535 lines
73 KiB
XML
535 lines
73 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="7444" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ecca8def-dfd0-421f-9504-d4b48bf7aeef" ID-PMC="PMC8050020" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1029-139" ID-Pensoft-UUID="2E07DFACD25E5CCEBCBC98E14E282766" ID-PubMed="33935553" ID-ZooBank="4E4AF0B3B87C4715B74E30C3B48D4C4D" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1029-139" checkinTime="1617901770403" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cabras, Analyn A., Medina, Milton Norman & Bollino, Maurizio" docDate="2021" docId="5F1655372E485E7590A73C324E9AEC17" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1029: 139-154" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1029" docPubDate="2021-04-08" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023" docTitle="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui Cabras & Medina & Bollino 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="B6BFAE9D-74BD-46B5-B6FF-C66AAE39BFFD" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" id="2E07DFACD25E5CCEBCBC98E14E282766" lastPageNumber="139" masterDocId="2E07DFACD25E5CCEBCBC98E14E282766" masterDocTitle="Two new species of the genus Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini), subgenus Orthocyrtus Heller, 1912, from Mindanao Island, Philippines" masterLastPageNumber="154" masterPageNumber="139" pageNumber="139" updateTime="1732840881788" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="98C23C7604AA1E8A3DCE914E663CB6B1" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="35833A48792CF4EF59B6907F0B75DBF9">
|
||
<mods:title id="F7974CC777796AFF5A2A3757D1923AD2">Two new species of the genus Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini), subgenus Orthocyrtus Heller, 1912, from Mindanao Island, Philippines</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="04BF9715C6B91459A70993C137828194" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="A8129F32867FA7D944B2D052D25DD65E">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="E60B0DF92179B88044EB536A37FBF4FA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="ABE40B752961B397BC29FCE414CA5EFE">Cabras, Analyn A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="4C8002CD26BE697C9E8A78425D869F40" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0980-1651</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="513FF8537530F79C401CAC783FB806BD">Coleoptera Research Center, Institute of Biodiversity and Environment, University of Mindanao, Davao City, 8000, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="4186A387DB4A638C54378DC12E1D167C" type="email">ann.cabras24@umindanao.edu.ph</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="E7D62E0EAB3D98483005F9312855FF25" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="C7B5CFEFDFD3BFFCC489CCDE277F3C44">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="EBD88099D78525EF3CB122D56BA2566D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="F0359B8805A2E5636C4C704C400744C9">Medina, Milton Norman</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2FFAA67D2FCDAB9844F14DA0AEDEBBB8" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-8048</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="4BA15EB1945FBC2E562DD73086E1F385">Coleoptera Research Center, Institute of Biodiversity and Environment, University of Mindanao, Davao City, 8000, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="CF79D170A459389CF687EA1507C8176E" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="9F768BF7D1FD6484132DFB4684AD9A74">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="F126DDA15348420BCC5CEABB4DD724A6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="08FDBE9A9DC76A7EF4D7FF7D3D78A8F0">Bollino, Maurizio</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="A4782CBACF9A78F342F92CD95549789F">Museo di Storia naturale del Salento, 73021 Calimera, Lecce, Italy</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="F6BBB7452F97B5B0823CDC08F529D713">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="61A081946CD5F2745C42B919551AA559" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="A16C3C034C2BB10960B26CDE17453AB3">
|
||
<mods:title id="F59D719E004EBEA6CB7AC129F8E06433">ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="ED78105C7FA76807295267B3E31FD2F5">
|
||
<mods:date id="E35A40F9C9184B5762827F4DDF8AF5AB">2021</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="DDF17AAB2F2E963BE445FE64BD665771" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="82CE3E4B6F932F9F99655CDE8802232B">2021-04-08</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="02150BAD92AAE62522CB32D6481D57E4" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="671FF3414DA93D3F492804CDECB68FE6">1029</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="86589D39E7B2DC63F1082149A1F3F983" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="D1E4BD396E9B2C35189AC61F6E00DED7">139</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="50C3ADF905A0BA162BC9F1DCF37AABB8">154</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="D9B1F9CA029F72516CF0041884E40731">
|
||
<mods:url id="91C4A8B921CC645308640655D02A513F">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="920EC39B5E3C93121A5FEFFF7052B2B1">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5C5C4711171009869DCCEC776DA23E32" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="27BDDB785CA238F13107A6D311F097E6" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1029-139</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="133CE42FC6871FB3F41D8C887BF1B1BB" type="ZooBank">4E4AF0B3B87C4715B74E30C3B48D4C4D</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E9888011C956305EE471335716AEF7F8" type="Pensoft-UUID">2E07DFACD25E5CCEBCBC98E14E282766</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<subSection id="C3F6EE662CAE348FC0058F480FD84001" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="results">
|
||
<treatment id="5F1655372E485E7590A73C324E9AEC17" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180881655" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B6BFAE9D-74BD-46B5-B6FF-C66AAE39BFFD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F1655372E485E7590A73C324E9AEC17" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" scope_family="Curculionidae" scope_order="Coleoptera" scope_subFamily="Entiminae" scope_tribe="Pachyrhynchini">
|
||
<subSubSection id="581C223081FBBA0817AF39DB9FBCC385" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="D1D4CACE9722C24EE439039EA7A3EF1F" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A62D0FDE061888F4A841AC8FB1B69967" ID-CoL="8KGNB" LSID="http://zoobank.org/B6BFAE9D-74BD-46B5-B6FF-C66AAE39BFFD" authority="Cabras & Medina & Bollino, 2021" authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="273F1C405F24BF858186074C9869961B" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<figureCitation id="BFD54B0C3952F0DCA3118B474183A0DF" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat of Orthocyrtus spp. A O. davaoensis sp. nov in Davao City B O. hirakui sp. nov. in Lantapan, Bukidnon." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529750" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="A7BB69F8DD59430915A5577938DC57B8" captionStart="Figures 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 6. Mimicry of Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis sp. nov. and Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui sp. nov. A M. (O.) davaoensis sp. nov. B Metapocyrtus kitangladensis C Pachyrhynchus tikoi D M. (O.) hirakui sp. nov. E Polycatus mimicus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figures6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529751" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">, 6</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3E40E10FBF3172FC18A04046A0F29BDF" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="holotype">
|
||
<paragraph id="1D060F70C7C10703A45E4C435CADA618" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Holotype</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE0F0383563CFEA4C6A74DC35426D7B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9021804A666A4B44C74553D3557BE628" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis sp. nov. A male holotype, dorsal view B female, dorsal view C ditto, male, lateral view D ditto, female, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529746" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), male: Philippines - Mindanao / Bukidnon / Lantapan / July 2018 / coll. Medina (typed on white card) // HOLOTYPE male /
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CF71FEB0668C37744D462D4A9C0008F" authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ CABRAS, MEDINA & BOLLINO, 2021 (typed on red card) Presently in UMCRC, it will be deposited in Philippine National Museum of Natural History (PNMNH) under the National Museum of the Philippines (NMP).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="251DF3D685BC345353599F342AD05413" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="paratypes">
|
||
<paragraph id="6C4B9741D96485DF5A4334C615F18CB0" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Paratypes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="300D963BA6988AD6B7D1CE0C9C7EBBCB" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
28♂♂, 39 ♀♀: 3♂♂, 15 ♀♀, Philippines - Mindanao/ Bukidnon / Lantapan / V-VII.2018 / coll. Medina; 7♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Philippines - Mindanao/ Bukidnon/ Talakag/ VII. 2018/ Leg, L.C. All in UMCRC; 7♂♂, 2♀♀: Philippines - Mindanao / Cabanglasan - Bukidnon / III-IV.2013 / m. 800-1000 - Leg. Loc. people / coll. M. Bollino; 7♂♂, 14♀♀: Philippines - Mindanao / Cabanglasan (Bukidnon) / September 2013 / ex. N. Mohagan / Lg. local people - coll. Bollino; 1♂, 1♀: Philippines - Mindanao / Cabanglasan / (Bukidnon) / December 2018 - January 2019 / Lgt. local people - coll. Bollino; 1♂: Philippines - Mindanao / Kalatungan / (Bukidnon) / X.2015 / ex I.Lumawig - coll. Bollino; 2♂♂, 3 ♀♀: Philippines - Mindanao / San Fernando - Bukidnon / X.2013 / ex Lumawig / lg. Local people - coll. Bollino, all in MBLI. All paratypes with additional red label: PARATYPE /
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C221C8E44ED741954DE6A730B2762F92" authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ CABRAS, MEDINA & BOLLINO, 2021
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3B5818797D2BF3F60A449A5378976832" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="70809F6A3960ED823412B3A4923C7301" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C88D1335F7EA48AB96000F184157365B" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDE763F693E50AECA9ED8998FB461470" authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. differs from all other species of the subgenus for its unique elytral ornamentation consisting of yellow ochre to blue longitudinal stripes and striae I to II occasionally interrupted in the middle, although generally such striae are continuous from the base to the apex of elytra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7A0B5EF065C3915F2BB33450C3405B61" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="1B3D692C9D1A038A524D01B3348D9478" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F9322DE310C00778B922A18A7F4BCD2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="C03B2D0B4BA9778C77F79D78EFB2554E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
Dimensions (in mm): LB 10.6-10.9 (holotype 10.9,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="464CAC420273EC4574F87E64B0D9F668" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 10.75). LR: 1.9-2.0 (holotype 2.0,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A8C46D0CDBA750BFE1D7E086DE1C274B" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 1.95), WR 1.3-1.5 (holotype 1.5,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="436DFF51DDAF03E60639B71E0D17730E" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 1.4), LP: 3.0-3.1 (holotype 3.0,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EBEB234F9487B622CC1DE307A096CE34" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 3.05), WP 3.0-3.1 (holotype 3.0,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="910B9168760A1670AF9890F99800FB91" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 3.05), LE: 6.9-7.0 (holotype 6.9,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CD5531BF9C20C2FD502DC6875786707B" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 6.95), WE: 4.9-5.0 (holotype 5.0,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2093035993E298D010A563AF800FC2AB" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 4.95).
|
||
<emphasis id="A463E92D7C69423D3E6DD413151E7412" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="61771654D4931B557AF01FD32D644C53" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Integument black. Body surface, rostrum, head, and underside subopaque.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2DC76C6779F4918B19CEFED63DC58F6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B441A55B27694CB051B4A7FED8C993C9" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Body</emphasis>
|
||
subglabrous.
|
||
<emphasis id="4548610D7EA7DFA4EFA7F8AE570E81CD" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Head</emphasis>
|
||
subglabrous, sparsely, minutely pubescent, with light-yellow ochre, round scales interspersed with metallic-white, hair-like, elliptical scales on lateroventral parts; forehead between eyes partially covered with metallic, light-yellow ochre, round scales; median groove barely distinct, not reaching the vertex.
|
||
<emphasis id="A8DCD09BB7A35DE9761AC3A1E2194706" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Rostrum</emphasis>
|
||
sparsely, minutely pubescent, slightly longer than wide (LR/WR: 1.33), dorsum faintly, minutely punctured, bearing minute, yellowish hairs, white, recumbent, hairlike scales on the lateral surface, and long, light-brown hairs at the anterolateral margin; transverse basal groove distinct; basal half with shallow depression covered with metallic yellow ochre, round and elliptical scales; lateroventral part behind antennal scrobe densely covered with round to elliptical, white and yellow ochre scales, sparsely interspersed with short, hair-like white scales; dorsal surface weakly convex. Eyes medium-sized and feebly convex. Antenna moderately clavate, scape slightly shorter than funicle, moderately covered with fine, light-colored hairs. Funicular segments I and II almost of the same length, nearly three times longer than wide; segments III-VII slightly longer than wide; club subovoid, nearly three times longer than wide.
|
||
<emphasis id="7E257F11B8873CD8F38739583E96E822" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Prothorax</emphasis>
|
||
subglobular, as long as wide (LP/WP 1.0), faintly punctured with sparse minute hairs, widest at middle, weakly convex, with a faint groove along midline reaching the middle, and with the following scaly markings of metallic light yellow ochre, and shagreen, round scales: a) thin band at the anterior margin, b) transverse band in the entire width in middle, and c) lateroventral stripe before the coxa confluent with the anterior margin and transverse band at middle.
|
||
<emphasis id="EA4749CC9165B2DFA5FC2DEC4A56CB16" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Elytra</emphasis>
|
||
short ovate (LE/WE 1.38), wider and longer than prothorax (WE/WP 1.67, LE/LP 2.3), black, subglabrous, strongly convex with very minute and sparse setiferous punctures, each puncture with light-colored, short seta. Elytra with scaly bands of metallic light-yellow ochre, turquoise, and blue, round scales covering stria I-IX, beginning shortly from anterior margin and extending towards apex, sometimes stria I and II interrupted at middle creating a subcircular, broad, glossy black spot without scales. Stria I-IX confluent at anterior margin; stria I, II, III, VIII, and IX confluent at the apex. Stria IV and V confluent at apical quarter. Apex with light-colored hair.
|
||
<emphasis id="70877AD345591579F5C064092002511F" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
with moderately clavate femora. Femora covered with light-colored hair and sparse, pale-blue elliptical, hair-like scales towards apical part. Tibiae covered with subrecumbent, light-colored bristles, and weakly serrate along inner edge. Fore and mid tibiae bear a mucro at apex, and hind tibiae with apical mucrones vestigial. Tarsomeres covered with sparse pubescence. Procoxae with light-colored hair covered with pale green and light yellow-ochre round to elliptic scales on the anterior side interspersed with white hair-like scales. Mesocoxae and metacoxae with light-green hairs and sparsely covered on the anterior side with pale-blue, hairlike, round scales, less dense on metacoxae. Mesosternum covered with light-colored, adpressed bristles. Metasternum with light-colored, adpressed bristles and sparse, light-yellow ochre, round scales at lateral sides. Ventrite 1 depressed on disc with light-colored, adpressed bristles and sparse, light-yellow ochre, round scales towards lateral margin interspersed with white, hair-like scales. Ventrite 2 with long, light-brown, adpressed bristles, shorter towards margin. Ventrites 3-5 with sparse, light-colored, short bristles. Ventrite 5 flattened, apical half finely densely punctured.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C55701968CBE8B29D29CF0FCD223688" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="77F0F7CE86DAD7E33EB55BDCF385C08F" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
as shown in Figure
|
||
<figureCitation id="293883DCF1105D8FD215E2409513D555" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui sp. nov. A male holotype, dorsal view B female, dorsal view C ditto, male, lateral view D ditto, female, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529747" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">2A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D5D9079570299758A011B970EA586F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5B87024A03600896FC46B670BF24E40" authorityName="M. Zang & R.H. Petersen" authorityYear="1989" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Endophallus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Endophallus" order="Phallales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88DBA0F5A573DC720E6BDEAE76620C3B" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Endophallus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as shown in Figure
|
||
<figureCitation id="27E04AD019BD03A31375A89E6A22BF98" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui sp. nov. everted endophallus, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529748" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">3</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="788572991261420F30D7088E930E8526" author="Cabras, A" journalOrPublisher="Baltic Journal of Coleopterology" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="39 - 46" refId="B6" refString="Cabras, A, Bollino, M, Medina, MN, 2018. A new species of the subgenus Orthocyrtus, genus Metapocyrtus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) from Mindanao, with notes on its ecology. Baltic Journal of Coleopterology 18 (1): 39 - 46" title="A new species of the subgenus Orthocyrtus, genus Metapocyrtus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) from Mindanao, with notes on its ecology." volume="18" year="2018">Cabras, Bollino and Medina (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that obtaining the complete eversion of the endophallus in the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="06D096BF1929D6151FED71BE2661D60C" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus Orthocyrtus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is particularly complicated due to the long flagellar diverticulum, and attempts are very often subject to partial failure because the flagellar diverticulum itself tends to remain invaginated. Long series of males are needed to obtain a complete or even a partial but acceptable evertion, as it was in this case (18 males available, no full, nine partial, but only five acceptable partial evertions obtained).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D9794DA745BC4774BE264DD0FDDE1C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Even if the number of completely everted endophalluses belonging to taxa of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="393B0048670D044F8E5E7D9DF82F7249" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus Orthocyrtus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is still very few, it is possible to try to hypothesize the taxonomic value of this genitalic structure. From what we have observed, the flagellar diverticulum does not seem to have a species-specific morphology and is quite uniform both in shape and in length, in contrast, for example, to the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4752068A6B1B9112B2397E13C93AA625" authority="Artapocyrtus" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Artapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Artapocyrtus (Artapocyrtus)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Artapocyrtus">Artapocyrtus Artapocyrtus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bollino, Sandel & Yoshitake, 2019). What appears to have significant taxonomic value is the shape and presence/absence of the basal, baso-lateral, and median diverticula. In studying
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BFEFD3B058B64129886E688BB4BA408" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Orthocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="738CECC6113248D750B183F2397AACA0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Orthocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the rate of acceptable eversion of the endophallus is about 30% of the samples tested, and although it is possible to obtain a complete evertion in approximately 1% of the samples, it will still take a long time before we can reach conclusions that are not just working hypotheses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="824C24ABF1DA76D8B7C2772538C58033" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F830F400A2265D507A4A7249423A6B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Female.</emphasis>
|
||
Dimensions (in mm): LB 12.0-13.8 (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6B39E46AEF9F11F3E4E902BC2A929475" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 12.66), LR 2.0-2.2 (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F9D53FAD4F121DCB14C4D683F3A13420" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 2.12), WR 1.4-2.0 (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="49F37CF6FE36E392097AE53245512B70" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 1.57), LP 3.2-3.8 (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B520F54620702B24338BC44436CACCB2" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 3.56), WP 3.2-3.8 (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="59F315209B0EBC99B52F48462A2762E6" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 3.51), LE 8.9-10.0 (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EE4B49EC975FE348C54E71800A740ACC" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 9.14), WE 5.5-6.8 (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A126519581C16547AE023CC2ACEE62F1" originalValue="â">a</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 5.86).
|
||
<emphasis id="CECDFC2349E5D56E17D35F82E1E8AD3C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 15.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DE85CC8047EEAECCD8024BCC13CEA82F" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Habitus as shown in Figure
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2541009F16666D3E48306C1E8F0B370" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis sp. nov. A male holotype, dorsal view B female, dorsal view C ditto, male, lateral view D ditto, female, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529746" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">1D-F</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E50D200472AF96CE4EDA36EC505AEAF9" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Females differ from males by the following: a) head and rostrum mostly glabrous with only a few, sparse, yellow ochre, round scales and blue, hair-like scales on lateral and latero-ventral sides, b) pronotum slightly longer than wide in female (LP/WP 1.0), c) pronotum subglobular; thin, transverse, median band interrupted at middle, d) elytra subovate (LE/WE 1.47-1.62), slightly longer and wider (WE/WP 1.72-1.79, LE/LP 2.63-2.78) than male; stria I and II interruption at middle creating a subcircular, broad, glossy black spot without scales; e) ventrite 1 flattened or slightly convex on disc. Otherwise, femail similar to the male.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0F4680410C2346CEE99AE577BCBC2EB0" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C7ECB31B54AA4900E6CBE168F28D479D" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BAEAFDA9D563B5ABB5F3420E4C18D271" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
The specific epithet is named after Hiraku Yoshitake (Tsukuba, Japan) for his great contribution in the advancement of studies on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84D2C1BC105BCB4B4542265D6B0AB804" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Philippines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E22D8F4446D3F861BED20782FAD65782" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="CF693BA80E8DE8EBD62DF7F1443E4FCD" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0263570EB2CDA175CCEA530C741D46B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C7784D648FADB660FC9FA964C4E0F40" authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is known so far only from the province of Bukidnon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="169E0B69C0B35DF1CB9716E65E54F193" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="brief ecological notes">
|
||
<paragraph id="2F79FB907F65ED10543ED56D21857A54" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Brief ecological notes</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="633594466678E4F051F820DE62D1B07F" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08C6C47091AAD517F76BFEC535518A86" lsidName="M. (O.) davaoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="davaoensis" subGenus="O.">M. (O.) davaoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.nov. were collected on leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FD69C18EA176AE08C765E31F4F821760" authorityName="G. King" authorityYear="1886" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Swietenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Swietenia macrophylla" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2B97D34841D63A31EA7E2E45549EC72" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Swietenia macrophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
King (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="640F21BD50DA146BA87D2D6F400A8A2A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Meliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) at the ridge near Tamugan river in Calinan (Western part of Davao City) with an estimated altitude of 800 m (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="38E152D2971FAB802DA736030E010656" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat of Orthocyrtus spp. A O. davaoensis sp. nov in Davao City B O. hirakui sp. nov. in Lantapan, Bukidnon." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529750" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The biotope is a mix of secondary and agroforest. Barangay Calinan is characterized by rugged terrain and adjacent to several mountain ecosystems such as Mt. Carmen and Mt. Tamayong, with considerably higher elevation compared to the downtown area of Davao City. The river near where the new species was collected is quite pristine as evidenced by the presence of Odonates inhabiting only pristine fluvial systems such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88CBF618111E960BD9D3263FA8BCCD38" genus="Eupheae" lsidName="Eupheae amphicyana" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="amphicyana">
|
||
<emphasis id="8F5234C7BAD4C3DECEE9C069CB3E0C05" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Eupheae amphicyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ris, 1930 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23FF1BC94AA49ED1F1158F8627282C7D" authorityName="Hamalainen" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Calopterygidae" genus="Neurobasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neurobasis anumariae" order="Odonata" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anumariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="836387102FA7D7AE2E0F6129A7FEAC92" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Neurobasis anumariae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D5BC85BFE081AC78E0EBE5CC61D73102" originalValue="Hämäläinen">Haemaelaeinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1989. This biotope also has lush vegetation with several plants such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="38FB04B0E5E4DF6C67F724CA17935803" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Medinilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Medinilla" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CD8B7AB36ED37E9D6028EEDB5AF74E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Medinilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CDACB00740E05693C6AA146ECA2B101" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0029DDE5DA9535323311BC00FD4FEEC3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ficus" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B175FEE9C947369BE243C2EF6F94B5CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Ficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BC8195649F9C2838C976E3B7D80A52EE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71A270FBA75BF0DE42A9006A0084F468" class="Filicopsida" family="Cyatheaceae" genus="Cyathea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyathea" order="Cyatheales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Filicinophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B2E0174C99E26CA91BA5C63621FAE758" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Cyathea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C3B7A3361E338741966BC336DB7F5222" class="Filicopsida" family="Cyatheaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Cyatheales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Filicinophyta" rank="family">Cyatheaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C84296DCBD7F0A49EDEB372DCB33439" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bambusa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bambusa" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2612CDE9440513830B307570632A6D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Bambusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E5FB25A3B582C3AFAEAB3A6DA4CADA1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), among others. Despite the conversion of surrounding areas to maize and banana farms, it is still rich with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70F54D7CABD0577C0F74B40F07599C36" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
weevils particularly members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EAEDDF0C146EE61A3516C27E219AAE2C" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BB4E2F3241C181D592951F433B0272BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Some of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C1528941EAA9B296BE943FA7CF566B9" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="46BD273A25AA0E46D0F4038077B0139D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species documented within a radius of 500 meters from the banks of the river are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C1A1792CD7ED644F35A46C51574F42A" authorityName="Schultze" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Dolichocephalocyrtus) lineaticollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineaticollis" subGenus="Dolichocephalocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Dolichocephalocyrtus) lineaticollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schultze, 1925,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="722DF0151266BECA7DFAF5142E033A99" lsidName="M. (Dolichocephalocyrtus) bituberosus" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="bituberosus" subGenus="Dolichocephalocyrtus">M. (Dolichocephalocyrtus) bituberosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Heller, 1912,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="704E97C6AE4EE6DBD9609746E02FCA83" lsidName="M. (Trachycyrtus) apoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="apoensis" subGenus="Trachycyrtus">M. (Trachycyrtus) apoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schultze, 1925 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7C4F42A10067C882EACC7C5D0B82447" lsidName="M. (Trachycyrtus) adspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="adspersus" subGenus="Trachycyrtus">M. (Trachycyrtus) adspersus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Waterhouse, 1843. Compared with the aforementioned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA26B97400BA72B61B5C778F104DC9D" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="931C7A0501CC6B62108D720E058A652B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species which are abundant in the area, the new species is quite rare with only a few individuals documented. No species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B81699FC764B3EEE51CC277948549EE7" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyrhynchus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1B26719BAD914E035B5FC82BB6B4E16B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Pachyrhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were observed. Moreover, the discovery of this new species within the remaining green spaces of Davao City reiterates the importance of our urban green spaces as a remaining haven for different species of flora and fauna and calls for immediate conservation measures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="54204869C61C4FFB576C046C89092FA3" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529750" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph id="F016AE2CB9B4D9EAAC802293D4E68EC2" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="A68C26375A91261AE8D6FCF6DE266039" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A33C23C49F08CC7F5FC4794E242DFCC0" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Orthocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F5B43B61ECF6E7BF248465E3D66698" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Orthocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.
|
||
<emphasis id="E45F3106ED0C97AA604271D21404EE79" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">A</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FED9DD4D55586AB41B819102F2AE2AB4" lsidName="O. davaoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="davaoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C688F61E4036DECB08DC5FAAD557E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">O. davaoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov in Davao City
|
||
<emphasis id="ACD4738D70250303C816B0108452CB0F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C03C72608E049C6FFBDF5F799FC0CBDC" lsidName="O. hirakui" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="hirakui">
|
||
<emphasis id="329C626D1A23FE980705B7E131F471FD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">O. hirakui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. in Lantapan, Bukidnon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="FCE4E0E8039B7D90880656C0E6E3E0DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="19A96E49ACC687175236833F4AE44F0D" authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.nov., on the contrary, was abundant in a secondary forest with some old growth trees near Lantapan, with an elevation of approximately 1200 m (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="5D917C758E51EFD2380E5705E7EA0804" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat of Orthocyrtus spp. A O. davaoensis sp. nov in Davao City B O. hirakui sp. nov. in Lantapan, Bukidnon." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529750" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">5B</figureCitation>
|
||
) The new species was present all over the area and collected on several plants, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF95B2DBF3DC0018FCE8C70C61BA8AE2" class="Equisetopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Bridelia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bridelia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BCD2E8B9B041ACACFA0969E9ED073661" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Bridelia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A9E65852166C17083314825027FC08E9" class="Equisetopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Phyllanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="577D79575143AAAF6EC95D674DE6949A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Oleandra" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B48649974E73564DAAFE7BA10E5EE067" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Oleandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A3DED20FF0660E11231D89F0B343762" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Oleandraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBD27D7683C253BDA66F3963930E6F15" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Clerodendrum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Clerodendrum" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="63B0F4805ABD999C5B1E3114FBE2F8DF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Clerodendrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25B958A6D7370AA185CA0EE59D6E4A40" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Lamiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00A272B8C168D7CDF1DA846A65A8A32A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ageratum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ageratum conyzoides" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conyzoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B57F575B860C61E0A30E1F999D95169D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Ageratum conyzoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE1A71F05176512A9D023C3285E8EE35" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6118F0B5A314A1F8439134F6DAA44475" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Theaceae" genus="Camellia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Camellia" order="Guttiferales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9EB86790AC31E222E04798267BA9D4FF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Camellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F8667426D622D30F4744221E192CBE5" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Theaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Guttiferales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Theaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C40BB684F58A1A0B64C8CCB729192C8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Medinilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Medinilla" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F61AB7EF67117880C88FBF00229D457" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Medinilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF8DB844EC9D69B21E188993F3E8C5BA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="51099819431A39912681FD9B9BE36083" class="Filicopsida" family="Nephrolepidaceae" genus="Nephrolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nephrolepis" order="Polypodiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D39C98B180410E2FA5A03875675AEE82" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Nephrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="738C9B6819325B08E6EAEADDCB6807ED" class="Filicopsida" family="Nephrolepidaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="family">Nephrolepidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). However, they were more abundant along trails and open areas. As documented previously, the majority of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B12A28EDB42361EBF423EAF5B03A3BF0" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DC9C8B36730A67F5740988962C93E50A" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="629ADB4C720D042251D4C1DA2482057D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are often collected along trails and ridges which are either fully or partially exposed to the sun (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E30BBFB3DE482053322AE7B91A831376" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.853.30595" author="Cabras, A" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="119 - 129" refId="B7" refString="Cabras, A, Medina, MN, Zhang, G, 2019. Metapocyrtus kitangladensis sp. n., a new Pachyrhynchus cumingii GR Waterhouse, 1841 mimic from Mindanao Island, Philippines. ZooKeys 853: 119 - 129, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.853.30595" title="Metapocyrtus kitangladensis sp. n., a new Pachyrhynchus cumingii GR Waterhouse, 1841 mimic from Mindanao Island, Philippines." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.853.30595" volume="853" year="2019">Cabras et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The interior of the forest does not usually give an outstanding result in terms of collecting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15902F1119E46211A4FBAE975D0F4254" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="80E719164B4C2F26E070901E05A1F66B" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="notes on mimicry">
|
||
<paragraph id="1108ECDC9B0667A4F545C12DBE79251F" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Notes on mimicry</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26593DE737351C966ACE49865CB625C4" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Mimicry is well investigated in butterflies but far less understood in beetles which possess equally interesting mimetic patterns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D44EB01CE463EEE5E7CA878722FAF383" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341" author="Meyer, A" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B12" refString="Meyer, A, 2006. Repeating patterns of mimicry. PLoS Biology 4(10): e341. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341" title="Repeating patterns of mimicry. PLoS Biology 4 (10): e 341." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341" year="2006">Meyer 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The first record of mimicry among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F8F51B97FAC3BEC187BE81A629C8669F" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
was noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="805D8DF8A6D870FE0FB0B05AAAE49DFD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416" author="Wallace, AR" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan and Company, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B18" refString="Wallace, AR, 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the tTheory of Natural Selection, with some of its applications. Macmillan and Company, New York, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416" title="Darwinism: an exposition of the tTheory of Natural Selection, with some of its applications." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416" year="1889">Wallace (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who noticed sympatric species sharing the same integument colours and elytral patterns. This was also noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F9845625FAF7707BD790244EF4503AC" author="Schultze, W" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Journal of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="609 - 673" refId="B15" refString="Schultze, W, 1923. A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part I. The genus Pachyrrhynchus Germar. Philippine Journal of Science 23 (6): 609 - 673" title="A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part I. The genus Pachyrrhynchus Germar." volume="23" year="1923">Schultze (1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F6E6294F8AEAC8FD5C860DCB28CA658" author="Schultze, W" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Journal of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="131 - 310" refId="B16" refString="Schultze, W, 1925. A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part III. The genera Apocyrtidius Heller and Metapocyrtus Heller. Philippine Journal of Science 26 (10): 131 - 310" title="A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part III. The genera Apocyrtidius Heller and Metapocyrtus Heller." volume="26" year="1925">1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), who provided a list of 19 sympatric species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57E518859A79481DA5FFFA423AE66328" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyrhynchus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="19AEDF6CFB87D5A6949E8FF668EAF462" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Pachyrhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1C906C213D1738313D8911E5A161B29" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FE78D361923C8B2507CDF196B44FA2B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E458CED5AC26DD951237E678ACAA011D" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Doliops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doliops" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C888D529B91FB4BD5804262235A92F63" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Doliops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sharing the same coloration and patterns. He also reported 14 sympatric species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F3300E64EE39DDEF70046222F3CD2172" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F4A5095B167AA609E181AC18E48A5014" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, exhibiting very similar elytral patterns, which were only separable after a closer inspection of diagnostic characters such as the rostrum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E458D2AD2F4B2C490ADD57F6726256E" author="Schultze, W" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Journal of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="131 - 310" refId="B16" refString="Schultze, W, 1925. A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part III. The genera Apocyrtidius Heller and Metapocyrtus Heller. Philippine Journal of Science 26 (10): 131 - 310" title="A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part III. The genera Apocyrtidius Heller and Metapocyrtus Heller." volume="26" year="1925">Schultze 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A study by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="17A5F4D402AD6B8F03B73632530A6386" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091777" author="Tseng, HY" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Journal of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B17" refString="Tseng, HY, Lin, CP, Hsu, JY, Pike, DA, Huang, WS, 2014. The functional significance of aposematic signals: geographic variation in the responses of widespread lizard predators to colourful invertebrate prey. PLoS ONE 9(3): e91777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091777" title="The functional significance of aposematic signals: geographic variation in the responses of widespread lizard predators to colourful invertebrate prey. PLoS ONE 9 (3): e 91777." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091777" year="2014">Tseng et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that the diverse mimicry of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3EFED8B50EC21336043B81E7D51993FA" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
weevils are taking advantage of their coloration as aposematic signals in deterring predators, exploiting
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4CD1C6373A6F92AADADF9721327BD304" originalValue="predators’">predators'</normalizedToken>
|
||
visual system.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="697941B81837455B32A3732EB0C61EF1" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not possess toxins as in butterflies, but they do have a very hard elytra, which deter predators and act as a secondary defense of an aposematic insect (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A8743821811C9B55AB19E0DBA4D3DABD" author="Schultze, W" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Journal of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="609 - 673" refId="B15" refString="Schultze, W, 1923. A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part I. The genus Pachyrrhynchus Germar. Philippine Journal of Science 23 (6): 609 - 673" title="A monograph of the pachyrrhynchid group of the Brachyderinae, Curculionidae: part I. The genus Pachyrrhynchus Germar." volume="23" year="1923">Schultze 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2E42E3C671078BFD25AA9CA934DFBF5B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.172486" author="Wang, LY" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan and Company, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B19" refString="Wang, LY, Huang, WS, Tang, HC, Huang, LC, Lin, CP, 2018. Too hard to swallow: a secret secondary defence of an aposematic insect. Journal of Experimental Biology 221: jeb172486. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.172486" title="Too hard to swallow: a secret secondary defence of an aposematic insect. Journal of Experimental Biology 221: jeb 172486." url="https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.172486" year="2018">Wang et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD5659CD0C316499B7809CDF6F9B99FD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13346" author="de Jager, M" journalOrPublisher="Baltic Journal Coleopterology" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B10" refString="de Jager, M, Anderson, B, 2019. When is resemblance mimicry? Functional Ecology 33: 1586-1596. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13346" title="When is resemblance mimicry? Functional Ecology 33: 1586 - 1596." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13346" year="2019">de Jager and Anderson (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, mimicry can be confirmed using three conditions, namely "(1) characterizing a model, (2) identifying a receiver with a percept of said model, and (3) demonstrating that the receiver exerts selection on the mimic". This sympatric and allopatric convergence of colors and patterns has been greatly observed among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D5871DBAFDE3E4D478F38C7577CD9BD" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94174F3A1612E6E0234042403A573999" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Entiminae">Entiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
weevil groups such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3311AD7595DC5CFCCB3D94FEAABD5425" authorityName="Marshall" authorityYear="1939" class="Hexapoda" family="Curculionidae" genus="Alcidodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alcidodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="245DFFC149910CD8A028645E2144F3CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Alcidodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98C18CC4A47043A30F9666E4D2E22E62" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polycatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1E10184DEB718BB5B85F01D1740729B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Polycatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D60CC4DA868DA7B0F2C7343BB1B849" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1898" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Eupyrgops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eupyrgops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0A44FCDF2B43DF77A2613093FE28B5A7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Eupyrgops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8468FFF3974FD0D14F7B017EA0A21110" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Neopyrgops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopyrgops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE12C75C1EFA8A22839E0C1B59D7C5F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Neopyrgops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="43BC461D4AF82150920EFAA1B405257D" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Coptorhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptorhynchus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47A94CA20BE133D074DEA74CAF1740DF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Coptorhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the long-horned beetle
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F624931B7457ED1E420F4AC290FEAA2C" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Doliops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doliops" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AF87693D96763AAC8C10EB0F4726BABB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Doliops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which can be an outstanding example of the mimetic complex. This occurrence has also been observed among spiders, and other insects of the orders
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A4AE3EABAE26C29C5ACE3ED2B334C33F" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Heteroptera">Heteroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9C25532BBB2AF672DD775D11A8AA1F2" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which show superficial resemblance and body coloration and pattern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C08F5C7EC632B540F095AE9BF07FE84B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416" author="Wallace, AR" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan and Company, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B18" refString="Wallace, AR, 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the tTheory of Natural Selection, with some of its applications. Macmillan and Company, New York, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416" title="Darwinism: an exposition of the tTheory of Natural Selection, with some of its applications." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416" year="1889">Wallace 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Cabras et al. unpublished).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2DCAFF1E0C53257848A955F95510B7D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FD19FAAF2D18962C970A9BAD96AF33C" authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="davaoensis" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. was collected at nearly the same locality as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA5541D3B75F86A7D905CE34BD081B9C" lsidName="M. kitangladensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="kitangladensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDEA3B1B929D4D921F903B939B7A45F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">M. kitangladensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cabras, Medina & Zhang, 2019. This suggests a possible mimicry between these two species, for they have similar elytral markings. Photographic documentation suggests the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5F51DE11607E76392E79468FE0E40FF5" lsidName="M. (O.) davaoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="davaoensis" subGenus="O.">M. (O.) davaoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. in Marilog District, Davao City, where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DB09C0C98050C9D2D729D270899B65A" lsidName="M. kitangladensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="kitangladensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CF6A182E17DBEA4C2EF9E73F63367717" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">M. kitangladensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cabras, Medina & Zhang, 2019 was also documented. The importance of the geographic distribution of the model as the limiting factor for the effectiveness of the mimicry complex has already been established. As
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F11B764E588E236128803FD0317DA44B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00401.x" author="Ries, L" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="1798 - 1803" refId="B13" refString="Ries, L, Mullen, SP, 2008. A rare model limits the distribution of its more common mimic: a twist on frequency-dependent Batesian mimicry. Evolution 62 (7): 1798 - 1803, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00401.x" title="A rare model limits the distribution of its more common mimic: a twist on frequency-dependent Batesian mimicry." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00401.x" volume="62" year="2008">Ries and Mullen (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned "the advantage of mimicry does not extend beyond the range of the model", although allopatric convergence of colors has also been documented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ABC1E08A4C5EDFA59EA732D6370F636E" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="155954B18F25AA2DFE531FF9AC08568C" authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. belongs to a mimetic complex involving
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D04EA38865F15AB6A1CFC84EC043CB58" authorityName="Rukmane" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyrhynchus tikoi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tikoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="424FBF75DCDF38DE3AE6EEB708DF6D07" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Pachyrhynchus tikoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Rukmane, 2016,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A87436A346E226DDC5E4BE49BE457A5" authorityName="Barsevskis" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Doliops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doliops valainisi" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valainisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B717032D6E3515E024CACA893FC013A7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Doliops valainisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Barsevskis, 2013, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="439518AA5E83D52F8C0327753FA6864D" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polycatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycatus mimicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="86FB71761BD04247530C8BC1CE73CEBF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Polycatus mimicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bramanti, Bramanti, & Rukmane, 2020, with all species sharing a superficial resemblance. These four species were collected in an area of less than 500 m diameter and at times from the same plant.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A106E520F1D374ECC664C2D9A293B9E2" authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (O.) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="O.">Metapocyrtus (O.) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="919DEE30AE6CD5F6191F134D319D205A" lsidName="P. tikoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="tikoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="76EF0FCBC9D545DFD4BBFE371927B87D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">P. tikoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were very abundant in the secondary forest of Lantapan, Bukidnon, and could be easily interchanged due to their uncanny resemblance. Some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFC6892AC449A2505A71C05E45BF2700" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polycatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6103409269DDFAD6A1B718E9D3425763" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Polycatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have previously been recorded to possibly be part of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F4E1220070FAF4BFB477F0589763D56B" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
mimicry complex. Sometimes they exhibit a perfect mimicry, looking exactly like some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AA7C19AD4346E8C40524F202BE8CDB26" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
models, while at other times they exhibit imperfect mimicry and do not have exactly the same pattern. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78D062E55518FB30C65B06C42CD2CC39" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/9.4.409" author="Forsman, A" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="409 - 413" refId="B11" refString="Forsman, A, Appelsqvist, S, 1998. Visual predators impose correlational selection on prey color pattern and behavior. Behavioral Ecology 9 (4): 409 - 413, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/9.4.409" title="Visual predators impose correlational selection on prey color pattern and behavior." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/9.4.409" volume="9" year="1998">Forsman and Appelqvist (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, even only the superficial resemblance and coloration of the elytra of imperfect mimicry is enough to fool visual predators which mostly rely on patterns and coloration in their choice of prey.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C12264765FBB4E39AC68790AE30A708" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polycatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D646FAE81523BDA3B929EF73B91218D8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Polycatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C1B1310A491D7AF9E2131D7003001E0" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1826" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyrhynchini">Pachyrhynchini</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the rostrum which is entirely continuous with the head, the complete metepisternal suture, the distinct squamose scutellum, the definite epistome on the rostrum, and the antenna club which has the first joint much longer than the rest, together with its basal half narrowed into a conspicuous peduncle. As expected in this case of Batesian mimicry, mimics (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1B3620AECD92E942F6A64ACE1F8C9A1A" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polycatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycatus mimicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2A72873405A3CB3F8F2CDE27BBDDF4CA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Polycatus mimicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="108F2CAE4927FF1979EA1AA14F67A3AD" authorityName="Barsevskis" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Doliops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doliops valainisi" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valainisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B243033E7257D6223C3819B605A13451" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Doliops valainisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were much less numerous in the field than models (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F1B059EF047D33A82A716F7F745320D" authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED356D2BC875E7807EFB61F057A6317E" authorityName="Rukmane" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyrhynchus tikoi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tikoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="00A2ECE159F5424E97DA867696233ED3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Pachyrhynchus tikoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Rukmane 2016).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8D7719604CBAC8BD7CBEE7129975FB6F" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.63023.figures6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529751" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" start="Figures 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph id="2CBD72C4676E94F1809DB090C202A8A7" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="7002C3F4CCBFF86B9E5C6EA556C42166" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Figures 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Mimicry of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="288848B57E86F0A1D38ED7AED5C68CF4" authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="davaoensis" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C88EF6BD61CF0FD5A14AC114818F406F" authorityName="Cabras & Medina & Bollino" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="Orthocyrtus">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis id="35FF3C50AB0978532B5F6315F49CAE69" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">A</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A29D97527606C26A8652D7B13BACBBF3" lsidName="M. (O.) davaoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="davaoensis" subGenus="O.">M. (O.) davaoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis id="94A2A53566FB742FC38D609EDFA1AAF3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="12810E41037DB31116862C1476AA1245" authorityName="Cabras, Medina & Zhang" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Metapocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapocyrtus kitangladensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kitangladensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F05FC8896D2536E7BCEE149B4F9628B6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Metapocyrtus kitangladensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="BDA58E652D1B349831EC07CCDB02F1D4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">C</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4024A257D58B916033C1A3F50462CCC2" authorityName="Rukmane" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyrhynchus tikoi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tikoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C1348863E0D78C34D8E1180D85792383" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Pachyrhynchus tikoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="4922EE1B9AE867C775BFA5EFDFFB2040" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">D</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5EFC6CEE255E62A3D579F278B12D98B3" lsidName="M. (O.) hirakui" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="hirakui" subGenus="O.">M. (O.) hirakui</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.nov.
|
||
<emphasis id="5E39A17FB7A117574FBCAE22B2568E28" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">E</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3D7C64A9E37D3EB62E31BC0E9196BBC9" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polycatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycatus mimicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="707A8AFE16C858E0AF8A1ACA50E0C1B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Polycatus mimicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |