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<document id="A59ABFC7DEF70F05A1F41083F0FB0BAB" ID-CLB-Dataset="32254" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="704cb2ad-27f5-4fe1-bedf-12c20ff52146" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="855771" ID-ZooBank="2B704D83-8Fb5-41C6-B558-3A1Dbe9Ede66" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1504174383260" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Collins, Steve C." docDate="2017" docId="DB357E4FAB1FFF97FF1DB4FBC8A8FEAE" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4312.3.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4312 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Apallaga biseriata subsp. maculata" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="487" masterDocId="270C0637AB0FFF86FF8AB00FCC42FFCB" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections" masterLastPageNumber="496" masterPageNumber="471" pageNumber="487" updateTime="1698467563443" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6E2983013E393BF58F6541DA1926B0B1">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections</mods:title>
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<treatment id="DB357E4FAB1FFF97FF1DB4FBC8A8FEAE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6029823" ID-GBIF-Taxon="133100036" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6029823" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DB357E4FAB1FFF97FF1DB4FBC8A8FEAE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB1FFF97FF1DB4FBC8A8FEAE" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="487" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">
<subSubSection id="1B869CD2AB1FFF96FF1DB4FBCE84FAC5" box="[151,710,1268,1294]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB1FFF96FF1DB4FBCE84FAC5" blockId="16.[151,710,1268,1294]" box="[151,710,1268,1294]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">
<heading id="086B7835AB1FFF96FF1DB4FBCE84FAC5" bold="true" box="[151,710,1268,1294]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FF1DB4FBCE84FAC5" authority="(Hampson, 1891)" baseAuthorityName="Hampson" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[151,710,1268,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="biseriata" subSpecies="maculata">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FF1DB4FBCE84FAC5" bold="true" box="[151,710,1268,1294]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FF1DB4FBCDA8FAC5" bold="true" box="[151,490,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">Apallaga biseriata maculata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB1FFF96FE70B4FBCEFDFAC5" author="Hampson" box="[506,703,1268,1294]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" refString="Hampson, G. F. (1891) Lepidoptera from the Sabaki River, East Africa, with descriptions of new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (7), 179 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939109460594" type="journal article" year="1891">Hampson, 1891</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1B869CD2AB1FFF97FF1DB534C8A8FEAE" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="488" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB1FFF97FF1DB534C8A8FEAE" blockId="16.[151,1437,1338,2011]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="488" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">
As we anticipated (
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB1FFF96FEFAB535CEC8FA98" author="Cock" box="[368,650,1338,1363]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" refString="Cock, M. J. W. &amp; Congdon, T. C. E. (2011 b) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 3. Pyrginae: Celaenorrhinini. Zootaxa, 3033, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">Cock &amp; Congdon 2011b</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FD14B534CFC0FA98" authority="(Butler)" authorityName="Butler" box="[670,898,1338,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biseriata">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FD14B534CF63FA98" box="[670,801,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. biseriata</emphasis>
(Butler)
</taxonomicName>
is a valid species rather than a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FA0EB534CD3BFABC" authority="(Fabricius)" authorityName="Fabricius" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galenus">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FA0EB534CCACFABC" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. galenus</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
. The population from eastern Kenya which we treated as
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FBB6B550C968FABC" box="[1084,1322,1374,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="galenus" subSpecies="biseriata">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FBB6B550C968FABC" box="[1084,1322,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">C. galenus biseriata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB1FFF96FAB7B551CED7FA50" author="Cock" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" refString="Cock, M. J. W. &amp; Congdon, T. C. E. (2011 b) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 3. Pyrginae: Celaenorrhinini. Zootaxa, 3033, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">Cock &amp; Congdon 2011b, pp. 28–32, Figures 27–30</bibRefCitation>
) is now treated as
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FC09B58CC94CFA50" authority="(Hampson)" authorityName="Hampson" box="[899,1294,1410,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="biseriata" subSpecies="maculata">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FC09B58CC8C2FA50" box="[899,1152,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. biseriata maculata</emphasis>
(Hampson)
</taxonomicName>
, which was described from the Sabaki River, eastern Kenya (
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB1FFF96FD4FB5A8CF34FA74" author="Hampson" box="[709,886,1447,1471]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" refString="Hampson, G. F. (1891) Lepidoptera from the Sabaki River, East Africa, with descriptions of new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (7), 179 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939109460594" type="journal article" year="1891">Hampson 1891</bibRefCitation>
), and occurs from southern Kenya to Zimbabwe (
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB1FFF96FF14B5C5CD6CFA28" author="Libert" box="[158,302,1482,1507]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" refString="Libert, M. (2014) Sur la taxonomie du genre Celaenorrhinus Hubner en Afrique (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). M. J. B. S. A. S. - Librairie Top Duck, Amboise, France, 272 pp., 26 pl." type="book" year="2014">Libert 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FED9B5C5CF30FA28" authority="Collins &amp; Congdon" authorityName="Collins &amp; Congdon" authorityYear="1998" box="[339,882,1482,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="handmani">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FED9B5C5CE3DFA28" box="[339,639,1482,1507]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">Celaenorrhinus handmani</emphasis>
Collins &amp; Congdon
</taxonomicName>
which we treated as a valid species (
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB1FFF96FAB7B5C5CE3FF9CC" author="Cock" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" refString="Cock, M. J. W. &amp; Congdon, T. C. E. (2011 b) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 3. Pyrginae: Celaenorrhinini. Zootaxa, 3033, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">Cock &amp; Congdon 2011b, pp. 32–34, Figures 31–33</bibRefCitation>
) is considered a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FC46B5E0C926F9CC" authority="(Libert 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Libert" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[972,1380,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="biseriata" subSpecies="maculata">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FC46B5E0C882F9CC" box="[972,1216,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. biseriata maculata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB1FFF96FB5AB5E1C91EF9CC" author="Libert" box="[1232,1372,1518,1543]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" refString="Libert, M. (2014) Sur la taxonomie du genre Celaenorrhinus Hubner en Afrique (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). M. J. B. S. A. S. - Librairie Top Duck, Amboise, France, 272 pp., 26 pl." type="book" year="2014">Libert 2014</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. We collected both populations from
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FD8BB61BCFCCF9E0" box="[513,910,1554,1579]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hypoestes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskaolii">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FD8BB61BCEA4F9E0" box="[513,742,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">Hypoestes forskaolii</emphasis>
(Acanthaceae)
</taxonomicName>
and saw no diagnostic differences between the early stages. However, when the barcodes for this material are examined, it is not so clear-cut, as individuals named as A.
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FECCB655CE60F9B8" baseAuthorityName="Libert" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[326,546,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="biseriata" subSpecies="maculata">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FECCB655CE60F9B8" box="[326,546,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">biseriata maculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be found within several different barcode clusters, including BINs BOLD:ABY8703, BOLD:AAQ3589, BOLD:ACE5675, BOLD:ACE3207 and BOLD:ABY8700 (BINs are hereafter referred to by the last seven characters), mostly in isolation, but in one case alongside individuals of other species with identical barcodes. We note in particular that specimens from Mufindi, Tanzania, the type locality of
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FF1DB6E4CD6AF8C8" authorityName="Collins &amp; Congdon" authorityYear="1998" box="[151,296,1770,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="handmani">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FF1DB6E4CD6AF8C8" box="[151,296,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">C. handmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are placed in a separate BIN (ACE3207) together with two specimens from Ethiopia which appear to be a different species with the same barcode. The bulk of Tanzanian specimens form a separate compact cluster (ABY8703 from Kimboza, Kihansi, Rondo Plateau, Rubeho, Rondo and the Shimba Hills, Kenya). TCEC’s observations on
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FEDEB758CDA4F8A4" authorityName="Collins &amp; Congdon" authorityYear="1998" box="[340,486,1878,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="handmani">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FEDEB758CDA4F8A4" box="[340,486,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. handmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FDA8B758CF6DF8A4" box="[546,815,1878,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="biseriatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FDA8B758CF6DF8A4" box="[546,815,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. biseriatus maculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
indicate allopatric populations at different elevations.
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FF1DB775CDB4F858" box="[151,502,1914,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="biseriatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FF1DB775CDB4F858" box="[151,502,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">Apallaga biseriatus maculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs at lower elevations and seems to occur no higher than at
<quantity id="946462BCAB1FFF96FA8AB774C90CF858" box="[1280,1358,1915,1939]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800m</quantity>
in the Chyulu Hills (
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB1FFF96FEBCB790CE50F87C" author="Van" box="[310,530,1951,1975]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1939) Butterflies of the Chyulu Range. A systematic list of the species taken by the Museum Expedition to the hills. April - July 1938. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 14, 130 - 151." type="journal article" year="1939">Van Someren 1939</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FDA7B791CF49F87C" authorityName="Collins" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Collins &amp; Congdon" box="[557,779,1950,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="handmani">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FDA7B791CF49F87C" box="[557,779,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">Apallaga handmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a moderate to high elevation species, so their ranges do not overlap.
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FEBEB7CDCE56F810" authorityName="Collins" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Collins &amp; Congdon" box="[308,532,1986,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="handmani">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FEBEB7CDCE56F810" box="[308,532,1986,2011]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">Apallaga handmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was thought to occur as low as
<quantity id="946462BCAB1FFF96FC18B7CDCFA2F810" box="[914,992,1986,2011]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" unit="m" value="1450.0">1450m</quantity>
on Mt. Mabu in Mozambique (at that latitude, the elevation is equivalent to
<quantity id="946462BCAB1EFF97FDC2B097CED4FF7B" box="[584,662,152,176]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="488" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800m</quantity>
or more at the equator), but this population comes out as a different BIN (ACE5675) so there may be additional allopatric diversity here. Again, more work is needed to understand this situation and reconcile taxonomy with barcode patterns (cf.
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1EFF97FCE4B0EFCFACFF33" authorityName="in Cock &amp; Congdon" authorityYear="2011" box="[878,1006,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1EFF97FCE4B0EFCFACFF33" box="[878,1006,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="488">A. opalinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1EFF97FBADB0EFC887FF33" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2014" box="[1063,1221,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kakamegae">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1EFF97FBADB0EFC887FF33" box="[1063,1221,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="488">A. kakamegae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
above). However, we think the barcode difference justifies reinstating
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1EFF97FD6EB10ACF34FED6" authorityName="Collins" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Collins &amp; Congdon" box="[740,886,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="handmani" status="stat. nov.">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1EFF97FD6EB10ACF34FED6" box="[740,886,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="488">C. handmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7ADBAE30AB1EFF97FCF7B10BCFA6FED6" box="[893,996,260,285]" pageId="17" pageNumber="488">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1EFF97FCF7B10BCFA6FED6" bold="true" box="[893,996,260,285]" pageId="17" pageNumber="488">stat. rev.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
as a good species, although not all the type series of
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1EFF97FEB9B127CD80FE8B" authorityName="Collins" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Collins &amp; Congdon" box="[307,450,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="handmani">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1EFF97FEB9B127CD80FE8B" box="[307,450,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="488">A. handmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are likely to represent this species rather than previously unrecognised, very similar but genetically distinct, allopatric species, such as the population from Mozambique mentioned above.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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