180 lines
18 KiB
XML
180 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="A435E683D711F084D4A37BFB7CD398F1" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1." ID-CLB-Dataset="274475" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="99249a81-fbb8-40be-8684-679b248a904c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="257322" ID-ZooBank="22D15539-E49E-4D6C-BFCF-D4DBC72BA640" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1464329791316" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane" docDate="2016" docId="967487E2FF8AFF89FF4D9CD0F865F850" docLanguage="en" docName="data.B57F45E4F79E756521D0FF93724F43E0.cached" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4116 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Paraephydra Mathis" docType="treatment" docVersion="21" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="6A4DFF9AFF90FF93FFDA9E08FD10FFDD" masterDocTitle="Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1698630573745" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="974C8CB0C4FC2F14AE564DCB860B3CAE">
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<mods:title id="5C88B1C479507F2540998184AABEE57F">Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BF621F21F3A823C3D06482E64B0DE7E8">Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="5F4C93595278E8410D91628527174EF2" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="58FB95DB87380249F86200B7E756D050">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FAC1F6B09F1FCD07E6793B1EBEC7A180">Marinoni, Luciane</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D189CD6E4EC89AEBB0A831935A8F2B21">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="2F8E3F3F79767CF9AD7746F92285C959">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="AEB20D64243BB6AD38FCFB1D21A5D832">
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<mods:date id="CC13B10B8E728EBF9E60D963D1B34C49">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="241DD625DFDDCAFC044101EAD9E06212" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="84ED7ACBFDFB476ABF6DFB140D4E33B9">4116</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="E530592F94D43936F5567CAC705CBF15" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="967487E2FF8AFF89FF4D9CD0F865F850" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3512820" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120731702" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3512820" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:967487E2FF8AFF89FF4D9CD0F865F850" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/967487E2FF8AFF89FF4D9CD0F865F850" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection id="56C7657FFF8AFF89FF4D9CD0FCFAFD2F" box="[151,490,727,754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1E6236F4FF8AFF89FF4D9CD0FCFAFD2F" blockId="26.[151,490,727,754]" box="[151,490,727,754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<heading id="452A8198FF8AFF89FF4D9CD0FCFAFD2F" bold="true" box="[151,490,727,754]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FF4D9CD0FCFAFD2F" bold="true" box="[151,490,727,754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FF349CDFFCFAFD2F" ID-CoL="63JYV" authority="Mathis" authorityName="Mathis" box="[238,490,727,754]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FF349CDFFC9BFD2C" bold="true" box="[238,395,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Paraephydra</emphasis>
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Mathis
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="56C7657FFF8AFF89FF4D9D16F998FCE9" box="[151,1160,798,820]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="1E6236F4FF8AFF89FF4D9D16F998FCE9" blockId="26.[151,1160,798,820]" box="[151,1160,798,820]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="3ECD11DAFF8AFF89FF4D9D16F998FCE9" box="[151,1160,798,820]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FF4D9D16FCABFCE9" ID-CoL="63JYV" authority="Mathis 2008: 4" authorityName="Mathis" authorityPageNumber="4" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,443,798,820]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FF4D9D16FC0DFCE9" box="[151,285,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Paraephydra</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="9F7C10E5FF8AFF89FEF89D16FCABFCE9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3509656" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3509656" author="Mathis" box="[290,443,798,820]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/902D87820360FFC5FF19E3F6D53903FD" page="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="2008">
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<bibRefCitation id="7A4C4B05FF8AFF89FEF89D16FCB5FCE9" author="Mathis" box="[290,421,798,820]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Mathis, W. N. (2008) Two new neotropical genera of the shore-fly tribe Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae). Zootaxa, 1874, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2008">Mathis 2008</bibRefCitation>
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: 4
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<typeStatus id="C1668856FF8AFF89FE129D17FCE6FCE9" box="[456,502,799,820]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FD899D16FEB4FCE9" ID-CoL="8C2FR" authority="Oliveira 1954" authorityName="Oliveira" authorityYear="1954" box="[595,932,798,820]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freitasi">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FD899D16FE00FCE9" box="[595,784,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Ephydrella freitasi</emphasis>
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Oliveira 1954
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</taxonomicName>
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, original designation].
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="56C7657FFF8AFF89FF4D9D69FF18F9DC" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="1E6236F4FF8AFF89FF4D9D69FF62FC1F" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FF4D9D69FC01FCA7" bold="true" box="[151,273,865,890]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FEFA9D69FCA4FCA7" box="[288,436,865,890]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FEFA9D69FCA4FCA7" box="[288,436,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Paraephydra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from other genera of
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<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FC4E9D69F914FCA7" box="[916,1028,865,890]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ephydrini">Ephydrini</taxonomicName>
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by the following combination of characters: Moderately small to medium-sized shore flies, body length
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<quantity id="D9259B11FF8AFF89FBD09D8EF9AAFC40" box="[1034,1210,902,926]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0999999999999996" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="3.0999999999999996" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="2.4">2.40–3.80 mm</quantity>
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; setation normally developed, not generally appearing pilose.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1E6236F4FF8AFF89FF1D9DC5FF3AFB47" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FF1D9DC5FC1DFC3B" box="[199,269,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Head:</emphasis>
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Mesofrons shiny, with metallic luster, differentiated from microtomentose parafrons; cruciate interfrontal setae l; lateroclinate, fronto-orbital setae 2; antennal groove distinct but not deeply impressed; basal flagellomere lacking large seta inserted on lateral surface; arista as long or slightly longer than combined length of 1st 3 antennal segments, gradually tapered from base to apex, with subpectinate, dorsally branching rays on basal 2/3; postocular setae normally developed, not conspicuous; larger facial setae extended from interfoveal hump with 1–2, distinctly porrect to anaclinate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1E6236F4FF8AFF89FF1D9AADFDC8FA93" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FF1D9AADFC31FB63" box="[199,289,1189,1214]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Thorax:</emphasis>
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Females with 1 prescutellar, acrostichal setae; dorsocentral setae 4 (1+3), all well developed; supraalar seta present; presutural supra-alar seta lacking; intrapostalar seta either weakly developed or lacking; disc of scutellum concolorous with posterior portion of scutum; females lacking dense patch of setae between posterior 2 dorsocentral setae. Hindtibia with apical, anteroventral seta, length equal to or larger than width of tibia at widest point.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1E6236F4FF8AFF89FF1D9B51FF18F9DC" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FF1D9B51FC2AFAAF" box="[199,314,1369,1394]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Abdomen:</emphasis>
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Female ventral receptacle with operculum flat, disc-like.
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<collectingCountry id="66CA7664FF8AFF89FC129B51F911FAAF" box="[968,1025,1369,1394]" name="Malta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Male</collectingCountry>
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terminalia: symmetrical; epandrium longer than wide, narrowed ventrally, fused almost imperceptibly with base of united surstyli; surstyli fused medially except at near apex; posterior surstylar process only slightly longer than lateral process; both processes apical; gonite, hypandrium, and apparently aedeagus fused to form 1 compact structure, curved anteriorly, wide basally, tapered to rounded apex.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="56C7657FFF8AFF89FF1D9805F9DDF96B" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="1E6236F4FF8AFF89FF1D9805FF20F997" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FF1D9805FC70F9FB" bold="true" box="[199,352,1549,1574]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FEBC9805FCE4F9FB" box="[358,500,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Neotropical;</emphasis>
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widespread but scarce, from
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<collectingCountry id="66CA7664FF8AFF89FCE69806FED0F9FB" box="[828,960,1549,1574]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
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south through
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<collectingCountry id="66CA7664FF8AFF89FBBD9805F9BBF9FB" box="[1127,1195,1549,1574]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="66CA7664FF8AFF89FB149805F81EF9FB" box="[1230,1294,1549,1574]" name="Chile" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Chile</collectingCountry>
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. None of the congeners is known to be sympatric.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1E6236F4FF8AFF89FF1D985DF9DDF96B" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FF1D985DFC9EF9B3" bold="true" box="[199,398,1621,1646]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Natural history.</emphasis>
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Like other ephydrines,
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<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FD67985DFE41F9B3" box="[701,849,1621,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FD67985DFE41F9B3" box="[701,849,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Paraephydra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occurs in wetlands. In southern
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<collectingCountry id="66CA7664FF8AFF89FB29985DF820F9B3" box="[1267,1328,1621,1646]" name="Chile" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Chile</collectingCountry>
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(Osorno Province), we collected specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FD8E9872FFD5F94C" box="[596,709,1658,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stauros">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FD8E9872FFD5F94C" box="[596,709,1658,1681]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. stauros</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in a sedge meadow near the margins of small but apparently permanent ponds. Nothing is known about the immature stages or the microhabitat of the genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="56C7657FFF8AFF89FF1D98C9F865F850" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="1E6236F4FF8AFF89FF1D98C9FCA9F8FF" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FF1D98C9FC5CF907" bold="true" box="[199,332,1729,1754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Discussion.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FE8998C9FCF7F907" box="[339,487,1729,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FE8998C9FCF7F907" box="[339,487,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Paraephydra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is proposed to accommodate two closely related species,
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<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FBAB98CAF841F907" authority="Oliveira" authorityName="Oliveira" box="[1137,1361,1729,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freitasi">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FBAB98CAF9CAF907" box="[1137,1242,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. freitasi</emphasis>
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(Oliveira)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FA5D98CAFC6AF923" authority="Mathis. See" authorityName="Mathis. See" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stauros">
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FA5D98CAFDF9F920" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. stauros</emphasis>
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Mathis. See
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</taxonomicName>
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“Remarks” section under
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FD6A98EEFE0AF920" box="[688,794,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. f re i t as i</emphasis>
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for further comments on the classificatory history and placement of that species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1E6236F4FF8AFF89FF1D9925F865F850" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Sexual dimorphism is evident in the chaetotaxy of
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<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FCC99925FEBEF89B" box="[787,942,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FCC99925FEBBF89B" box="[787,939,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraephydra</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Females, unlike males, have a prescutellar acrostichal seta that is larger than other acrostichal setulae. Based on this character,
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<bibRefCitation id="7A4C4B05FF8AFF89FB8B9959F81CF8B7" author="Oliveira" box="[1105,1292,1873,1898]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Oliveira, S. J. de (1954 c) Sobre a presenca do genero " Ephydrella " Tonnoir and Malloch, (1926, na regiao neotropica, com descricao de uma nova especie (Diptera: Ephydridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 14 (3), 291 - 294." type="journal article" year="1954" yearSuffix="c">Oliveira (1954c)</bibRefCitation>
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described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FA5D995AFDF6F853" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freitasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FA5D995AFDF6F853" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. freitasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FEA0997DFCEDF853" box="[378,509,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FEA0997DFCE8F853" box="[378,504,1909,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ephydrella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as that genus, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9DD4D77FF8AFF89FD35997EF95EF853" authority="Neotropical" authorityName="Neotropical" box="[751,1102,1909,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CA9EAE6FF8AFF89FD35997EFE6EF850" box="[751,894,1910,1933]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Dimecoenia,</emphasis>
|
||
sensu Neotropical
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, lacks these setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |