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<mods:title id="C7428A03EE7C2384B5AEC067474A42AC">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0386D843FFB8B12BCEEC91AF2482F8CF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614520" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119333227" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614520" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D843FFB8B12BCEEC91AF2482F8CF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386D843FFB8B12BCEEC91AF2482F8CF" lastPageNumber="225" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB8B12BCEEC91AF27ADFEC2" blockId="24.[151,443,980,1006]" box="[151,443,980,1006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
<heading id="D0D8DE39FFB8B12BCEEC91AF27ADFEC2" bold="true" box="[151,443,980,1006]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCEEC91AF27ADFEC2" ID-CoL="9248F" authority="Holland, 1896" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,443,980,1006]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCEEC91AF27ADFEC2" bold="true" box="[151,443,980,1006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCEEC91AF2713FEC2" bold="true" box="[151,261,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Caenides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCF7691AF27ADFEC2" author="Holland" box="[269,443,980,1006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Holland, W. J. (1896) A preliminary revision and synonymic catalogue of the Hesperiidae of Africa and the adjacent islands, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, 2 - 107, pls. I - V. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1896. tb 03030. x" type="proceedings paper" year="1896">
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB8B12BCF7691AF2762FEC2" box="[269,372,980,1006]" name="Netherlands" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Holland</collectingCountry>
, 1896
</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B906955FFB8B12BCEEC96612482F8CF" blockId="24.[151,1436,1050,1507]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCEEC96612754F91F" author="Holland" box="[151,322,1050,1075]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Holland, W. J. (1896) A preliminary revision and synonymic catalogue of the Hesperiidae of Africa and the adjacent islands, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, 2 - 107, pls. I - V. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1896. tb 03030. x" type="proceedings paper" year="1896">
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB8B12BCEEC966126E7F91F" box="[151,241,1050,1075]" name="Netherlands" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Holland</collectingCountry>
(1896)
</bibRefCitation>
established this genus with the palm-feeding
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCD459660223BF91F" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" box="[830,1069,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacela">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCD45966025BFF91F" box="[830,937,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">C. dacela</emphasis>
(Hewitson)
</taxonomicName>
as
<typeStatus id="5494D7F7FFB8B12BCA2A96602297F91F" box="[1105,1153,1051,1075]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">type</typeStatus>
species. Nine species are currently considered to belong to this genus, but
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCCC3964425D9F97B" authority="Aurivillius" authorityName="Aurivillius" box="[696,975,1086,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hidaroides">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCCC396442559F97B" box="[696,847,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">C. hidaroides</emphasis>
Aurivillius
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCA7E964422EAF97B" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" box="[1029,1276,1086,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacena">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCA7E96442261F97B" box="[1029,1143,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">C. dacena</emphasis>
(Hewitson)
</taxonomicName>
do not belong on morphological and male genitalia grounds (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCCDF961825BFF957" author="Larsen" box="[676,937,1122,1147]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. &amp; Collins, S. C. (2011) The African skipper genus Caenides Holland and the description of a new species (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 21 (2), 62 - 65." type="journal article" year="2011">Larsen &amp; Collins 2011</bibRefCitation>
, 2014).
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB8B12BCA7E96182232F957" box="[1029,1060,1123,1147]" name="American Samoa" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">As</collectingCountry>
is the case for
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCAB4961F2303F957" box="[1231,1301,1124,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCAB4961F2303F957" box="[1231,1301,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Leona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(above) the food plants of species currently placed in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCD7296FD2567F9B3" box="[777,881,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCD7296FD2567F9B3" box="[777,881,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Caenides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are diverse, suggesting that the genus may be paraphyletic.
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCF4F96D127E4F9EF" box="[308,498,1194,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacela">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCF4F96D127E4F9EF" box="[308,498,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Caenides dacela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recorded from
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCCB096D1223FF9EF" box="[715,1065,1194,1219]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Phoenix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reclinata">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCCB096D12581F9EF" box="[715,919,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Phoenix reclinata</emphasis>
(Arecaceae)
</taxonomicName>
and was treated in Cock
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCB2496D72383F9EF" box="[1375,1429,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">et al</emphasis>
. (2014).
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCE8396B5245EF9CB" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" box="[248,584,1230,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soritia">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCE8396B527ACF9CA" box="[248,442,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Caenides soritia</emphasis>
(Hewitson)
</taxonomicName>
has been reported from an undetermined
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCA2096B522ECF9CB" box="[1115,1274,1230,1255]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
(Sevastopulo unpublished, 1975) and oil palm,
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCC6496892560F827" box="[543,886,1266,1291]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Elaeis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineensis">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCC64968924F3F827" box="[543,741,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Elaeis guineensis</emphasis>
(Arecaceae)
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB8B12BCDDA9688222FF827" box="[929,1081,1266,1291]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Côte dIvoire</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCA30968822EEF827" author="Vuattoux" box="[1099,1272,1267,1291]" pageId="24" pageNumber="247" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux 1999</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCB7C9688238EF827" author="Larsen" box="[1287,1432,1266,1291]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
, Vande weghe 2010), but the latter food plant is considered an error below.
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCD9E976D22C6F803" box="[997,1232,1302,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangvensis">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCD9E976D22C6F803" box="[997,1232,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Caenides kangvensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB8B12BCAA3976D2324F803" box="[1240,1330,1302,1327]" name="Netherlands" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Holland</collectingCountry>
has been reared from
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCF52974124B6F87F" box="[297,672,1338,1363]" class="Thaliacea" family="Salpidae" genus="Thalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salpida" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geniculata">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCF52974127E5F87F" box="[297,499,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Thalia geniculata</emphasis>
(Marantaceae)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCCA49741224DF87F" box="[735,1115,1338,1363]" class="Liliopsida" family="Colchicaceae" genus="Gloriosa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="superba">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCCA4974125BEF87F" box="[735,936,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Gloriosa superba</emphasis>
(Colchicaceae)
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB8B12BCAFD97402336F87F" box="[1158,1312,1338,1363]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Côte dIvoire</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCB48974026C4F85B" author="Vuattoux" pageId="24" pageNumber="247" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux 1999</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCE9B97242767F85B" author="Larsen" box="[224,369,1374,1399]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
, Vande weghe 2010).
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCC0D972524CAF85B" box="[630,732,1374,1399]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Liliaceae</taxonomicName>
are not members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCA7A97252286F85B" box="[1025,1168,1374,1399]" class="Liliopsida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Zingiberales</taxonomicName>
, and so this food plant record needs confirmation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCFA897F82473F8B7" author="Larsen" box="[467,613,1410,1435]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
, Cock
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCCC297FF24FAF8B7" box="[697,748,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">et al</emphasis>
. 2014). We present information below on
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCAA197F82350F8B7" box="[1242,1350,1411,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soritia">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCAA197F82350F8B7" box="[1242,1350,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">C. soritia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCBF997F82767F893" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacena">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCBF997F826FEF893" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">C. dacena</emphasis>
(Hewitson)
</taxonomicName>
, the food plants of which are
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCCBF97DC2506F892" box="[708,784,1447,1470]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCCBF97DC2506F892" box="[708,784,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Costus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCD2C97DC25D9F893" box="[855,975,1447,1471]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Costaceae</taxonomicName>
). The food plants and early stages of the remaining
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCF7497B12761F8CF" box="[271,375,1482,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCF7497B12761F8CF" box="[271,375,1482,1507]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Caenides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. are as yet unknown.
</paragraph>
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