440 lines
65 KiB
XML
440 lines
65 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.6" ID-ISSN="2624-2834" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7333729" ID-ZooBank="1665808E-F970-48D3-B35D-2FB684E79FA3" approvalRequired="5" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="2" approvalRequired_for_treatments="3" checkinTime="1668767059916" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="PARKER, JOSEPH" docDate="2022" docId="0E239B5CFFB41D3C2430B766FAB4DBCB" docLanguage="en" docName="palaeoentomology.5.5.6.pdf" docOrigin="Palaeoentomology 5 (5)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.6" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4EE6FD780FF4521D541D0D0600705D0E.3:Palaeontomology.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="4EE6FD780FF4521D541D0D0600705D0E" docStyleName="Palaeontomology.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Yprezethinus PARKER 2022, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="456" masterDocId="F21AE324FFB51D38271AB275FFDFDE1A" masterDocTitle="Transitional morphology and Afrotropical affinity of a bythinoplectine rove beetle from the early Eocene of India (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)" masterLastPageNumber="460" masterPageNumber="452" pageNumber="453" updateTime="1669829320343" updateUser="juliana">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Transitional morphology and Afrotropical affinity of a bythinoplectine rove beetle from the early Eocene of India (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>PARKER, JOSEPH</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Palaeoentomology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-09-22</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>452</mods:start>
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<mods:end>460</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.6</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">2624-2834</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7333729</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">1665808E-F970-48D3-B35D-2FB684E79FA3</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E239B5CFFB41D3C2430B766FAB4DBCB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E239B5CFFB41D3C2430B766FAB4DBCB" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="456" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="453" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[810,1451,1299,1399]" box="[810,1071,1299,1326]" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">
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<heading bold="true" box="[810,1071,1299,1326]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="453" reason="3">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[810,1071,1299,1326]" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">
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<taxonomicName authority="PARKER, 2022" authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[810,959,1299,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[810,959,1299,1326]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">Yprezethinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[966,1071,1300,1326]" pageId="1" pageNumber="453" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[810,1451,1299,1399]" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">
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<uri pageId="1" pageNumber="453">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid pageId="1" pageNumber="453">2DEC8AE3-3EBA-4791-A08E-AFDAD243E43A</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="453" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[810,1452,1445,2093]" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[810,977,1445,1472]" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">
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<typeStatus box="[810,869,1446,1472]" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="PARKER, 2022" authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[997,1262,1446,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimaldii" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[997,1262,1446,1472]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">Yprezethinus grimaldii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1281,1384,1446,1472]" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1281,1384,1446,1472]" pageId="1" pageNumber="453" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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here designated.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="453" type="etymology">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[810,1452,1445,2093]" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[863,998,1519,1545]" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The generic name is a combination of “Ypresian” and
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<taxonomicName authority="Raffray" authorityName="Raffray" authorityYear="1908" box="[982,1169,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[982,1078,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">Zethinus</emphasis>
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Raffray
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</taxonomicName>
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, a Recent bythinoplectine genus to which the new taxon is phylogenetically close.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="455" pageId="1" pageNumber="453" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[810,1452,1445,2093]" lastBlockId="3.[136,778,158,436]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="455" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[863,985,1628,1654]" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The new genus,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[1207,1348,1628,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1207,1348,1628,1654]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">Yprezethinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and its single species,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[989,1126,1665,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimaldii">
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<emphasis box="[989,1126,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="453">Y. grimaldii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, can be distinguished from all other
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[932,1066,1701,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pselaphinae">Pselaphinae</taxonomicName>
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by the following combination of characters: (1) Head laterally excavate, with fossae extending from clypeus to anterior margin of eye; capable of holding retracted maxillary palpi; (2) antenna 11-segmented with enlarged ovular club formed from tightly appressed antennomeres 10 and 11; (3) maxillary palpomere 3 approximately twice as long as wide, ~2/3 palpomere 2 length, bearing narrow, elongate, apically globose tubercle; (4) maxillary palpomere 4 shorter than 3, rounded-conical,bearing narrow, apically globose tubercle (similar to that of palpomere 3), as well as prominent apical pseudosegment; (5) procoxae and metacoxae contiguous; (6) tarsi seemingly 2-segmented, with short first visible segment (probable composite of tarsomeres 1 and 2) and long second visible segment (probable tarsomere 3); and (7) all tarsi with single claws.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="454" startId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" targetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[136,1453,1800,2041]" pageId="2" pageNumber="454">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,261,1800,1824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="454">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[267,496,1801,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimaldii">
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<emphasis box="[267,496,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="454">Yprezethinus grimaldii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Holotype AMNH Tad-130.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[784,802,1800,1824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="454">A</emphasis>
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, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1326,1343,1801,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="454">B</emphasis>
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, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[865,883,1872,1896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="454">C</emphasis>
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, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[974,992,1909,1933]" pageId="2" pageNumber="454">D</emphasis>
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, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[477,494,1945,1969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="454">E</emphasis>
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, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F).
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[368,383,1981,2005]" pageId="2" pageNumber="454">F</emphasis>
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, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="455" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[136,778,158,436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,335,338,364]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Description.</emphasis>
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Body length: ~
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<quantity box="[532,629,338,365]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
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. Body form relatively flattened and elongate (“euplectite body form”
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<emphasis box="[136,198,411,436]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">sensu</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Parker, J." box="[205,361,410,436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" pagination="541 - 566" refId="ref6903" refString="Parker, J. (2016 a) Emergence of a superradiation: pselaphine rove beetles in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar and their evolutionary implications. Systematic Entomology, 41, 541 - 566. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12173" type="journal article" year="2016">Parker, 2016a</bibRefCitation>
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) (
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<figureCitation box="[384,473,410,436]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[136,778,482,1193]" box="[136,197,482,508]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">
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<emphasis box="[136,197,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Head</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[136,778,482,1193]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">
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Head transverse, with prominent frontal rostrum extending from clypeus to anterior margins of eyes (rostrum challenging to visualize in the
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<typeStatus box="[617,715,590,616]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">holotype</typeStatus>
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Tad-130 but discernable with specimen in dorsal view). Lateral margins of head deeply excavate, with large dorsal fossae that extend either side of frontal rostrum to anterior margins of eyes (
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<figureCitation box="[456,543,734,760]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
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). Antennae mounted on underside of frontal rostrum. Antennae composed of 11 antennomeres; antennal clubs formed from tightly appressed antennomeres 10 and 11, separation of these segments observable as a narrow groove encircling the club (
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<figureCitation box="[204,296,914,940]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
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; “
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<emphasis box="[325,507,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">sillon annulaire</emphasis>
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”
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<emphasis box="[531,593,915,940]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">sensu</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Coulon, G." box="[604,765,914,940]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" pagination="1 - 282" refId="ref5717" refString="Coulon, G. (1989) Revision generique des Bythinoplectini Schaufuss, 1890 (= Pyxidicerini Raffray, 1903, syn. nov.) (Coleoptera, Pselaphidae, Faroninae). Memoires de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie, 34, 1 - 282." type="journal article" year="1989">Coulon, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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). Maxillary palpi 4-segmented with conspicuous additional 5th apical pseudosegment (
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<figureCitation box="[469,566,986,1012]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
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, APs). Maxillary palpomere 3 enlarged, longer than palpomere 4. Both palpomeres 3 and 4 bearing narrow, elongate, apically globose tubercles on dorsal faces (
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<figureCitation box="[523,647,1094,1120]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1B, D</figureCitation>
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). Maxillary palpi capable of retracting into lateral excavations of head. Head venter with median gular sulcus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[136,778,1238,1553]" box="[136,217,1238,1264]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">
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<emphasis box="[136,217,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Thorax</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[136,778,1238,1553]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">
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Prothorax approximately as wide as long; subequal in width to head. Prothoracic morphology largely occluded. Pterothorax ~1.7× longer and ~1.3× wider than prothorax. Dorsal and ventral fovea are mostly indiscernible in Tad-130, but mesoventrite bearing possible lateral mesocoxal fovea (LMCF) following the foveal system of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[644,778,1454,1480]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pselaphinae">Pselaphinae</taxonomicName>
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from
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<bibRefCitation author="Chandler, D. S." box="[202,393,1490,1516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" pagination="1 - 562" refId="ref5670" refString="Chandler, D. S. (2001) Biology, morphology and systematics of the ant-like litter beetle genera of Australia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Memoirs on Entomology International, 15, pp. i - x + 1 - 562." type="journal article" year="2001">Chandler (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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. Apparent carina extending from mesocoxal cavity to lateral margin of mesoventrite.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[136,778,1598,1985]" box="[136,242,1598,1624]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis box="[136,242,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[136,778,1598,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">
|
||
Abdomen approximately equal in width to pterothorax and ~1.3× pterothorax length. Dorsal view of abdomen occluded, but five tergites (IV–VIII) visible. Tergites IV–VI subequal in length and width; VII ~ 1.2× longer than VI, narrowing posteriad; VIII ~ 0.5× shorter than VII, narrowing to abdominal apex. Distinct paratergites present on at least tergites V–VII (those on IV likely present but occluded). Six sternites clearly visible (III– VIII) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[209,297,1922,1948]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
); entire apical margin of sternite III visible between and laterally to metacoxae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[136,778,2031,2093]" box="[136,189,2031,2056]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis box="[136,189,2031,2056]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[136,778,2031,2093]" lastBlockId="3.[810,1452,158,329]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">
|
||
Procoxae and mesocoxae projecting ventrally, contiguous at midline. Metacoxae relatively flat and broadly conical, contiguous at midline, projecting posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1347,1437,194,220]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Trochanters of all legs short such that apex of coxa sits adjacent to base of femur. Tarsi with two visible tarsomeres; first visible tarsomeres very short (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1336,1420,302,328]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[810,1452,374,2093]" box="[810,1067,374,400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis box="[810,1067,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Elytra and flight wings</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[810,1452,374,2093]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Taxonomic characters of the elytra are mostly occluded in Tad-130, but putative humeral carina present. Flight wings present.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="456" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[810,1452,374,2093]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[863,979,518,544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[1006,1147,518,544]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1006,1147,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Yprezethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaufuss" authorityYear="1890" box="[810,984,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Bythinoplectini">Bythinoplectini</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on its possession of the following combination of characters: (1) head with prominent frontal rostrum; (2) margins of head anterior to eyes deeply excavate, capable of accommodating the retracted maxillary palpi (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1003,1093,698,724]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
); (3) complex maxillary palpi, with palpomere 3 subequal to or longer than 4 (3 longer than
|
||
<quantity box="[949,994,770,796]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[1004,1145,770,796]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1004,1145,770,796]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Yprezethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1172,1261,770,796]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
); (4) contiguous metacoxae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[943,1026,806,832]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
), a plesiomorphic state in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1311,1448,806,832]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pselaphinae">Pselaphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, seen in the supertribes Faronitae and Euplectitae (the latter including
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaufuss" authorityYear="1890" box="[996,1176,878,904]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Bythinoplectini">Bythinoplectini</taxonomicName>
|
||
); (5) tarsi composed of 2 visible segments (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1045,1134,914,940]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Coulon, G." box="[1151,1302,914,940]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" pagination="1 - 282" refId="ref5717" refString="Coulon, G. (1989) Revision generique des Bythinoplectini Schaufuss, 1890 (= Pyxidicerini Raffray, 1903, syn. nov.) (Coleoptera, Pselaphidae, Faroninae). Memoires de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie, 34, 1 - 282." type="journal article" year="1989">Coulon 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) argued that the first visible tarsomere is actually composed of the dorsum of morphological tarsomere 1 and the venter of morphological tarsomere 2); (6) tarsi with single claws (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[818,904,1058,1084]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Within
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaufuss" authorityYear="1890" box="[1011,1188,1058,1084]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Bythinoplectini">Bythinoplectini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[1201,1342,1058,1084]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1201,1342,1058,1084]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Yprezethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is placed within the subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1046,1225,1094,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Bythinoplectina">Bythinoplectina</taxonomicName>
|
||
on account of the lateral margins of the head being completely excavate, from clypeus (below the antennal insertions of the frontal rostrum), extending posteriorly to the eyes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Coulon, G." box="[1291,1447,1202,1228]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" pagination="1 - 282" refId="ref5717" refString="Coulon, G. (1989) Revision generique des Bythinoplectini Schaufuss, 1890 (= Pyxidicerini Raffray, 1903, syn. nov.) (Coleoptera, Pselaphidae, Faroninae). Memoires de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie, 34, 1 - 282." type="journal article" year="1989">Coulon, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chandler, D. S." box="[810,985,1238,1264]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" pagination="1 - 562" refId="ref5670" refString="Chandler, D. S. (2001) Biology, morphology and systematics of the ant-like litter beetle genera of Australia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Memoirs on Entomology International, 15, pp. i - x + 1 - 562." type="journal article" year="2001">Chandler, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[810,1452,374,2093]" lastBlockId="4.[136,778,1252,2093]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="456" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">
|
||
To my knowledge,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[1078,1219,1274,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1078,1219,1274,1300]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Yprezethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the first described fossil representative of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaufuss" authorityYear="1890" box="[1099,1277,1310,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Bythinoplectini">Bythinoplectini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Coulon, G." box="[810,1003,1346,1372]" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" pagination="1 - 282" refId="ref5717" refString="Coulon, G. (1989) Revision generique des Bythinoplectini Schaufuss, 1890 (= Pyxidicerini Raffray, 1903, syn. nov.) (Coleoptera, Pselaphidae, Faroninae). Memoires de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie, 34, 1 - 282." type="journal article" year="1989">Coulon’s (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
generic revision of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaufuss" authorityYear="1890" box="[1270,1447,1346,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Bythinoplectini">Bythinoplectini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[810,951,1382,1408]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[810,951,1382,1408]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Yprezethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs within informal “Section V” of this tribe, a group of eight genera distributed in the Neotropical and Afrotropical ecozones that all possess maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4 with narrow, elongate, apically globose tubercles—a putative synapomorphy (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[818,947,1562,1588]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 1B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Within Section V,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[1183,1324,1562,1588]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1183,1324,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Yprezethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be extremely close to a putatively monophyletic group of similar genera centered on
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Raffray" authorityName="Raffray" authorityYear="1908" box="[1126,1317,1634,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1126,1222,1634,1660]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
Raffray
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(herein the “
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Raffray" authorityYear="1908" box="[822,918,1670,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[822,918,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group”). For comparison to extant
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Raffray" authorityYear="1908" box="[1346,1442,1670,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1346,1442,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- group character states, confocal images of the cephalic morphology of two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Raffray" authorityYear="1908" box="[1185,1281,1742,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1185,1281,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are shown in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[810,906,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,235,867,891]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,843]" captionTargetId="figure-319@4.[151,1436,189,843]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalic morphology of Zethinus-group Bythinoplectini. A, B, Zethinus leleupi males (Democratic Republic of Congo: Mabali). C, D, Zethinus sp. nov. male (Democratic Republic of Congo: Kinshasa). A, Dorsal head and cephalic appendages of Zethinus showing antennae mounted under the frontal rostrum, either side of which are large excavations that extend posteriorly to the anterior margins of the eyes. Tightly appressed antennomeres 7 and 8 together form an ovoid antennal club; arrowheads indicate the boundary between these antennomeres—the “sillon annulaire” sensu Coulon, 1989. MP: left maxillary palp. B, Frontal view of Zethinus head showing retracted maxillary palpi inside excavations lateral to frontal rostrum. C, Head of Zethinus in lateral view with maxillary palp retracted into excavation. D, Maxillary palp of Zethinus showing diagnostic Bythinoplectini Section V morphology with narrow, elongate, apically globose tubercles on palpomeres III and IV. Prominent apical pseudosegment (APs) is indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333733/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Raffray" authorityYear="1908" box="[916,1012,1778,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[916,1012,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
illustrates clearly the laterally excavate head of the subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1085,1267,1814,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Bythinoplectina">Bythinoplectina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the antennae are mounted on a frontal rostrum, below which the maxillary palpi can be fully retracted into large fossae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[818,943,1922,1948]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,235,867,891]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,843]" captionTargetId="figure-319@4.[151,1436,189,843]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalic morphology of Zethinus-group Bythinoplectini. A, B, Zethinus leleupi males (Democratic Republic of Congo: Mabali). C, D, Zethinus sp. nov. male (Democratic Republic of Congo: Kinshasa). A, Dorsal head and cephalic appendages of Zethinus showing antennae mounted under the frontal rostrum, either side of which are large excavations that extend posteriorly to the anterior margins of the eyes. Tightly appressed antennomeres 7 and 8 together form an ovoid antennal club; arrowheads indicate the boundary between these antennomeres—the “sillon annulaire” sensu Coulon, 1989. MP: left maxillary palp. B, Frontal view of Zethinus head showing retracted maxillary palpi inside excavations lateral to frontal rostrum. C, Head of Zethinus in lateral view with maxillary palp retracted into excavation. D, Maxillary palp of Zethinus showing diagnostic Bythinoplectini Section V morphology with narrow, elongate, apically globose tubercles on palpomeres III and IV. Prominent apical pseudosegment (APs) is indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333733/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 2A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Raffray" authorityYear="1908" box="[963,1059,1922,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[963,1059,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also exemplifies the characteristic Section V maxillary palp morphology, with palpomeres 3 and 4 bearing elongate tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1184,1274,1994,2020]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,235,867,891]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,843]" captionTargetId="figure-319@4.[151,1436,189,843]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalic morphology of Zethinus-group Bythinoplectini. A, B, Zethinus leleupi males (Democratic Republic of Congo: Mabali). C, D, Zethinus sp. nov. male (Democratic Republic of Congo: Kinshasa). A, Dorsal head and cephalic appendages of Zethinus showing antennae mounted under the frontal rostrum, either side of which are large excavations that extend posteriorly to the anterior margins of the eyes. Tightly appressed antennomeres 7 and 8 together form an ovoid antennal club; arrowheads indicate the boundary between these antennomeres—the “sillon annulaire” sensu Coulon, 1989. MP: left maxillary palp. B, Frontal view of Zethinus head showing retracted maxillary palpi inside excavations lateral to frontal rostrum. C, Head of Zethinus in lateral view with maxillary palp retracted into excavation. D, Maxillary palp of Zethinus showing diagnostic Bythinoplectini Section V morphology with narrow, elongate, apically globose tubercles on palpomeres III and IV. Prominent apical pseudosegment (APs) is indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333733/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Genera within the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Raffray" authorityYear="1908" box="[852,948,2030,2056]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[852,948,2030,2056]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="455">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group are distinguished from the remaining Section V
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaufuss" authorityYear="1890" box="[943,1117,2066,2092]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Bythinoplectini">Bythinoplectini</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera by the morphology of the antennal club, which is spherical or ovoid and composed of the apical-most two antennomeres that are tightly appressed hemispheres (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[540,633,1327,1353]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,235,867,891]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,843]" captionTargetId="figure-319@4.[151,1436,189,843]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalic morphology of Zethinus-group Bythinoplectini. A, B, Zethinus leleupi males (Democratic Republic of Congo: Mabali). C, D, Zethinus sp. nov. male (Democratic Republic of Congo: Kinshasa). A, Dorsal head and cephalic appendages of Zethinus showing antennae mounted under the frontal rostrum, either side of which are large excavations that extend posteriorly to the anterior margins of the eyes. Tightly appressed antennomeres 7 and 8 together form an ovoid antennal club; arrowheads indicate the boundary between these antennomeres—the “sillon annulaire” sensu Coulon, 1989. MP: left maxillary palp. B, Frontal view of Zethinus head showing retracted maxillary palpi inside excavations lateral to frontal rostrum. C, Head of Zethinus in lateral view with maxillary palp retracted into excavation. D, Maxillary palp of Zethinus showing diagnostic Bythinoplectini Section V morphology with narrow, elongate, apically globose tubercles on palpomeres III and IV. Prominent apical pseudosegment (APs) is indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333733/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
; note that in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[136,321,1364,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis box="[136,232,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the apical two antennomeres are 7 and 8).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[136,277,1402,1428]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[136,277,1402,1428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Yprezethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses similar antennal club morphology (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[144,237,1440,1466]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,235,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[152,1437,189,1777]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Yprezethinus grimaldii Holotype AMNH Tad-130. A, Habitus with visible abdominal sternites labelled. B, Head and pronotum with segments of maxillary palpomeres numbered (MP2–MP4). Bythinoplectina-type lateral excavation, eye, apical pseudosegment of maxillary palp (APs) and mandible (Md) indicated. C, Right antenna with antennomeres numbered. Note the club formed from tightly appressed, hemisphere-shaped antennomeres 10 and 11. D, Close-up view of apically globose tubercles of maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4. E, Proximal leg articulation, showing conically projecting metacoxa (MC), short metatrochanter (MT) and femur (F). F, Right metatarsus (F) with bythinoplectine-type enlarged third tarsomere spanning distance between arrowheads, and minute first visible tarsomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333731/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[262,403,1440,1466]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[262,403,1440,1466]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Yprezethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is therefore placed into crowngroup
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaufuss" authorityYear="1890" box="[208,385,1477,1503]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Bythinoplectini">Bythinoplectini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Raffray" authorityYear="1908" box="[485,581,1477,1503]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[485,581,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group of Section V specifically.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333733" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7333733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7333733/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" startId="4.[136,235,867,891]" targetBox="[151,1436,189,843]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[136,1452,867,1179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,264,867,891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Cephalic morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Raffray" authorityYear="1908" box="[540,627,867,891]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[540,627,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaufuss" authorityYear="1890" box="[705,866,867,891]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Bythinoplectini">Bythinoplectini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[877,895,867,891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[912,929,867,891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jeannel" authorityYear="1956" box="[946,1112,867,891]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leleupi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[946,1112,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Zethinus leleupi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males (Democratic Republic of Congo: Mabali).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[308,326,903,927]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[337,355,903,927]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="PARKER, 2022" authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[367,454,903,927]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[367,454,903,927]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[460,539,903,927]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[460,539,903,927]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
male (Democratic Republic of Congo: Kinshasa).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1046,1064,903,927]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Dorsal head and cephalic appendages of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[163,250,939,963]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[163,250,939,963]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing antennae mounted under the frontal rostrum, either side of which are large excavations that extend posteriorly to the anterior margins of the eyes. Tightly appressed antennomeres 7 and 8 together form an ovoid antennal club; arrowheads indicate the boundary between these antennomeres—the “
|
||
<emphasis box="[719,878,1011,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">sillon annulaire</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis box="[894,950,1012,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Coulon, G." box="[956,1096,1011,1035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" pagination="1 - 282" refId="ref5717" refString="Coulon, G. (1989) Revision generique des Bythinoplectini Schaufuss, 1890 (= Pyxidicerini Raffray, 1903, syn. nov.) (Coleoptera, Pselaphidae, Faroninae). Memoires de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie, 34, 1 - 282." type="journal article" year="1989">Coulon, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. MP: left maxillary palp.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1350,1367,1011,1035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Frontal view of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[217,304,1047,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[217,304,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
head showing retracted maxillary palpi inside excavations lateral to frontal rostrum.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1155,1173,1047,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">C</emphasis>
|
||
, Head of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[1270,1357,1047,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1270,1357,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lateral view with maxillary palp retracted into excavation.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[667,685,1083,1107]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">D</emphasis>
|
||
, Maxillary palp of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[886,973,1083,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[886,973,1083,1107]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing diagnostic
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaufuss" authorityYear="1890" box="[1185,1343,1083,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Bythinoplectini">Bythinoplectini</taxonomicName>
|
||
Section V morphology with narrow, elongate, apically globose tubercles on palpomeres III and IV. Prominent apical pseudosegment (APs) is indicated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[136,778,1252,2093]" lastBlockId="4.[810,1452,1250,1489]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">
|
||
Importantly,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[367,463,1551,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[367,463,1551,1577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group genera possess a maximum of nine antennomeres (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Jeannel" authorityName="Jeannel" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Dichozethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[617,777,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Dichozethinus</emphasis>
|
||
Jeannel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has eight antennomeres;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Raffray" authorityName="Raffray" authorityYear="1908" box="[529,724,1625,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[529,625,1625,1651]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
Raffray
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Coulon" authorityName="Coulon" authorityYear="1989" box="[136,408,1662,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Pseudozethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[136,310,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Pseudozethinus</emphasis>
|
||
Coulon
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both have nine).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[637,778,1662,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[637,778,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Yprezethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is therefore distinguished from these other genera by its possession of 11 antennomeres—the plesiomorphic condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[275,409,1772,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pselaphinae">Pselaphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chandler, D. S." box="[422,598,1772,1798]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" pagination="1 - 562" refId="ref5670" refString="Chandler, D. S. (2001) Biology, morphology and systematics of the ant-like litter beetle genera of Australia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Memoirs on Entomology International, 15, pp. i - x + 1 - 562." type="journal article" year="2001">Chandler, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Parker, J." box="[608,767,1772,1798]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" pagination="541 - 566" refId="ref6903" refString="Parker, J. (2016 a) Emergence of a superradiation: pselaphine rove beetles in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar and their evolutionary implications. Systematic Entomology, 41, 541 - 566. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12173" type="journal article" year="2016">Parker, 2016a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hence, I hypothesize that although
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[582,723,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[582,723,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Yprezethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sits within the bythinoplectine crown, it is a stem-lineage of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Raffray" authorityYear="1908" box="[179,275,1882,1908]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[179,275,1882,1908]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group, which has not undergone any of the antennomere fusions or losses characteristic of crowngroup members of this putative clade. If Section V bythinoplectines as a whole form a monophyletic group, then the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Comellini" authorityName="Comellini" authorityYear="1985" box="[316,605,2029,2055]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Hendecameros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[316,483,2029,2055]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Hendecameros</emphasis>
|
||
Comellini
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may represent an early-branching lineage: this taxon possesses the plesiomorphic character states of 11-segmented antennae and distinct (non-appressed) antennomeres 10 and 11 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Coulon, G." box="[818,975,1321,1347]" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" pagination="1 - 282" refId="ref5717" refString="Coulon, G. (1989) Revision generique des Bythinoplectini Schaufuss, 1890 (= Pyxidicerini Raffray, 1903, syn. nov.) (Coleoptera, Pselaphidae, Faroninae). Memoires de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie, 34, 1 - 282." type="journal article" year="1989">Coulon, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). I speculate that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="2022" box="[1167,1308,1321,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yprezethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1167,1308,1321,1347]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Yprezethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may capture a transitional form between a
|
||
<emphasis box="[1135,1311,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Hendecameros-</emphasis>
|
||
like ancestor and Recent
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Raffray" authorityYear="1908" box="[936,1032,1392,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Zethinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[936,1032,1392,1418]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="456">Zethinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group genera, in which antennomeres 10 and 11 show the derived state of appression, but no reduction in antennomere number has yet occurred.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |