202 lines
20 KiB
XML
202 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="6E267FC2C9A0C4718E9E6554CD5E55B3" ID-CLB-Dataset="83716" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6376899" ID-GBIF-Dataset="649319d4-ab3a-4291-ab8e-cae1442a76ec" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376899" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1647967603699" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="5923B2744643C820E2FCC990FE339EF4" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Felidae_0054.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Otocolobus manul" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="161" masterDocId="A51ACA0C4660C803E273C83BFFCE9776" masterDocTitle="Felidae" masterLastPageNumber="168" masterPageNumber="54" pageNumber="161" updateTime="1699318466169" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="AB82DB558DCEB6C55F5BD21E1A83717E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3AC5AA6BBC26A813AC0857F693D5C452">
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<mods:title id="8D4F5718823ED4FC5AF7B57585F2802F">Felidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5E3F62CBCABF552F7C57C9BB31392759" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2C5C7CD907F54B5B4485AB6AAE9144A0">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="C3C19F0F62927FD7237916DD0CB9EC8B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="699300F672D446621092036AD95259DB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3B249A69959426DC4CE12B283843A380">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="256E45232BE02F764213C8B7C9AEF737">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="FAE68502246D045F707586F5DE3D4E98">2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="95F03E239871C0D8308AFFEA0C453AD4" type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="53EB750C71030D90E07B0FD4F78AB02D">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="87ADFCEAA2C9DA9AF152516B96C18338">
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<mods:placeTerm id="B9CC646ED0B2743D5E261501CACD4EE7">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="2657D907FC5B8075BA3F4AC0E1777EE8">
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<mods:title id="30B10B052AD1646F1C0B12FB9B41F032">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="CB736A44A6490437BCBBEBBE140FD285">
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<mods:extent id="0835AC22459129F07EB36022728844EE" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="C19B0CFDAA566557EF2E731B0E799E96">54</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="481A951799B3712C362E5620FA39333F">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4BBD58400AFD73485950800492FAC885" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5923B2744643C820E2FCC990FE339EF4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6772752" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196367010" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6772752" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5923B2744643C820E2FCC990FE339EF4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5923B2744643C820E2FCC990FE339EF4" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E2FCC990FF0996A3" box="[143,199,427,469]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E2FCC990FF0996A3" blockId="35.[140,800,427,549]" box="[143,199,427,469]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<heading id="8A7DB40E4643C820E2FCC990FF0996A3" box="[143,199,427,469]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<figureCitation id="49B11FE74643C820E2FCC990FF0996A3" box="[143,199,427,469]" captionStart="Plate 9: Felidae" captionStartId="35.[143,173,3430,3455]" captionTargetBox="[16,2789,19,3636]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="28. Pallas’s Cat (Otocolobus manul), 29. Rusty-spotted Cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus), 30. Flat-headed Cat (Prionailurus planiceps), 31. Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), 32. Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376992" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376992/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">28.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E2ABC990FE7096A3" box="[216,446,427,469]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E2ABC990FE7096A3" blockId="35.[140,800,427,549]" box="[216,446,427,469]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<heading id="8A7DB40E4643C820E2ABC990FE7096A3" box="[216,446,427,469]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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||
<vernacularName id="5F89734C4643C820E2ABC990FE7096A3" box="[216,446,427,469]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Pallas’s Cat</vernacularName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E3BCC990FCEE96A3" box="[463,800,427,469]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E3BCC990FCEE96A3" blockId="35.[140,800,427,549]" box="[463,800,427,469]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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||
<heading id="8A7DB40E4643C820E3BCC990FCEE96A3" box="[463,800,427,469]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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||
<taxonomicName id="168A78E14643C820E3BCC990FCEE96A3" ID-CoL="4B7BN" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[463,800,427,469]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Otocolobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manul">
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E3BCC990FCEE96A3" box="[463,800,427,469]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Otocolobus manul</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E2FDC9DCFD899555" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E2FDC9DCFD45968A" blockId="35.[140,800,427,549]" box="[142,651,487,508]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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||
<heading id="8A7DB40E4643C820E2FDC9DCFD45968A" box="[142,651,487,508]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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||
<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E2FDC9DCFF15968A" bold="true" box="[142,219,487,508]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="5F89734C4643C820E297C9DCFED1968A" box="[228,287,487,508]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Manul</vernacularName>
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||
/
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E345C9DCFE5F968A" bold="true" box="[310,401,487,508]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="5F89734C4643C820E3E9C9DCFE1B968A" box="[410,469,487,508]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Manul</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E398C9DCFD88968A" bold="true" box="[491,582,487,508]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="5F89734C4643C820E023C9DCFD45968A" box="[592,651,487,508]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Manul</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E2FDCA35FD899555" blockId="35.[140,800,427,549]" box="[142,583,526,547]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<heading id="8A7DB40E4643C820E2FDCA35FD899555" box="[142,583,526,547]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E2FDCA35FE4A9555" bold="true" box="[142,388,526,547]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="5F89734C4643C820E3FDCA35FE029555" box="[398,460,526,547]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Manul</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="5F89734C4643C820E3AACA35FD899555" box="[473,583,526,547]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Steppe Cat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E087CA6FFB3A9507" box="[756,1268,596,625]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E087CA6FFB3A9507" blockId="35.[756,1345,596,1018]" box="[756,1268,596,625]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E087CA6FFC5E9507" bold="true" box="[756,912,596,625]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="168A78E14643C820E1D3CA6FFB219507" ID-CoL="3DXVG" authority="Pallas, 1776" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1776" box="[928,1263,596,625]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manul">Felis manul Pallas, 1776</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E776CA6FFBC995EE" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E776CA6FFBC995EE" blockId="35.[756,1345,596,1018]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<materialsCitation id="61E2093F4643C820E776CA6FFBC995EE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3819684322" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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S of Lake Baikal,
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24643C820E1D9CA44FBCD95EE" box="[938,1027,639,664]" name="Russia" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Russia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E086CAA5FB5E95C9" box="[757,1168,670,703]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E086CAA5FB5E95C9" blockId="35.[756,1345,596,1018]" box="[757,1168,670,703]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Three subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E086CAF1FE90933F" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="distribution">
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<caption id="85F553EA4643C820E086CAF1FE90933F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376961" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376961/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" targetBox="[142,733,601,1015]" targetPageId="35">
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<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E086CAF1FB4A9591" blockId="35.[756,1345,596,1018]" box="[757,1156,714,743]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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||
<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E086CAF1FB4A9591" bold="true" box="[757,1156,714,743]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E08ACACAFC9E942B" blockId="35.[756,1345,596,1018]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<taxonomicName id="168A78E14643C820E08ACACAFBAD9478" authority="Pallas, 1776" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1776" box="[761,1123,753,782]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Otocolobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="manul" subSpecies="manul">O. m. manul Pallas, 1776</taxonomicName>
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— Lake Baikal region S through
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24643C820E18CCB2FFB4B9443" box="[1023,1157,788,821]" name="Mongolia" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
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to N & NW
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24643C820E085CB07FC82942B" box="[758,844,828,861]" name="China" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">China</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E08ACB58FB85948C" blockId="35.[756,1345,596,1018]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<taxonomicName id="168A78E14643C820E08ACB58FB7494F2" authority="Ognev, 1928" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1928" box="[761,1210,867,900]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Otocolobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="manul" subSpecies="ferrugineus">O. m. ferrugineus Ognev, 1928</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24643C820E686CB58FC9E94DA" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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S to
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24643C820E1D6CBA8FC1394DA" box="[933,989,915,940]" name="Iran" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Iran</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24643C820E65CCBA8FB6B94DA" box="[1071,1189,915,940]" name="Pakistan" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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, including lowlands S of the Caucasus and W of the Caspian Sea to
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24643C820E1B9CBE2FB89948C" box="[970,1095,985,1018]" name="Armenia" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Armenia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E2E2CC3AFE90933F" blockId="35.[140,1346,1025,2434]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<taxonomicName id="168A78E14643C820E2E2CC3AFD879354" authority="Hodgson, 1842" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1842" box="[145,585,1025,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Otocolobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="manul" subSpecies="nigripectus">O. m. nigripectus Hodgson, 1842</taxonomicName>
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— Kashmir to
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24643C820E167CC3AFCA69354" box="[788,872,1025,1058]" name="Nepal" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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, the Tibetan highlands, and E to C & SW
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24643C820E377CC13FE94933F" box="[260,346,1064,1097]" name="China" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">China</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E2FDCC74FC2592F5" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="description">
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<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E2FDCC74FC2592F5" blockId="35.[140,1346,1025,2434]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E2FDCC74FE4B9306" bold="true" box="[142,389,1103,1136]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 46-65 cm,tail 20.6-31 cm; weigh 2.5-4.
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<quantity id="1672AE874643C820E62CCC74FB509306" box="[1119,1182,1103,1136]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" unit="kg" value="5.0">5 kg</quantity>
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. Coat color variable from silvery-buff to orange red. Winter coat is grayer and less patterned than summer coat. A compact, shortlegged felid with long, dense fur. Thick, bushy tail marked with five or six narrow black rings and a broad black tip. Small, rounded ears are set low on the sides of the broad head. Backs of ears are buff, grayish, or rust. Forehead and top of head marked with black spots. Two parallel black stripes extend downward from eyes to the cheeks. Race ferrugineus is often reddish and has the fewest stripes and nigipectus has the most pronounced stripe pattern.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E2FDCDB1FE6F913E" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E2FDCDB1FE6F913E" blockId="35.[140,1346,1025,2434]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E2FDCDB1FF3292DD" bold="true" box="[142,252,1418,1451]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Steppe and semi-desert areas with rock outcrops and talus slopes.
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<collectingRegion id="134ECD804643C820E6D1CDB1FB1892DD" box="[1186,1238,1418,1451]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Not</collectingRegion>
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usually found in areas with continuous snow cover, or in areas where snow depths exceed
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<quantity id="1672AE874643C820E752CD82FF77928F" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
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, as it has difficulty moving in loose, deep snow. Dens, which may be in a rock crevices, marmot burrows, or under a boulder, are used year round. High altitude steppe up to 3000-4000 m.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E2FDCE75FDA891C8" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E2FDCE75FDA891C8" blockId="35.[140,1346,1025,2434]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E2FDCE75FE5A9119" bold="true" box="[142,404,1614,1647]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Diet consists mainly of pikas, gerbils, voles, and hamsters, ground squirrels, hares, sandgrouses, and partridges. Stalks or ambushes prey near rocks and burrows.
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<collectingRegion id="134ECD804643C820E363CEA6FE8A91C8" box="[272,324,1693,1726]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Not</collectingRegion>
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adapted to running.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E2FFCEFFFDFA907B" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E2FFCEFFFDFA907B" blockId="35.[140,1346,1025,2434]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E2FFCEFFFEB99193" bold="true" box="[140,375,1732,1765]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Hunts mainly at dusk and in the early morning. Often seen basking outside its den during the day.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E2FDCF28FBF89042" box="[142,1078,1811,1844]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E2FDCF28FBF89042" blockId="35.[140,1346,1025,2434]" box="[142,1078,1811,1844]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E2FDCF28FC869042" bold="true" box="[142,840,1811,1844]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Nothing known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E2FDCF01FE929F56" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E2FDCF01FE929F56" blockId="35.[140,1346,1025,2434]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E2FDCF01FEDA902D" bold="true" box="[142,276,1850,1883]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Birth dens found in rock crevices or abandoned burrows of foxes and marmots. Dens contain bedding composed of plants, rodent skins, feathers, and prey remains. Mating occurs in February and March, accompanied by frequent vocalizations. Period of sexual receptivity is short, 26 to 42 hours. Gestation about 66-75 days, and 4-6 kittens are born in April and May. Kittens weigh 80-90 g at birth, 500-600 g at two months of age.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E2FDC01DFBFD9E7A" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E2FDC01DFBFD9E7A" blockId="35.[140,1346,1025,2434]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E2FDC01DFE219F31" bold="true" box="[142,495,2086,2119]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Widely distributed but uncommon. Hunting prohibited in most countries in its range but the species is still illegally hunted forits pelt. Habitat destruction and poisoning to control pika populations also threaten it. Unstudied in the wild until recently, when they were captured and radio-collared as part of a veterinary study to characterize parasite load and physiologic and genetic parameters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="999050E94643C820E2FCC124FE339EF4" pageId="35" pageNumber="161" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="D13503624643C820E2FCC124FE339EF4" blockId="35.[140,1346,1025,2434]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<emphasis id="E3FEDF704643C820E2FCC124FEEB9E42" bold="true" box="[143,293,2335,2356]" pageId="35" pageNumber="161">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Brown & Munkhtsog (2000), Heptner & Sludskii (1992a), Mellen (1993), Murdoch et al. (2006), Nowell & Jackson (1996), Roberts (1977), Schauenberg (1978), Sunquist & Sunquist (2002), Wang Zongyi & Wang Sung (1986), Weigel (1972).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |