treatments-xml/data/59/4B/B0/594BB026DAA85E28B747321171344696.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979" ID-GBIF-Dataset="76562ff2-2873-403b-a74f-70cd4714c2d3" ID-PMC="PMC9848939" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1100-117" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D29651C9A22C599AB3DAC324D0032600" ID-PubMed="36760388" ID-ZooBank="7159C0092EE94F75BBFB54DC36840873" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1100-117" checkinTime="1652704264477" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Tropea, Gioele &amp; Parmakelis, Aristeidis" docDate="2022" docId="594BB026DAA85E28B747321171344696" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1100: 117-164" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1100" docPubDate="2022-05-16" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979" docTitle="Euscorpius stefaniae Tropea &amp; Parmakelis 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="D8A27F9B-258B-43B7-B27A-0D5F675FFEB1" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="D29651C9A22C599AB3DAC324D0032600" lastPageNumber="117" masterDocId="D29651C9A22C599AB3DAC324D0032600" masterDocTitle="Reconsideration of some populations of Euscorpius concinnus complex (Scorpiones, Euscorpiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="164" masterPageNumber="117" pageNumber="117" updateTime="1732710573114" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="55CB68D0DA0EC403DEDFD3059E56E733">Reconsideration of some populations of Euscorpius concinnus complex (Scorpiones, Euscorpiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="953F15D6830CA0AB10FE9EF5510ED6A1">Tropea, Gioele</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0EB06A1047245381648C7E0CFAD75D71">Via Gavinana 2, 00192 Rome, Italy</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="4D38736CE95D3ACFF202C452B4A00280" type="email">gioele.tropea@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="FFC5DF773F4274E74976EE09CAD62564">Parmakelis, Aristeidis</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="576D4F8A72F857DDF2BDB61D4C4CBAA0" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3092-4194</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="4F661788D630D9CE72D13D64EF58D6CA">Section of Ecology and Taxonomy, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, GR- 15772, Athens, Greece</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="594BB026DAA85E28B747321171344696" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195348475" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D8A27F9B-258B-43B7-B27A-0D5F675FFEB1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/594BB026DAA85E28B747321171344696" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" scope_family="Euscorpiidae" scope_order="Scorpiones" scope_subGenus="Euscorpius">
<subSubSection id="259A71D51F8581C4B39D72C8CD9BBE60" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="355C48661CF0986E7757CE42A8468CC8" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="4A963A22FDF1F7A6249C459A65558B6F" ID-CoL="992J7" LSID="http://zoobank.org/D8A27F9B-258B-43B7-B27A-0D5F675FFEB1" authority="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis, 2022" authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius stefaniae" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefaniae" status="sp. nov.">Euscorpius stefaniae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8A48BD5FEF3024353611385620F72B67" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="10274B09392C02C2A8AFFF6B49F5A40A" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="description">
<paragraph id="0B0837A3F826E488F87563BAB32795BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<figureCitation id="FC91A7D2C611D7FF995C2646986616CA" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Dorsal and ventral view of Euscorpius stefaniae sp. nov. male holotype. Scale bar: 4.00 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684440" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figs 13</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="AA2CEBAC2E99F168ACFD768EC133B13A" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Dorsal and ventral view of Euscorpius stefaniae sp. nov. female paratype. Scale bar: 4.00 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684441" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">, 14</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="14CDD9A9856E4CA344992C6A348F47C7" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Euscorpius stefaniae sp. nov. male holotype except Figs C and N, that are of a female paratype A carapace B external view of chela of adult male C external view of chela of adult female D ventral view of pedipalp patella E dorsal view of pedipalp patella F external view of pedipalp patella G ventral view of chela H dorsal view of chela I ventral view of metasomal segment V J lateral view of metasomal segment V K telson of adult male L telson of adult female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684442" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">, 15</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="D580F5EABFE4FB5B2DB74392000B719C" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Live specimens of Euscorpius stefaniae sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684443" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">, 16</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F22B720167D73E96A8EEDED2079A9DAF" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="type material">
<paragraph id="01C80F769AA3A7042C3001DF9F2F938C" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="995AAA421E7303E0AD9E4B6867BCD2B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="9100B76F8465AE6F52EA5BBB13C20BB2" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Holotype</emphasis>
: ♂, Italy, Veneto, Euganean Hills, August 2017, leg. S. Tropea, (GTC).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="58A1BC48B353767F639C1BBC23E85E21" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="742CB80BBB08519B7735FD00C2AF898A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="F2353E15C55F032D77EEACD1CF19B0BF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Paratypes</emphasis>
: Italy: Veneto
</emphasis>
: Euganean Hills, August 2017, leg. S. Tropea, 9 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀ paratypes (GTC); same data but August 2013, leg. S. Tropea, 2 ♂♂ imm., 3 ♀♀ (which 1 imm.) paratypes (GTC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0416D923155E2267FC343B07CB4CD7E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="other examined specimens">
<paragraph id="A06A1E3C2303B1C529EAF9F247597FED" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Other examined specimens</paragraph>
<paragraph id="21B658E6356BEE0207E070EBA63C0E15" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="CD87FD8ADAA04228F920DE7ED83C0E73" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">(not included in type series). Italy, Veneto</emphasis>
: Euganean Hills, 18 August 2012, leg. M. Fontana, 2 ♂♂ imm., 1 ♀ imm. (GTC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="50A8026412BD7CF94F70CEB341F8BF2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="686829AE4165F819817F982DD8BBE9AD" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="440C39DC9DCF3DB1D899692D35F26FD2" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">The specific epithet is in homage to the sister of the first author, Stefania Tropea, for her kind support and enthusiasm shown in several field trips.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A4E01B12E6D0DD8358E0EBB204E41B07" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="known geographic range">
<paragraph id="668CD33195B38E8F3E556E3EB7012BBC" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Known geographic range.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E4976420A7C26ECDA847ECFEDC5BDFAF" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Italy: Veneto (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="A54DA2395BD02EA9F3DD4D57D735A5ED" captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="F32" captionText="Figure 32. Maps of the known geographic ranges of the species treated herein." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684459" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">32</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CD5832E7EE283A29D5D99C22E2ADFF95" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="22DC05F772B17E007AD5250A8DEF1CAE" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D1D6C6206A333AF1D481C7DEDE791CA9" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Medium 
<taxonomicName id="B1DF769FD22CF9FCEE4EE6C9746F9364" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B70BEFB594F17639C1B306CA45587A55" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, total length 27-33 mm. The adults are usually blackish coloured, with more or less marked reddish brown marbling, in the less granulated areas, and chelae with fingers ranging from pale yellowish brown to dark reddish brown with blackish reticulation. Some specimens may be reddish brown. The number of trichobothria on the pedipalp manus ventral surface is four (V1-3 + Et1). Trichobothria est and dsb on fixed finger are respectively located distally and proximally to the notch of the fixed finger. The number of trichobothria on the pedipalp patella ventral surface usually is eight (in 81.67% of the pedipalps examined). The number of trichobothria on pedipalp patella external surface usually is: eb = 4, eba = 4, esb = 2, em = 4, est = 4, et = 6. The pectinal teeth number in males usually is nine (in 92.86% of the pectines examined) and in females mostly seven (seven or eight). Dorsal patellar spur well developed. Femur usually slightly shorter than patella. Carapace approximately as long as wide, but it can be both slightly longer and shorter. Carinae V1 follows an external direction to the trichobothria Et1, without forming a Y-shape. Spinules on legs ending with a Y-shape. Ventrolateral and ventromedian carina on metasomal segment V formed by small serrulated granules.
</paragraph>
<caption id="0EB9CB905816AFF9A0B925F5BAB865CF" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684440" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
<paragraph id="B70D362275D8BC051E86D82CBB1EC58B" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B2E4A487B26A47085063BD6EA49BE840" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 13.</emphasis>
Dorsal and ventral view of 
<taxonomicName id="035F1C67941707AE17955D345AF8AE4F" authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius stefaniae" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis id="644D560DE994AEB09E2570345282D214" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. male holotype. Scale bar: 4.00 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="027E8101085039C73E347BEB29EC9D64" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="trichobothrial and pectinal teeth count variation">
<paragraph id="894C8FDF92D126648D9DFF2CE5346FCB" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Trichobothrial and pectinal teeth count variation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E829AEDAEAFC86A0EF9F919A9678E9E" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">The variation observed in 30 examined specimens (14 ♂♂ and 16 ♀♀) is given below.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E0AB331C233DA3F936175FBCB10401BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Pectinal teeth in males (
<emphasis id="060F977B95B81850A46F1C147CF996F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">n</emphasis>
= 28): 9/9 (12), 9/10 (1), 10/9 (1); in total, 9 in 92.86% (26/28) and 10 in 7.14% (2/28); mean = 9.07, SD = 0.26.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D6DF9C0B11A19126FC06513BE656CE87" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Pectinal teeth in females (
<emphasis id="8A9456D83C13C226C3B75E9AAA86124A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">n</emphasis>
= 32): 7/7 (11), 8/7 (2), 8/8 (3); in total, 7 in 75% (24/32) and 8 in 25% (8/32); mean = 7.25, SD = 0.44.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0CCF6081159363886DF7DA72D342EB5B" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Pedipalp patella trichobothria Pv (
<emphasis id="5171377F630F12F6EA5E6836A4829AEB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">n</emphasis>
= 60): 7/7 (2), 7/8 (2), 8/6 (1), 8/7 (2), 8/8 (21), 8/9 (1), 9/8 (1); in total, 7 in 13.33% (8/60), 8 in 81.67% (49/60) and 9 in 3.33% (2/60); mean = 7.90, SD = 0.40.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EAD71FDB7410702B297C7C76EC17F289" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Pedipalp patella trichobothria Pe (
<emphasis id="F85AAB3B014C4909A1C1D668A7B488D7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">n</emphasis>
= 60): 
<emphasis id="5E86EF4C4C19AD0A3390B540F79F6FAE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">et</emphasis>
= 5/5 (2), 6/1 (1), 6/5 (2), 6/6 (23), 6/7 (1), 7/7 (1); in total, 5 in 10% (6/60), 6 in 83.33% (50/60) and 7 in 5% (3/60), mean = 5.95, SD = 0.39;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3DB153117C7E0C4AC1AF95EC3D3E6103" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">est = 2/4 (1), 3/2 (1), 3/3 (1), 3/4 (1), 2 (4/3), 4/4 (24); em = 3/3 (1), 3/4 (1), 4/3 (1), 4/4 (27); esb = 2/2 (30); eba = 3/3 (1), 4/3 (1), 4/4 (28); eb = 4/3 (1), 4/4 (27), 4/5 (1), 5/4 (1).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C6D2C59778D61A9772B693E5163AF02C" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="description">
<paragraph id="E1D4230917420B33D7395E259E02AD44" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Description of the male holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="93BD87319660DE491FBD0F7800C850D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B65E4EDDC00AE53724BB1FB0F45BF608" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="5E7493BBF60D5729424611851C6C21EF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Colouration</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
A general black base colour with more or less marked paler marbling or reticulation, reddish brown, in the less granulated areas, especially of the metasoma, legs, pedipalps and chelicerae; telson mostly black with two ventrally longitudinal pale brown stripes and one for each side, with yellowish pale brown sting; pale brown chelicerae with dark brown reticulation; chelae with fingers ranging from pale yellowish brown to dark reddish brown with blackish reticulation; legs with almost completely yellowish tarsus, the basitarsus and tibia are especially internally yellowish with dark blackish brown marbling, the patella and femur are mostly dark with paler marbling; pectines and genital operculum yellowish; sternites range from almost completely black to the most distal to yellowish marbled brown of the most proximal.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7EDDF5EC8F5CB5668DF66541401D3A63" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684441" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
<paragraph id="405E008EAE18CBB5F0137713B924D6D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="927C19D87993826F1413749AA91A666F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 14.</emphasis>
Dorsal and ventral view of 
<taxonomicName id="441A818E9BA9A8820A1F4A500F8D6C0D" authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius stefaniae" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis id="639796DA3A70DDEF355EFC4A4916D348" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. female paratype. Scale bar: 4.00 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6F6E248493949AF86D9A371EE941BC78" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B858DC67AEFF4164D612161B738C46F4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="C3EC8C482D8C1D971C332C5EE5698901" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Carapace</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Almost completely covered by a dense granulation; anterior edge is mostly straight and granulate; deep posterior lateral furrows; two pairs of lateral eyes, and a pair of median eyes; length from centre of median eyes to anterior margin is 44% of carapace length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2AB7E9546E34B7328536E0DD9F7A6000" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="08B33724791F32078FCD78E7B165CF57" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="E4FF763448CB3FE9E5916418D95E89F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Mesosoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The tergites are thickly granulated; sternites glossy and finely punctuated; small spiracles inclined to ~ 45° downward towards outside.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A1AE3F5BC1D7559A6D0F1BFB0CBC73B" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="A440F1D428112A1A870F494C6E60AD90" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="06D062E1DD074340EFCA6D88974CD52E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Metasoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Dorsal carinae on segments I-IV with spaced granules; ventrolateral carinae on segment I absent, on segment II and III smooth or obsolete, on segments IV rouge, on segment V slightly serrulated granules are present; ventromedian carinae absent on segment I-IV, on segment V it consists of small, slightly serrulated granules; intercarinal surfaces are mostly finely granulated with some area, especially those of paler colour, smooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6CFAD1EFB8E6C05DC63E888FD2526609" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="05047C590C92A9BE803DBCCDD0E51BD1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="58E3CFC4B06909ECEB633D90EBAA0B6E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Telson</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Vesicle mostly smooth, with ventral setae of different size, especially near the vesicle/aculeus juncture.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D20BE38520C7F0E2692C7FE2A0E95D83" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="A9A2B892E0C41BB469BAEAAD9CDB51C6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="A17AD5112EB0BF819E558B7A54DEC747" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Pectines</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Teeth number 9/9; middle lamellae number 6/5; several microsetae on proximal area of teeth, marginal lamellae, and middle lamellae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="458692FA4AFE22FCB3EBFB3587F735F5" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="00AC435C2F9D25F36522CCD5282F7DED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="03251A3B9AF292805AB795CB49AE316D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Genital operculum</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The genital operculum is formed by two longitudinally devised subtriangular sclerites with genital papillae protruding.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D3C7B10FBEFB17DEA04DDE97B5AE067C" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="68FAD060BA471B176AD40FEFA898ED95" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="D12B1B143DC21DF48D38BF4413F0E2E7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Sternum</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Pentagonal shape, type 2; slightly wider than long, with a deep posterior emargination.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C5F2284A678F58E13F0093AA75DCF001" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="005A92F7E87048C6C7FC5A5BF976FBFB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="C7E88899FE695DF03B47C85F1C24F866" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Pedipalps</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Coxa and trochanter with tuberculated carinae. Femur: dorsal internal and external and ventral internal carinae tuberculated; irregular ventral external carinae formed by tubercles just on 1/3 or 1/4 of femur length; external median carinae formed by lightly serrulated tubercles; anterior median carinae formed by some spaced conical tubercles with three macrosetae; intercarinal spaces granulated. Patella: dorsal and ventral internal carinae tuberculated; ventral external carinae crenulated; dorsal external carinae slightly crenulated to rough; intercarinal surfaces finely granulated, especially on the dark reticulations near the carinae. Dorsal patellar spur well developed. Chela: chelal carina D1 is distinct, strong, dark and smooth with a few tubercles proximally; D4 is rounded with a few spaced granules; V1 is distinct, strong, dark, from rough to smooth, following an external direction to the trichobothria Et1; V3 is rounded with scattered granules; external carina granulated; intercarinal tegument granulated; the fixed and movable fingers with little marked notch and lobe, respectively.
</paragraph>
<caption id="F5222888DDC5837C267F8FBB19EA0956" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684442" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
<paragraph id="01556AA3ACA3AD91AB23D51985B2B1A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="216C1288CB3CF6116025CFDF8BDAAA4D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="827E0B26941FCC5835890D407C8FBACE" authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius stefaniae" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis id="ADB5079C19322A9616F427D2E41554BB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. male holotype except Figs 
<emphasis id="AA733D5C571241E1689BE908D3601CB5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">C</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="8AA2B9C670BBDF6609C97EB0ED097E82" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">N</emphasis>
, that are of a female paratype 
<emphasis id="0FE87E7FA2BE6F17C6B32B17E2A0E311" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">A</emphasis>
carapace 
<emphasis id="23FDA25832EFB8D19A50E51D4BB8F06B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">B</emphasis>
external view of chela of adult male 
<emphasis id="CDC60F659D19B5ECD39A07F082109ACF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">C</emphasis>
external view of chela of adult female 
<emphasis id="82963B9576E2451AD2CA986BCDE780F5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D</emphasis>
ventral view of pedipalp patella 
<emphasis id="CEC04FFD565B5E66AF4204F42F8677D8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E</emphasis>
dorsal view of pedipalp patella 
<emphasis id="1FED29F7E4B70C338D111B18CD37A822" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">F</emphasis>
external view of pedipalp patella 
<emphasis id="9ED023833BEA5A7E8070546E15E30F7A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">G</emphasis>
ventral view of chela 
<emphasis id="512D1A760B1BA1C99CC38A7E9A0F705F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">H</emphasis>
dorsal view of chela 
<emphasis id="3056C074C3390F6C33D297A775FCBB45" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">I</emphasis>
ventral view of metasomal segment V 
<emphasis id="7B96D7C33A101133595E695DE910C422" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">J</emphasis>
lateral view of metasomal segment V 
<emphasis id="511BA361C7BA5682764F8E1D5FDCA7A7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">K</emphasis>
telson of adult male 
<emphasis id="83657AFBDF466D6E16025804C75F9BC7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">L</emphasis>
telson of adult female.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B45025AD88E49E811F8B42DF79560750" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="FA2A58ABF10B8E145BF06B1F72C0A4B8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B682792C754B5679819E890FCEE7245A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Finger dentition</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
In the most distal part is present a DD on the tip; MD is formed by very small denticles closely spaced forming an approximately straight line, discontinued at level of the OD; fixed finger has 6/6 OD and 11/12 ID; movable finger has 8/8 OD and 16/16 ID.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D1928B4834D1425EFCBA1229B2893AD4" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="407A09A32FCF0B2952F9D882EBFA4831" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="97A73C006E4583285126BE848E63CD1B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Trichobothria</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Chela: trichobothria on the pedipalp manus ventral surface V = 3/3 (V1-3) + Et1 = 1/1; trichobothrium V4 situated on the external surface of the chela carina near the carina V1; trichobothrium ratio of et-est/est-dsb is ~ 1. Patella: Pv = 8/8; et = 6/6, est = 4/4, em = 4/4, esb = 2/2, eba = 4/4, eb = 4/4. Femur: trichobothrium d is slightly proximal to i, while trichobothrium e is well distal to both d and i, and situated on dorsal surface on dorsal external carina.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E1C85337BE0DFE7278ADB8EB76CB341" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="81840AF6C3F96CF839CABC2D7FEA06A0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="DE310CA3FDD04C06AE0B3EF1D1781D6C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Legs</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Two pedal spurs present; no tarsal spur; ventral row of tarsus with a total of 9/12 spinules on leg III, of increasing size from proximal to distal, ending with a Y-shape; three main flanking tarsal setae present. Tubercles present on ventral and dorsal surface of all leg femora.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C97B37DBE6A50B07B654ED247C0F54BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="D0274C8DFC3F45CA268B94E36FEA783F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="25B36BF3C7FD3C57288C58637166A38B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Chelicerae</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Typical of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="5C344679EE153BBE9809BD8C182D69A0" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="74CB80738F9843CFC7265C4BF5A8EBEB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="396B0C66B05F94058B979E3231425C0D" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="description">
<paragraph id="01053C71B72D173BEF26CAADF8BD6107" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Description of the hemispermatophore.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E251CA1EB3A89004D596DC390D463A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Type A. It has a well-developed lamina tapered distally; well-developed basal constriction present; truncal flexure present; median projection with lde, ldi, and lb; internal projection distally with seven or eight tines in its crown. The number and the shape of tines of the crown varied between specimens and between the right and the left hemispermatophores.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="44B9C03789BD17EC266E5DA533E8139C" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="comments">
<paragraph id="19F3098FF7163EAEAE91D91E91FDAC83" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C96B2AB61F6663F60273D5747066E6A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="46B07041CCA89383FD9CD35F9E4A8500" authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius stefaniae" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis id="07137907F02F275DA02B56C7D022E8DD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is the only species of 
<taxonomicName id="D4CD8F5565E95A20B68C290BA29F4CAC" lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis id="CCDFCCAA7841F06FE28079121B97A2E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group occurring in northeastern Italy. In fact, to the east of this 
<normalizedToken id="6C1E13A152FEF7E385E425D546591E8E" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
range, the genus 
<taxonomicName id="8EBEA0E3BD6217CAFD4EBB3D6DE5A02C" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="552EBC398AA6480D70BC721A686E051B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s. str. is mostly represented by 
<taxonomicName id="9415FA75C239827F20F25AD8E4F9A423" lsidName="E. tergestinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="tergestinus">
<emphasis id="98D930DD317F7F071ABCB715D0DEEA7E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. tergestinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the most phylogenetically closely related species to 
<taxonomicName id="E7C2FB8FBA324BAE1F2F0F4436F99E07" lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis id="59FC476FAA980807C9FE963A3FA625BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. This might suggest that 
<taxonomicName id="412601925FE48F59B6C05ED8EEF793A1" lsidName="E. stefaniae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis id="639B1D58A6613E2D81BC836FB60E5329" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. could be the most basal species of the latter species group, given that the dispersal and speciation of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="E99F01BCA97262418881A617B0A1B2EB" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5BCA18DB65944EC2614FB001D9BD853B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s. str. seems to have proceeded in the direction from east to west. The dispersal and speciation probably continued westwards, following the Prealps and then the Apennines toward the south, which were the only possible dispersal routes since the relatively recent Padan Plain did not exist at that time. 
<taxonomicName id="4D55CAE3060EFC9F36E0E74E79881372" authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius stefaniae" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis id="F67F463BFD91EF0E455FF8D468CCF015" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. could be a relict species, and the others species of the 
<taxonomicName id="31E909CBE5AFBA720EAF36E28CE3B795" lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">E. concinnus</taxonomicName>
group speciated and colonised new areas approximately at the same period, but at a later time than 
<taxonomicName id="260D0B9B6B9D9554A1EB9D302D22F9B7" lsidName="E. stefaniae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis id="09ECAE28608A5CDE66C98F5B396A4952" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., after the extinction of the ancestral population from most areas, as suggested by the 16S phylogeny (not shown here). However, in the concatenated tree inferred with 16S + COI markers, the most basal species, placed after 
<taxonomicName id="F8102A80C48871E21391E5A0F2274C12" lsidName="E. tergestinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="tergestinus">
<emphasis id="4414C8D2755DFC7144D6D11CD80036EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. tergestinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is 
<taxonomicName id="5DE4861EEE9379160ED68545152B5A2C" lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis id="6D12911AC058CBBA67BC10AF8B5791CC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with 
<taxonomicName id="F3707DCA4314695E137577619BD63D4E" lsidName="E. stefaniae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis id="302ADF56D3B7CD0ED8C3A0B3726891D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. in the apical position. This could be explained by the extinction of all ancestral populations in the north, and then the subsequent dispersal and speciation from areas, for example, of Tuscany. 
<taxonomicName id="6CB7C871ADCC36586075B16989212553" authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius stefaniae" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis id="5C8124210BDD9AE77A963A23334D6CA5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is well separated from the other species of 
<taxonomicName id="250525730921697A0BF5C0078329D27A" lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis id="A0FDA6F9C64B6C5659CC431467D9EF3F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group with a divergence in 16S of 3.1%-4.2%, almost equal to that between 
<taxonomicName id="8B1926881F57C3CBC7F50D196E0B6039" lsidName="E. tergestinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="tergestinus">
<emphasis id="8537BDE89D9C3A780A759E7A5F2D4888" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. tergestinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="EA4D92A3D0CDA092D4204EB87BC1E112" lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis id="1F617E1F2A7C86E592A184E8B45A84E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Morphologically, like the remaining species of the 
<taxonomicName id="10C1E1D5DF36990B9C999F3630F74B5E" lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis id="072F6599C9A4432461EAE65539F53AC5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and the numerous cryptic species complexes described in recent years, 
<taxonomicName id="5287522ADDD0E91485C0BE23DEE93726" lsidName="E. stefaniae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis id="05C57DC3E6D5591DD601D4DABAB4E83F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is difficult to distinguish without knowing its origin and having a large sample size. However, it has morphological characters that show a good separation from other related species: 
<taxonomicName id="69CA158FC6A314E264FFFA4A123CECF1" lsidName="E. stefaniae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis id="029D77164CD15489CC3578760F068197" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. has the highest mean Dp in males (9.07) and the highest percentage of Dp = 9 (92.86%). The related species, on average, range from 8.05 to 8.25 except 
<taxonomicName id="B3F918B5B4B54FB5269344BA76D64596" lsidName="E. niciensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="niciensis">
<emphasis id="AD733DBFFA54AD65BFFC0BD107B0B0D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. niciensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stat. nov., which has an average of 8.72, and Dp = 9 ranging from 10.46% to 19.64%, except 
<taxonomicName id="4BF2E2EF434B23852058ECC2B0BBDB10" lsidName="E. niciensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="niciensis">
<emphasis id="6530873CFC0E3365F68261FBAD63465D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. niciensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stat. nov. which has 60.26%, a much lower value. Also, the average is higher in females compared to the other 
<taxonomicName id="812A0F16121CD9B9918F84F7A9E50A4F" lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis id="DBD1D903CB9F1A66372F753155595A75" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group species, but not significantly. Another interesting value in this species is Pv = 8 in 81.67%. In fact, although considered a typical value for the 
<taxonomicName id="2BDADD6EEE9124D5CFAE7134D51E460B" lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis id="F7548821B39027DE91317E9F0AEF9FE2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, this species has the higher percentage with this number than the other species which have values ranging from 25% to 65%.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5E255E8221FB8B2FA0229D9BE5DC3A92" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684443" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
<paragraph id="6FA031DCB84D8150AE07171FCE3B6774" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="D27FDE669A534A326B9B501C28FE06A2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 16.</emphasis>
Live specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="A9702D56861D9BBC310DE0FF27AED499" authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius stefaniae" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis id="AB0B6994EDFFE115635EE646A2C3C3C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="73174C81BDEBAEEDBE239389EEC5A5DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">The Euganean Hills are a group of hilly reliefs of volcanic origin with a height ranging from ~ 200-600 m, which rises almost isolated to the southwest of Padua. The climate and microclimates on the Euganean Hills can vary greatly depending on the area. They can be mainly divided into sub-Mediterranean, typical of the south-facing slopes, and sub-mountain typical of the north-facing slopes. Depending on the slope and area, the woods can be quite humid. The specimens were found mostly under stones in the less humid areas and mostly under bark in the more humid areas.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>