatar</taxonomicName>
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is superficially similar to
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<taxonomicName id="EE56B3D6EAFFD46A7FA3E59E23F02B66" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
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. However, the species are almost certainly strongly allopatric and should be identifiable based on locality alone. The most conspicuous diagnostic characters are on the hindwing upperside and underside as follows:
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<taxonomicName id="BFA2127BD0729147A35FF51C9588EBB8" lsidName="A. avatar" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="avatar">A. avatar</taxonomicName>
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has a very distinct wedge-shaped area of dark shading on the hindwing upperside from the base, enclosed by the strongly developed dorsal half of the antemedian line: in
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<taxonomicName id="0921E143C40F54226D61AB8303E3E725" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
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, the antemedian line is reduced to a smudge on the anal margin only.
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<taxonomicName id="4FAED5B08493440F9939BEE2B34949E2" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arctesthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arctesthes avatar" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avatar">Arctesthes avatar</taxonomicName>
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also has a strong dark terminal shade on the hindwing but lacks black dashes along the termen itself; in
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<taxonomicName id="9638F9D810091664CF6143EDCF7A6AA2" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
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the black dashes are present and distinct, but there is no terminal shading. The hindwing underside in
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<taxonomicName id="72AB9CFC22458DA53EB0E23E78855A16" lsidName="A. avatar" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="avatar">A. avatar</taxonomicName>
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is predominantly very pale orange with only the antemedian line and terminal shading showing up conspicuously darker; in
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<taxonomicName id="E8192E7017C7B40EED766969CE8F8C84" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
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, the hindwing underside is predominantly mid-brown with the area beyond the antemedian line and the subterminal line showing up conspicuously paler. In the male genitalia, the longer, narrower labides and much shorter sacculus process easily distinguish
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<taxonomicName id="E50E79D80423B8B181531DEEAB916470" lsidName="A. avatar" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="avatar">A. avatar</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="851DFBB90ACD96227CC254F1FA06A55B" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="749E455F495FE9BF315535CFD7931593" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
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<paragraph id="E0991128F673B9CB1A0D6ACD7B2B36FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
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Figures 26-29.
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<taxonomicName id="85156EF30F9387963C4DCE1DCCACBE9B" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arctesthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arctesthes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arctesthes</taxonomicName>
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spp., male abdomen and genitalia (ventral view). 26)
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<taxonomicName id="4DE95EB893C6B030079244C1A2643AAD" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
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holotype, genital capsule; 27)
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<taxonomicName id="8F66730E4CE95353CD99929437CAC812" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
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holotype, phallus; 28)
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<taxonomicName id="DA4D88C0A01CEDCC0A8BFE5A0C156A91" lsidName="A. avatar" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="avatar">A. avatar</taxonomicName>
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holotype, genital capsule; 29)
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<taxonomicName id="3101592980713CEAE0680850360C8760" lsidName="A. avatar" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="avatar">A. avatar</taxonomicName>
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holotype, phallus.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FA843A10EFCBDDB8D2C6FA331CEC8D19" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="description">
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<paragraph id="CE7073387D5A29A55C843AC3BBF07C38" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1D2E4B65355B16299B873873C3800402" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
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Adult male (Figs 12, 17): Wingspan 20-22 mm. Very similar to
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<taxonomicName id="AB33519E096061992881E7670DBFA95E" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
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, with the following differences. Forewing with antemedian and postmedian lines slightly better defined than in
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<taxonomicName id="5DA557B14BA2F170901D10EE0AA9CB96" lsidName="titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">titanica</taxonomicName>
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; postmedian line with indentation above median evagination and level with discal spot tending to be more pronounced than in
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<taxonomicName id="BA5D705912C5F1531C401A2BDDD69D29" lsidName="titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">titanica</taxonomicName>
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. Hindwing with dark antemedian line reaching much further across wing than in
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<taxonomicName id="FF40AC3DC53EFBF6A650E9ECB9761193" lsidName="titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">titanica</taxonomicName>
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(about half way to costa), and then diverting basad to join small variably distinct discal dot; terminal line present as dark brown fascia, with weakly scalloped inner margin; black dashes along termen absent. Forewing underside (Fig. 17) with postmedian line more distinct than in
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<taxonomicName id="D045445C63EEFF233AB90BD5E4494C30" lsidName="titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">titanica</taxonomicName>
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and almost complete, reaching to near dorsum. Hindwing underside with blackish suffusion from base; area basad of antemedian line largely pale orange (not brown) and without dark edging to basal blotch; white fascia beyond antemedian line rather indistinct; from here to terminal fascia pale brownish orange, with brownish smudge at anal angle representing postmedian line; subterminal line very faintly paler, not distinct as in
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<taxonomicName id="E82B24F5817CF2459D412A40C1CB1A13" lsidName="titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">titanica</taxonomicName>
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(where it stands out against brown background).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B695CA34680F93B2D05B1622352E4E95" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
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Male genitalia (Figs 28, 29): S3-4 elongate (subrectangular); S6 elongate (trapezoidal, tapered distally), S5 more squarish, all sternites evenly sclerotised; T2-6 evenly sclerotised. Uncus digitate, narrow and minutely hooked apically; labides large, robust (but distinctly narrower than in
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<taxonomicName id="652A8F62C316507E4FDD77E2B46CCB3A" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
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), strongly C-shaped, blunt apically; dorsal scobinate portion of manica with rather few sharp teeth; juxta moderately narrow, flat, tongue-shaped, with rounded bifid apex; valva moderately short, rather narrow, with rounded apex; basal costal sclerite with sinuous central process, distinctly projecting beyond valval costa, (apex of sclerite bluntly rounded); sacculus process robust, short, truncate, with concave distal margin, barely projecting beyond valval costa and apex not reaching valval apex, apically with dense fine spinules; saccus moderately short, V-shaped (narrower than in
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<taxonomicName id="858B19E273C4A80D8AB3B5B8DDD15E72" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
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), hardly recurved under genital capsule. Phallus without distinct tongue-like apical process; vesica scobinate, with two symmetrical cornutal patches, each containing numerous rather long, curved spine-like cornuti.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F330287DD55FFAAD4F4A4717E7C5B4B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Adult female (Figs 13, 19): Wingspan 20 mm. Similar to male, but antennae without pectinations; forewing ground colour distinctly paler than in male, with central fascia more strongly contrasting; forewing fringe chequered dark and pale.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FED8375822EC252A85AB26575E2F036F" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
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Female genitalia (Fig. 33): Total length ca 2.0 mm. As described above for
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<taxonomicName id="2A64216F85D04FF2E1FC20FAD9A1F9B9" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
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, but smaller; ovipositor lobes slightly blunter.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="80DB57BF3FED3D2666C2101B382FD405" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="99602BB277C5CA0379F6DFD32E9A43A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="748584D830B0B588D2D7B4E7BD5D627A" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">(Fig. 35). Only known from the Denniston Plateau / Mt Rochfort area in the north-western South Island (Nelson district).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8A0FC890D8BCDBCDE76578808B8B544D" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">NN.</paragraph>
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<caption id="39E766B0EAF20485B85474BBBEE8F6BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
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<paragraph id="EB71183EFB415025D66D517B0482942A" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
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Figures 30-33.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F033839BE70F6DB2C1C0313A3C6441CF" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arctesthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arctesthes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arctesthes</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., female genitalia (ventral view). 30)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B80CB79012A4B7284D6DCC925DEE368" lsidName="A. catapyrrha" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">A. catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 31)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40B461AE1E95AC8C7F32CA4422FC4246" lsidName="A. siris" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="siris">A. siris</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 32)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EC01C2E6F373DB37A9E7C95B2672356A" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
paratype; 33)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3D4F79CBB485F8ED929E83B39893DCA" lsidName="A. avatar" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="avatar">A. avatar</taxonomicName>
|
||
paratype; (ds = ductus seminalis inception).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="86D373A9F676104C72341C5B05EAB17E" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E93203A36EB481A6FBCB6222C9552670" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4EDF05396F159D6B48D44BF748237AAD" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
The species has been found at 640-1000 m a.s.l. in ephemeral wetlands of short sedges and herbs, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FD5E77773F4589C804647E812318AA6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menyanthaceae" genus="Liparophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Liparophyllum" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Liparophyllum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFCA31D1E75B0D1AF633EFD1AAF6DE3F" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Donatia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Donatia" order="Tethyida" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Donatia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="38BD9A32FD1F352912238B5B89675BC4" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Ficinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ficinia" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficinia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A4323281903B030845ED2FBCD5E095EF" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Oreobolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Oreobolus" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Oreobolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="571EE33AB3AC19F6EB89ED50A9D25BB7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Euphrasia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euphrasia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Euphrasia</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Specimens have been disturbed or taken flying by day from 6 February to 22 March. Females were observed to lay eggs in rows on the underside of leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6884449468A79000E4EBE40093416959" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menyanthaceae" genus="Liparophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Liparophyllum gunnii" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gunnii">Liparophyllum gunnii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10F148824DE27E5F3EBD2EA103423A11" family="Menyanthaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="family">Menyanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) growing in the wettest areas. A larva reared from the egg in captivity was briefly described as brown dorsally, paler ventrally, and fed on dying leaves, stems and roots of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAE52E7F920AA05F3CAFBB3865473E94" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menyanthaceae" genus="Liparophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Liparophyllum" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Liparophyllum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but rearing was unsuccessful and it was not photographed. In a 2015 survey, BHP and Ian Millar found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCF523728B6B0AB9875771FD863C8A4A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menyanthaceae" genus="Liparophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Liparophyllum" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Liparophyllum</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the only dicot herb present at all sites where the moth was found, so, unlike other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB1A125AB15A43C196CA140CC4C14B94" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arctesthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arctesthes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arctesthes</taxonomicName>
|
||
species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E70996B581042ACDFDA424B7C0837434" lsidName="A. avatar" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="avatar">A. avatar</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be monophagous on this plant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A7F1EFB67F933EBA56D7214CD7C477CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="63603F5A9CD0B00E07D4CCB2F09D217E" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="998C4622F5EB1D167903B165FC15E464" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Forest & Bird, who organised the Denniston Plateau BioBlitz at which this species was found, ran a public competition to choose a name for this species. The '
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCC1F12D4610B396293EDEEC56651D54" lsidName="avatar" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="avatar">avatar</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="77A78D685BC04A4B37649BB515ED293D" originalValue="moth’">moth'</normalizedToken>
|
||
was picked as the winning entry. The name refers to the James Cameron movie Avatar; like the indigenous people and fauna of that film, the moth is vulnerable to habitat change or destruction in its very limited area of occurrence. The original avatars of Hindu mythology were incarnations of deities, especially of Vishnu: one of these, Varaha the boar, is depicted in a Pahari miniature painting of ca 1740 with the black, white and orange coloration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BD182FE0F9BAFD58B7EFE86C5D3FDAE7" lsidName="A. avatar" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="avatar">A. avatar</taxonomicName>
|
||
killing a demon and rescuing the Earth on his tusks (image available from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamba,_Himachal_Pradesh). The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D0C8C8878E6A4B285F595368420FFFA8" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="A985B57CC6B1E02D671A1C3D648CC97D" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DEB26EA020B581851BA478FB8803EFAB" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
The discovery of this species in 2012 was briefly discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E67FAE9BE6EDC035F606F5B86BF64821" author="Patrick, BH" journalOrPublisher="Moths and Butterflies of New Zealand Trust magazine" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" pagination="6 - 7" title="A novel diurnal geometrid from the Denniston Plateau." volume="14" year="2015">Patrick and Patrick (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. At first known only from a single specimen from one small site on the Denniston Plateau, it has since been discovered to be more widespread in wetlands from the Denniston Plateau to nearby Mt Rochfort, though still extremely localised and confined to potentially vulnerable wetland sites on the margins of a coal-mining area. The largest known population currently exists on the northern side of the old Denniston soccer field, where a wetland sward has developed. As with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B82D1DAEEFAE1DF3E393F2B3C286233D" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a high conservation status is appropriate for this moth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="152048B06419A0E008C06240A6CA49F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE3B72CA0FD552B99C5DE11DC199C691" pageId="0" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Figures 34, 35.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="563C39CBFC198945EE28EA564C529370" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arctesthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arctesthes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arctesthes</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., known distribution, New Zealand: South Island. 34)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A82F83A29B5200AB2AC31BD3D9B0E4A3" lsidName="A. catapyrrha" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="catapyrrha">A. catapyrrha</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 35)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D147A04543F0F88C034E30DE4E57C40E" lsidName="A. siris" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="siris">A. siris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(black circles);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B6FD36B586A6BF9BF8CC6697106BD75" lsidName="A. titanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="titanica">A. titanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(open circle);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA9B4B09A396E1EAFA6FEAC873AFA7B8" lsidName="A. avatar" pageId="0" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="avatar">A. avatar</taxonomicName>
|
||
(stars).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |