180 lines
19 KiB
XML
180 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.162.2370" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f8228b70-5cf8-4846-b2b2-91aec46ab0a5" ID-PMC="PMC3253663" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-162-59" ID-PubMed="22303126" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-162-59" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 162" ModsDocTitle="A conspectus on the Canacidae (Diptera) of Brazil" checkinTime="1451249400868" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane" docDate="2012" docId="C9488B114451F81ECEC0DD3C8AA26CA9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 162: 59-92" docOrigin="ZooKeys 162" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.162.2370" docTitle="Tethina Haliday" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="79" masterDocId="0C201957F3148E5FFFE2FF8834486856" masterDocTitle="A conspectus on the Canacidae (Diptera) of Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="92" masterPageNumber="59" pageNumber="78" updateTime="1668153140917" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
|
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:title>A conspectus on the Canacidae (Diptera) of Brazil</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:name type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role>
|
|
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart>Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:name type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role>
|
|
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart>Marinoni, Luciane</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
|
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:part>
|
|
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
|
|
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
|
<mods:number>162</mods:number>
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
|
<mods:start>59</mods:start>
|
|
<mods:end>92</mods:end>
|
|
</mods:extent>
|
|
</mods:part>
|
|
</mods:relatedItem>
|
|
<mods:location>
|
|
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.162.2370</mods:url>
|
|
</mods:location>
|
|
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
|
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.162.2370</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-162-59</mods:identifier>
|
|
</mods:mods>
|
|
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032944" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C9488B114451F81ECEC0DD3C8AA26CA9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C9488B114451F81ECEC0DD3C8AA26CA9" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="19" pageNumber="78">
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="78" type="nomenclature">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="78">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Tethina" authority="Haliday" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina Haliday</taxonomicName>
|
|
(77 species worldwide; 3 from Brazil)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="78" type="reference_group">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="78">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
|
|
Haliday, in
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="19" pageNumber="78">Curtis 1837</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 293 (as a subgenus of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Opomyzidae" genus="Opomyza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opomyza" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Opomyza</taxonomicName>
|
|
; published in synonymy; first made available by use in
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Haliday, AH" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" pagination="183 - 190" title="New British insects indicated in Mr. Curtis's Guide [part]." url="doi: 10.1080/00222933809512369" volume="2" year="1838">Haliday 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 188). Type species:
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Opomyzidae" genus="Opomyza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opomyza (Tethina) illota" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="illota" subGenus="Tethina">Opomyza (Tethina) illota</taxonomicName>
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Haliday, AH" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" pagination="183 - 190" title="New British insects indicated in Mr. Curtis's Guide [part]." url="doi: 10.1080/00222933809512369" volume="2" year="1838">Haliday 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, by subsequent monotypy (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Haliday, AH" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" pagination="183 - 190" title="New British insects indicated in Mr. Curtis's Guide [part]." url="doi: 10.1080/00222933809512369" volume="2" year="1838">Haliday 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 188).
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Sturtevant, AH" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="26" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 12" title="New species and notes on synonymy and distribution of Muscidae Acalypteratae (Diptera)." volume="76" year="1923">Sturtevant 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 5-7 [discussion of synonymy, listing of Nearctic species].
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, FC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences" pageId="26" pageNumber="85" pagination="80 - 89" title="Haliday's generic names of Diptera first published in Curtis' A Guide to ... British Insects (1837)." volume="70" year="1981">Thompson and Mathis 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 86 [citation, nomenclature].
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, WN" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 27" title="World catalog of the family Tethinidae (Diptera)." url="doi: 10.5479/si.00810282.584" volume="584" year="1996">Mathis and Munari 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 13-19 [world catalog].
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Foster, GA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" pagination="601 - 632" title="A revision of the family Tethinidae (Diptera) from the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and Bermuda." volume="100" year="1998">Foster and Mathis 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 608-630 [revision of Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico species].
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="19" pageNumber="78">Sabrosky 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 32, 304 [citations, nomenclature].
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Munari, L" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="26" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 84" title="World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa." volume="2471" year="2010">Munari and Mathis 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 48-66 [world catalog].
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="78">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Rhicnoessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhicnoessa" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhicnoessa</taxonomicName>
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Loew, H" journalOrPublisher="Wiener Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" pagination="161 - 175" title="Ueber einige bei Varna gefangene Dipteren." volume="6" year="1862">Loew 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 174. Type species:
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Rhicnoessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhicnoessa cinerea" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinerea">Rhicnoessa cinerea</taxonomicName>
|
|
Loew, by monotypy.
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Loew, H" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" pagination="34 - 39" title="Ueber die europaeischen Arten der Gattung Rhicnoessa." volume="9" year="1865">Loew 1865</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 34-39 [revision].
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Williston, SW" journalOrPublisher="Third ed., New Haven, Connecticut" pageId="27" pageNumber="86" title="Manual of North American Diptera." year="1908">Williston 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 292, 296 [fig. of head, key].
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Collin, JE" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Monthly Magazine" pageId="23" pageNumber="82" pagination="229 - 234" title="Additions and corrections to the British list of Muscidae Acalyptratae [part]." volume="46" year="1911">Collin 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 234 [probable synonymy with
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
|
|
].
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Malloch, JR" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the US National Museum" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" pagination="127 - 154" title="A synopsis of the genera of Agromyzidae, with descriptions of new genera and species." volume="46" year="1913">Malloch 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 147 [discussion, fig. of head].
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Hendel, F" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" pagination="33 - 47" title="Beitraege zur Kenntnis der acalyptraten Musciden." volume="1917" year="1917">Hendel 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 46 [synonymy in key]; 1934: 46 [references].
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Munari, L" journalOrPublisher="Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali - Lavori" pageId="26" pageNumber="85" pagination="51 - 68" title="Contributo alla conoscenza dei Tethinidae afrotropicali. IV. Tethinidae raccolti ad Aldabra dalla " Aldabra Atoll Royal Society Expedition (1967 - 68) " e nel Sud Africa da R. E. Turner e B. & P. Stuckenberg, con descrizione di due nuove specie (Diptera, Acalyptratae)." volume="15" year="1990">Munari 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 60-61 [status as a subgenus of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
|
|
].
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="78">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Phycomyza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phycomyza" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phycomyza</taxonomicName>
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Melander, AL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" pagination="187 - 212" title="The North American species of Tethinidae (Diptera)." volume="59" year="1952">Melander 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 198. Type species:
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Rhicnoessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhicnoessa milichioides" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milichioides">Rhicnoessa milichioides</taxonomicName>
|
|
Melander, by original designation.
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="19" pageNumber="78">Vockeroth 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 727 [Nearctic catalog].
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Foster, GA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="23" pageNumber="82" pagination="336 - 352" title="Notes on the Phylogeny of the Nearctic Tethinidae and a Review of the Genus Neopelomyia Hendel, and the Tethina milichioides Group (Diptera)." volume="78" year="1976 a">Foster 1976a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 338 [synonymy].
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="19" pageNumber="78" type="diagnosis">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="78">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="19" pageNumber="78">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
|
|
is distinguished from other genera of the subfamily
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="19" pageNumber="78" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tethininae">Tethininae</taxonomicName>
|
|
by the following combination of characters: Head: Frons bearing some setulae in addition to larger setae; fronto-orbital and orbital setae usually with similar orientation, mostly reclinate or lateroclinate; fronto-orbital setae 3-4; postocellar setae more or less
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="79" start="start">convergent</pageBreakToken>
|
|
(lacking in
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina lusitanica" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lusitanica">Tethina lusitanica</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Face with shiny tubercle above vibrissal pore. Eye appearing bare, setulae very sparse or lacking. Gena bare (except for
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina pictipennis" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pictipennis">Tethina pictipennis</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina lusitanica" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lusitanica">Tethina lusitanica</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which have scattered, inconspicuous setulae) except for a ventral or nearly ventral row of setulae; gena high in many species, height 0.50-0.75 that of eye height. Palpus and proboscis usually normally developed; clypeus small, if exposed not protruding anteriad beyond oral margin. Thorax: Scutum generally with more or less numerous rows of coarse setulae arising from punctures; scutellar disc bare; postpronotum with 3 or more setae, ventral seta curved upward; acrostichal setulae in two or more complete or nearly complete rows (lacking in
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina lusitanica" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lusitanica">Tethina lusitanica</taxonomicName>
|
|
); prescutellar acrostichal setae present (lacking in
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina lusitanica" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lusitanica">Tethina lusitanica</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Wing with costa not spinose; vein A1+CuA2 short, much shorter than discal cell; wing usually shorter, about twice as long as wide (less often 2.5-3.0 times); cell bm and discal cell distinct. Mid and hind tibiae evenly setulose, lacking anterodorsal or posterodorsal setae. Abdomen: Tergites wider than long; tergite 6 well differentiated from short syntergosternite 7+8, the latter forming a dorsal pregenital sclerite. Male terminalia: Surstylus positioned at ventral margin of epandrium, usually broadly articulated externally with epandrium, internally with subepandrial sclerite; aedeagus usually very long and sinuous, either thick and straplike or narrow and ribbonlike; aedeagus micropubescent dorsally.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="79" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="79">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="79">
|
|
Worldwide among genera of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tethininae">Tethininae</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
|
|
has more than half of the described species (77 of 115) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Munari, L" journalOrPublisher="Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali - Lavori" pageId="26" pageNumber="85" pagination="17 - 25" title="Beach flies (Diptera: Tethinidae) of the Palaearctic Region: An annotated checklist, including world distribution." volume="27" year="2002">Munari 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Two species occur in the study area and a third,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina albula" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albula">Tethina albula</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Loew), has been reported (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Prado AP, do" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Biologia" pageId="26" pageNumber="85" pagination="429 - 439" title="Sobre duas especies novas do genero " Tethina " Haliday, 1838 (Diptera, Tethinidae)." volume="26" year="1966">Prado and Tavares 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) but not seen as part of this study. Since
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina albula" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albula">Tethina albula</taxonomicName>
|
|
has been reported from Brazil, and as there is the possibility of its occurrence there, we have included it in the key to species. The included species of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
|
|
occur along maritime beaches of the littoral biotic region. Specimens are sometimes abundant, especially on fresh and decomposing wrack.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="79" type="key to species of tethina from brazil">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="79">
|
|
Key to Species of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
|
|
from Brazil
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="79">
|
|
<table pageId="20" pageNumber="79">
|
|
<tr pageId="20" pageNumber="79">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina xanthopoda" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthopoda">Tethina xanthopoda</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="20" pageNumber="79">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina willistoni" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="willistoni">Tethina willistoni</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="20" pageNumber="79">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina albula" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albula">Tethina albula</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |