487 lines
65 KiB
XML
487 lines
65 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3A47ABDB831277213BAED4CD63672846">Review of the fossil record of Bolitophilidae, with description of new taxa and discussion of position of Mangas Kovalev (Diptera: Sciaroidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="500E70E560A5E83FD9452F4E6611661F">Greenwalt, Dale E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="461B7A4D8640251CC1A8FC80F6C2D05D">Blagoderov, Vladimir A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7AA347A5D2212BF0C4E0DDE3E48CE102">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="B1581772FFA3FFB8FF1C2A45712DBBA0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5928065" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154435554" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5928065" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B1581772FFA3FFB8FF1C2A45712DBBA0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B1581772FFA3FFB8FF1C2A45712DBBA0" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="553" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">
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<subSubSection id="71EBF5EFFFA3FFB9FF1C2A4575E4B968" box="[151,431,1024,1051]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="394EA664FFA3FFB9FF1C2A4575E4B968" blockId="6.[151,431,1024,1051]" box="[151,431,1024,1051]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">
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<heading id="62061108FFA3FFB9FF1C2A4575E4B968" bold="true" box="[151,431,1024,1051]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FF1C2A4575E4B968" ID-CoL="89NPS" authority="Kovalev, 1986" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,431,1024,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FF1C2A4575E4B968" bold="true" box="[151,431,1024,1051]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FF1C2A4574B2B969" bold="true" box="[151,249,1024,1050]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">Mangas</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA3FFB9FE8B2A4475E4B968" author="Kovalev, V. G." box="[256,431,1025,1051]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" pagination="126 - 154" refId="ref6668" refString="Kovalev, V. G. (1986) [Descriptions of fossil flies. Muscida (= Diptera). Infraorders Bibionomorpha et Asilomorpha.]. In: [Insects in the early Cretaceous ecosystems of the West Mongolia]. Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongololskoi Paleontololicheskoi Ekpeditsii, 28, pp. 126 - 154, pls. 15 - 16. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kovalev, 1986</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="71EBF5EFFFA3FFB9FF1C2A0377CAB92F" box="[151,897,1094,1116]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="394EA664FFA3FFB9FF1C2A0377CAB92F" blockId="6.[151,897,1094,1116]" box="[151,897,1094,1116]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FF1C2A037569B92F" bold="true" box="[151,290,1094,1116]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">
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<typeStatus id="E64A18C6FFA3FFB9FF1C2A037487B92F" box="[151,204,1094,1116]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FEA22A0276CEB92F" authority="Kovalev, 1986: 136" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityPageNumber="136" authorityYear="1986" box="[297,645,1094,1116]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FEA22A0275FDB92F" box="[297,438,1094,1116]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">Mangas exilis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA3FFB9FE372A037618B92F" author="Kovalev, V. G." box="[444,595,1094,1116]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" pagination="126 - 154" refId="ref6668" refString="Kovalev, V. G. (1986) [Descriptions of fossil flies. Muscida (= Diptera). Infraorders Bibionomorpha et Asilomorpha.]. In: [Insects in the early Cretaceous ecosystems of the West Mongolia]. Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongololskoi Paleontololicheskoi Ekpeditsii, 28, pp. 126 - 154, pls. 15 - 16. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kovalev, 1986</bibRefCitation>
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: 136
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="71EBF5EFFFA3FFB9FF1C2ACD76B4B844" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="394EA664FFA3FFB9FF1C2ACD76B4B844" blockId="6.[151,1437,1160,2030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FF1C2ACD755AB9D2" bold="true" box="[151,273,1160,1185]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Large to medium size gracile flies. Male antennae at least as long body; long legs; tibial spur formula 1:2:2. Sc complete,
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FEF42AE875E0B9B7" box="[383,427,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">sc-r</emphasis>
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in the middle of Sc. R
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<subScript id="A575A421FFA3FFB9FD322AFE768AB9BA" attach="left" box="[697,705,1211,1225]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">1</subScript>
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apex with pterostigma. Rs base curved, as long as section M
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<subScript id="A575A421FFA3FFB9FA072AFE71DFB9BA" attach="left" box="[1420,1428,1211,1225]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">3</subScript>
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; section M
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<subScript id="A575A421FFA3FFB9FE8E2AA77546B983" attach="left" box="[261,269,1250,1264]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">2</subScript>
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at least twice the section M
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<subScript id="A575A421FFA3FFB9FDC82AA77600B983" attach="left" box="[579,587,1250,1264]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">3</subScript>
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; M fork at least
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<date id="4D4F80A4FFA3FFB9FC892A917755B99F" box="[770,798,1236,1260]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">3x</date>
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the section M
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<subScript id="A575A421FFA3FFB9FC372AA7778FB983" attach="left" box="[956,964,1250,1264]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">3</subScript>
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. Crossvein
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FBCC2A917016B99F" box="[1095,1117,1236,1260]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">tb</emphasis>
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absent (M stem touching
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FAF52A9174F9B861" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">mcu</emphasis>
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) or replaced by a short fusion. Abdominal segments 1 and 2 shorter than segment 3; segments 5–7 of male more sclerotised that preceding ones. Male gonostyli simple.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="71EBF5EFFFA3FFB8FF4C2B07712DBBA0" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="553" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="394EA664FFA3FFB9FF4C2B0771C1BA28" blockId="6.[151,1437,1160,2030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FF4C2B077507B828" bold="true" box="[199,332,1346,1371]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">Discussion.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA3FFB9FED82B07764FB828" author="Kovalev, V. G." box="[339,516,1346,1371]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" pagination="126 - 154" refId="ref6668" refString="Kovalev, V. G. (1986) [Descriptions of fossil flies. Muscida (= Diptera). Infraorders Bibionomorpha et Asilomorpha.]. In: [Insects in the early Cretaceous ecosystems of the West Mongolia]. Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongololskoi Paleontololicheskoi Ekpeditsii, 28, pp. 126 - 154, pls. 15 - 16. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kovalev (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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established the new subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FCEC2B0777A5B828" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[871,1006,1346,1371]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mangasinae">Mangasinae</taxonomicName>
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and described
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<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FB132B06717FB829" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[1176,1332,1346,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FB132B06717FB829" box="[1176,1332,1346,1370]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">Mangas exilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the Lower Cretaceous of West
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<collectingCountry id="41E6E6F4FFA3FFB9FE4E2B23767DB80C" box="[453,566,1382,1407]" name="Mongolia" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA3FFB9FDCB2B2376BBB80C" author="Kovalev, V. G." box="[576,752,1382,1407]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" pagination="126 - 154" refId="ref6668" refString="Kovalev, V. G. (1986) [Descriptions of fossil flies. Muscida (= Diptera). Infraorders Bibionomorpha et Asilomorpha.]. In: [Insects in the early Cretaceous ecosystems of the West Mongolia]. Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongololskoi Paleontololicheskoi Ekpeditsii, 28, pp. 126 - 154, pls. 15 - 16. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kovalev (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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figured the specimen with basal and posterior portions of the wing missing. Neither the origin of the posterior fork nor any portion of Sc is preserved.
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<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FB0B2BCE70ABB8D1" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[1152,1248,1418,1442]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FB0B2BCE70ABB8D1" box="[1152,1248,1418,1442]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">M. exilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seemingly lacks a pterostigma (but see discussion below) and, unlike all other species in the family
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<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FBD82BEB70BDB8B4" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1863" box="[1107,1270,1454,1479]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bolitophilidae</taxonomicName>
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, R
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<subScript id="A575A421FFA3FFB9FA9E2BF87166B8B8" attach="left" box="[1301,1325,1469,1483]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">2+3</subScript>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA3FFB9FAB62BEB74AAB89D" author="Kovalev, V. G." pageId="6" pageNumber="552" pagination="126 - 154" refId="ref6668" refString="Kovalev, V. G. (1986) [Descriptions of fossil flies. Muscida (= Diptera). Infraorders Bibionomorpha et Asilomorpha.]. In: [Insects in the early Cretaceous ecosystems of the West Mongolia]. Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongololskoi Paleontololicheskoi Ekpeditsii, 28, pp. 126 - 154, pls. 15 - 16. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kovalev (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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suggested that the relatively long antennae of this specimen and the relative position of
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FB652B93714FB89E" box="[1262,1284,1494,1517]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">ta</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FA932B937174B89E" box="[1304,1343,1494,1517]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">r-m</emphasis>
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) and
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FA0D2B9071D7B89E" box="[1414,1436,1493,1517]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">tb</emphasis>
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(basalmost portion of M
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<subScript id="A575A421FFA3FFB9FE39284D7581BB65" attach="left" box="[434,458,1544,1558]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">3+4</subScript>
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) indicate a close relationship with
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<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FCE12BBC7045BB61" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1863" box="[874,1038,1529,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bolitophilidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA3FFB9FB972BBC7093BB62" author="Chandler, P." box="[1052,1240,1529,1554]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" pagination="101 - 144" refId="ref6091" refString="Chandler, P. (2002) Heterotricha Loew and allied genera (Diptera: Sciaroidea): offshoots of the stem group of Mycetophilidae and / or Sciaridae? Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 38, 101 - 144." type="journal article" year="2002">Chandler (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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re-examined the specimen and stated that “
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FE5B286575ADBB4B" box="[464,486,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">tb</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FE702865760ABB4B" box="[507,577,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">bm-cu</emphasis>
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) and the basal part of CuA (is) identifiable by analogy to its venation”.
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<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA3FFB9FF1C2801751BBB2F" author="Chandler, P." box="[151,336,1604,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" pagination="101 - 144" refId="ref6091" refString="Chandler, P. (2002) Heterotricha Loew and allied genera (Diptera: Sciaroidea): offshoots of the stem group of Mycetophilidae and / or Sciaridae? Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 38, 101 - 144." type="journal article" year="2002">Chandler (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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concluded that
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<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FD8F2800762EBB2F" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[516,613,1604,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
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<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FD8F2800762EBB2F" box="[516,613,1604,1628]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">M. exilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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“cannot be demonstrated to be closely related to... a bolitophilid.” and was “allied to
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<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FEB0282D7580BBF3" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1850" box="[315,459,1640,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Diadocidiidae" genus="Heterotricha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FEB0282D7580BBF3" box="[315,459,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">Heterotricha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA3FFB9FE6D28227768BBF3" author="Hippa, H. & Vilkamaa, P." box="[486,803,1639,1664]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" pagination="121 - 144" refId="ref6518" refString="Hippa, H. & Vilkamaa, P. (2005) The genus Sciarotricha gen. n. (Sciaridae) and the phylogeny of recent and fossil Sciaroidea (Diptera). Insect Systematics and Evolution, 36, 121 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631205788838492" type="journal article" year="2005">Hippa and Vilkamaa (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in a cladistics analysis of both extant and extinct fossil Sciaroidea, and in which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FE3D28C87653BBD7" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[438,536,1676,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FE3D28C87653BBD7" box="[438,536,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">M. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was coded for 18 out of 77 characters analyzed in the study, concluded that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FAF628C87499BBBB" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FAF628C87499BBBB" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">M. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“belongs to the ‘keroplatid clade”, distinct from a clade that included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FC7128F5709FBBB4" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1818" box="[1018,1236,1712,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Bolitophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinerea">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FC7128F5709FBBB4" box="[1018,1236,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">Bolitophila cinerea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FB6828F47176BBBB" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[1251,1341,1713,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FB6828F47176BBBB" box="[1251,1341,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">Mangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (see below) and the extinct
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FE31289177B4BB9E" authority="Rohdendorf, 1962" authorityName="Rohdendorf" authorityYear="1962" box="[442,1023,1748,1773]" class="Insecta" family="Protopleciidae" genus="Archipleciomima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obtusipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FE312891775CBB9F" box="[442,791,1748,1772]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">Archipleciomima obtusipennis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA3FFB9FCAC289177B4BB9E" author="Rohdendorf, B. B." box="[807,1023,1748,1773]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" pagination="444 - 502" refId="ref7031" refString="Rohdendorf, B. B. (1962) [Order Diptera]. In Rohdendorf, B. B. (ed.), [Fundamentals of Paleontology]. Fol. 9. Arthropoda, Tracheata, Chelicerata. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 444 - 502." type="book chapter" year="1962">Rohdendorf, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA3FFB9FB99289171D7BB9F" author="Blagoderov, V. & Grimaldi, D." box="[1042,1436,1748,1773]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref6023" refString="Blagoderov, V. & Grimaldi, D. (2004) Fossil Sciaroidea (Diptera) in Cretaceous ambers, exclusive of Cecidomyiidae, Sciaridae, and Keroplatidae. American Museum Novitates, 3433, 1 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2004) 433 <C 0001: FSDICA> E 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2004">Blagoderov and Grimaldi (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FEC928BC75EFBA63" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[322,420,1784,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FEC928BC75EFBA63" box="[322,420,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">M. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had a suite of characters including 1) a long, curved base of Rs situated distally, 2)
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FAFF28BC71D0BA63" box="[1396,1435,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">r-m</emphasis>
|
||
vertical, 3) section M2 long and longitudinal and 4) a short section M3 (M
|
||
<subScript id="A575A421FFA3FFB9FB83296E706ABA4A" attach="left" box="[1032,1057,1835,1849]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">1+2</subScript>
|
||
stem) that were characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FF1C29077570BA28" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,315,1858,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bolitophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At least characters 3 and 4 from the list are apomorphies compared to other Mesozoic Sciaroidea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="394EA664FFA3FFB8FF4C292271DBBC1A" blockId="6.[151,1437,1160,2030]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,1747]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="553" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">
|
||
A second specimen, from the Lower Cretaceous of the Transbaikal region, consists only of an isolated wing and was identified by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA3FFB9FE0529CF7675BAD0" author="Kovalev, V. G." box="[398,574,1930,1955]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" pagination="126 - 154" refId="ref6668" refString="Kovalev, V. G. (1986) [Descriptions of fossil flies. Muscida (= Diptera). Infraorders Bibionomorpha et Asilomorpha.]. In: [Insects in the early Cretaceous ecosystems of the West Mongolia]. Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongololskoi Paleontololicheskoi Ekpeditsii, 28, pp. 126 - 154, pls. 15 - 16. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kovalev (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FDEF29CE76F5BAD1" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[612,702,1931,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FDEF29CE76F5BAD1" box="[612,702,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">Mangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. This specimen, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FC4629CE7066BAD0" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[973,1069,1931,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FC4629CE7066BAD0" box="[973,1069,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">M. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lacks R
|
||
<subScript id="A575A421FFA3FFB9FB0529DC70EDBAD4" attach="left" box="[1166,1190,1945,1959]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">2+3</subScript>
|
||
although it does have a prominent pterostigma and its Sc is strongly sclerotized. The
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FCF929F477C3BABA" box="[882,904,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">tb</emphasis>
|
||
crossvein is absent,
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FBF229F770FABABA" box="[1145,1201,1970,1993]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">m-cu</emphasis>
|
||
touches the M stem directly, a condition also found in various
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FDE729907744BA9D" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1863" box="[620,783,2005,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bolitophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for example, the extant species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA3FFB9FBFC299371DEBA9D" authority="Winnertz, 1863" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1863" box="[1143,1429,2005,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Bolitophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenella">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA3FFB9FBFC299370AABA9E" box="[1143,1249,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="552">B. tenella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA3FFB9FB63299071DEBA9D" author="Winnertz, J." box="[1256,1429,2005,2030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="552" pagination="637 - 964" refId="ref7636" refString="Winnertz, J. (1863) Beitrag zu einer Monographie der Pilzmucken. Ferhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 13, 637 - 964." type="journal article" year="1863">Winnertz, 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FF1C2EDC7588BDC3" authority="Mayer, 1951" authorityName="Mayer" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,451,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Bolitophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FF1C2EDC7560BDC3" box="[151,299,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">B. basicornis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FEBF2EDD7588BDC3" author="Mayer, H." box="[308,451,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="127 - 136" refId="ref6900" refString="Mayer, H. (1951) Neue Fungivoriden (Diptera Nematocera) aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museum Wien. II. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 58, 127 - 136." type="journal article" year="1951">Mayer, 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FE592EDC76AFBDC3" authority="Fisher 1934" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1934" box="[466,740,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Bolitophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlantica">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FE592EDC761DBDC3" box="[466,598,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">B. atlantica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FDD62ED276AFBDC3" author="Fisher, E. G." box="[605,740,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="276 - 278" refId="ref6381" refString="Fisher, E. G. (1934) Four new species of Mycetophilidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist, 66, 276 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 66276 - 12" type="journal article" year="1934">Fisher 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FC972EDC7051BDC3" authority="Garrett, 1925" authorityName="Garrett" authorityYear="1925" box="[796,1050,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Bolitophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dupla">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FC972EDC7737BDC3" box="[796,892,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">B. dupla</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FC0F2EDD7051BDC3" author="Garrett, C. B. D." box="[900,1050,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" refId="ref6421" refString="Garrett, C. B. D. (1925) Sixty-one new Diptera. Courier Print, Cranbrook, B. C. 12 pp." type="book" year="1925">Garrett, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FBA12ED270E6BDC3" author="Shaw, F. R." box="[1066,1197,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="99 - 101" refId="ref7141" refString="Shaw, F. R. (1962) A key to the North American species of Bolitophila (Diptera: Mycetophilidae), with some observations on those described by CBD Garrett. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55 (1), 99 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 55.1.99" type="journal article" year="1962">Shaw 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FB312EDD71DBBDC3" author="Hutson, A. M. & Ackland, D. M. & Kidd, L. N." box="[1210,1424,152,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref6573" refString="Hutson, A. M., Ackland, D. M. & Kidd, L. N. (1980) Mycetophilidae (Bolitophilinae, Ditomyiinae, Diadocidiinae, Keroplatinae, Sciophilinae and Manotinae). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 9 (3), pp. 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||
Hutson
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FA982EDC7107BDC3" box="[1299,1356,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). With the exception of the lack of R
|
||
<subScript id="A575A421FFA2FFB8FD952E8E767DBDAA" attach="left" box="[542,566,203,217]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">2+3</subScript>
|
||
, this latter specimen keys to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FCF12EF97055BDA6" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1863" box="[890,1054,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bolitophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FBA22EF970AABDA7" author="Chandler, P." box="[1065,1249,188,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="101 - 144" refId="ref6091" refString="Chandler, P. (2002) Heterotricha Loew and allied genera (Diptera: Sciaroidea): offshoots of the stem group of Mycetophilidae and / or Sciaridae? Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 38, 101 - 144." type="journal article" year="2002">Chandler (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
re-examined the actual specimen and also recognised this specimen as a member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FC282EA7700CBD88" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1863" box="[931,1095,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bolitophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FBDF2EA670E5BD89" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[1108,1198,227,250]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FBDF2EA670E5BD89" box="[1108,1198,227,250]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FA992EA771D7BD88" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[1298,1436,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mangasinae">Mangasinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. sp.” was identified as a sister group to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FDF02F4276B2BC6C" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1818" box="[635,761,263,287]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Bolitophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FDF02F4276B2BC6C" box="[635,761,263,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Bolitophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FCA92F437012BC6C" author="Hippa, H. & Vilkamaa, P." box="[802,1113,262,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="121 - 144" refId="ref6518" refString="Hippa, H. & Vilkamaa, P. (2005) The genus Sciarotricha gen. n. (Sciaridae) and the phylogeny of recent and fossil Sciaroidea (Diptera). Insect Systematics and Evolution, 36, 121 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631205788838492" type="journal article" year="2005">Hippa and Vilkamaa (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who retained
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FB7C2F437135BC6C" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[1271,1406,262,287]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mangasinae">Mangasinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subfamily of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FEC12F6F75A6BC30" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1863" box="[330,493,298,323]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bolitophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FD0B2F6F777FBC30" author="Kovalev, V. G." box="[640,820,298,323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="126 - 154" refId="ref6668" refString="Kovalev, V. G. (1986) [Descriptions of fossil flies. Muscida (= Diptera). Infraorders Bibionomorpha et Asilomorpha.]. In: [Insects in the early Cretaceous ecosystems of the West Mongolia]. Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongololskoi Paleontololicheskoi Ekpeditsii, 28, pp. 126 - 154, pls. 15 - 16. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kovalev (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
by the apomorphy “absence of R
|
||
<subScript id="A575A421FFA2FFB8FB342F7C708CBC34" attach="left" box="[1215,1223,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">4</subScript>
|
||
” (R
|
||
<subScript id="A575A421FFA2FFB8FB712F7C7159BC34" attach="left" box="[1274,1298,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">2+3</subScript>
|
||
here). They populated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FE872F1475D8BC19" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[268,403,337,362]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mangasinae">Mangasinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with Kovalev’s single undescribed specimen which they removed from the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FAA42F1771C2BC1A" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[1327,1417,338,361]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FAA42F1771C2BC1A" box="[1327,1417,338,361]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="394EA664FFA2FFB8FF4C2F307089BF15" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">
|
||
The reconsideration of the group here shows that conclusions of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FC322F30703FBCFD" author="Chandler, P." box="[953,1140,373,398]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="101 - 144" refId="ref6091" refString="Chandler, P. (2002) Heterotricha Loew and allied genera (Diptera: Sciaroidea): offshoots of the stem group of Mycetophilidae and / or Sciaridae? Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 38, 101 - 144." type="journal article" year="2002">Chandler (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FB3B2F3074AABCC1" author="Hippa, H. & Vilkamaa, P." pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="121 - 144" refId="ref6518" refString="Hippa, H. & Vilkamaa, P. (2005) The genus Sciarotricha gen. n. (Sciaridae) and the phylogeny of recent and fossil Sciaroidea (Diptera). Insect Systematics and Evolution, 36, 121 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631205788838492" type="journal article" year="2005">Hippa and Vilkamaa (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are based on misinterpretations of fossil material, incorrect coding and literal interpretation of their cladogram. For example, a vein identified by Chandler as “
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FCB02FF8771ABCA6" box="[827,849,445,469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">tb</emphasis>
|
||
” (2002: 136, fig. 92) is actually homologous to the section M2 of Kovalev (section of M between
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FD2D2FA476F7BC8A" box="[678,700,481,505]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">tb</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FD782FA77751BC8A" box="[755,794,482,505]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">r-m</emphasis>
|
||
). In Hippa and Vilkamaa’s matrix (2005: 124–129, table 2), character 38 must be coded 1/1 instead of 1/0, character 45 – 0/? instead of 1/0, character 54 – 0/0 instead of 1/ 0 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FF512C6F757FBF32" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[218,308,554,577]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FF512C6F757FBF32" box="[218,308,554,577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp./
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FEEE2C6F764EBF32" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[357,517,553,577]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FEEE2C6F764EBF32" box="[357,517,553,577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
correspondingly; character 42 is based on incorrect interpretation of homology since section M2 of the M stem is present in almost all Bibionomorpha in one way or the other.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="394EA664FFA2FFB8FF4C2C3770E5BEA5" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">
|
||
As
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FF652C3475EBBFF9" author="Kovalev, V. G." box="[238,416,625,650]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="126 - 154" refId="ref6668" refString="Kovalev, V. G. (1986) [Descriptions of fossil flies. Muscida (= Diptera). Infraorders Bibionomorpha et Asilomorpha.]. In: [Insects in the early Cretaceous ecosystems of the West Mongolia]. Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongololskoi Paleontololicheskoi Ekpeditsii, 28, pp. 126 - 154, pls. 15 - 16. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kovalev (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted, the wing venation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FD602C37770EBFFA" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[747,837,626,649]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FD602C37770EBFFA" box="[747,837,626,649]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FB972C3470D1BFFA" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1818" box="[1052,1178,625,649]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Bolitophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FB972C3470D1BFFA" box="[1052,1178,625,649]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Bolitophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the exception of absence of R
|
||
<subScript id="A575A421FFA2FFB8FEA12CE17509BFC1" attach="left" box="[298,322,676,690]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">2+3</subScript>
|
||
. This venation pattern is largely plesiomorphic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FCE02CD070C9BFDD" author="Amorim, D. S. & Rindal, E." box="[875,1154,661,686]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref5873" refString="Amorim, D. S. & Rindal, E. (2007) Phylogeny of the Mycetophiliformia, with proposal of the subfamilies Heterotrichinae, Ohakuneinae, and Chiletrichinae for the Rangomaramidae (Diptera, Bibionomorpha). Zootaxa, 1535, 1 - 92." type="journal article" year="2007">Amorim & Rindal 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FB052CD07498BFA6" author="Blagoderov, V. & Grimaldi, D." pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref6023" refString="Blagoderov, V. & Grimaldi, D. (2004) Fossil Sciaroidea (Diptera) in Cretaceous ambers, exclusive of Cecidomyiidae, Sciaridae, and Keroplatidae. American Museum Novitates, 3433, 1 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2004) 433 <C 0001: FSDICA> E 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2004">Blagoderov & Grimaldi 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), shared by different basal Sciaroidea, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FC952CF977ACBFA6" authorityName="Rohdendorf" authorityYear="1938" box="[798,999,700,725]" class="Insecta" family="Antefungivoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Antefungivoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FC722CF970C2BFA6" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1017,1161,700,725]" class="Insecta" family="Keroplatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Keroplatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FB122CF9712EBFA6" box="[1177,1381,700,725]" class="Insecta" family="Keroplatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arachnocampinae">Arachnocampinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FF1C2CA5756CBF8B" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,295,736,760]" class="Insecta" family="Diadocidiidae" genus="Heterotricha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FF1C2CA5756CBF8B" box="[151,295,736,760]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Heterotricha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group genera (
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FE5F2CA47659BF8B" box="[468,530,737,760]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FD912CA5768EBF8A" author="Chandler, P." box="[538,709,736,761]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="101 - 144" refId="ref6091" refString="Chandler, P. (2002) Heterotricha Loew and allied genera (Diptera: Sciaroidea): offshoots of the stem group of Mycetophilidae and / or Sciaridae? Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 38, 101 - 144." type="journal article" year="2002">Chandler 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FD532CA47779BF8B" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[728,818,737,760]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FD532CA47779BF8B" box="[728,818,737,760]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FC432CA57168BF8A" authority="Edwards, 1924" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1924" box="[968,1315,736,761]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" genus="Arachnocampa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FC432CA57038BF8B" box="[968,1139,736,760]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Arachnocampa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FBF02CA57168BF8A" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1147,1315,736,761]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="175 - 179" refId="ref6275" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1924) A note on the New Zealand glow-worm (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 14, 175 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932408633104" type="journal article" year="1924">
|
||
Edwards,
|
||
<quantity id="FE090B81FFA2FFB8FB602CA47168BF8A" box="[1259,1315,737,761]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.88696" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" unit="in" value="1924.0">1924</quantity>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that the base of Rs is located near the middle of the wing, distad of
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FCA12D407729BE6F" box="[810,866,773,796]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">m-cu</emphasis>
|
||
(basally, proximad of
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FBD62D4070DEBE6F" box="[1117,1173,773,796]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">m-cu</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FB332D417128BE6F" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1924" box="[1208,1379,772,796]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" genus="Arachnocampa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FB332D417128BE6F" box="[1208,1379,772,796]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Arachnocampa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FAF02D4074E9BE33" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">sc- r</emphasis>
|
||
is at the level of
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FEE12D6C75E9BE33" box="[362,418,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">m-cu</emphasis>
|
||
or slightly proximad (more basal in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FCCF2D6D77A4BE33" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1924" box="[836,1007,808,832]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" genus="Arachnocampa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FCCF2D6D77A4BE33" box="[836,1007,808,832]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Arachnocampa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); CuA and A
|
||
<subScript id="A575A421FFA2FFB8FB012D7270D9BE36" attach="left" box="[1162,1170,823,837]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">1</subScript>
|
||
converging (parallel or diverging in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FEA22D0A759FBE14" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1924" box="[297,468,847,871]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" genus="Arachnocampa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FEA22D0A759FBE14" box="[297,468,847,871]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Arachnocampa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). It differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FD122D0A7715BE1B" authorityName="Rohdendorf" authorityYear="1938" box="[665,862,847,872]" class="Insecta" family="Antefungivoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Antefungivoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FB8F2D0A70DFBE14" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1850" box="[1028,1172,847,871]" class="Insecta" family="Diadocidiidae" genus="Heterotricha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FB8F2D0A70DFBE14" box="[1028,1172,847,871]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Heterotricha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group in its very short M3 section (compared both to section M2 and M fork) and the presence of a pterostigma; from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FA882D3671D8BEF8" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1850" box="[1283,1427,883,907]" class="Insecta" family="Diadocidiidae" genus="Heterotricha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FA882D3671D8BEF8" box="[1283,1427,883,907]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Heterotricha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- group in the presence of a distinct M base (section M1).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FC9E2DD27791BEC3" authorityName="Rohdendorf" authorityYear="1938" box="[789,986,919,944]" class="Insecta" family="Antefungivoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Antefungivoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have vein R
|
||
<subScript id="A575A421FFA2FFB8FBE32DE3703BBEC7" attach="left" box="[1128,1136,934,948]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">5</subScript>
|
||
curved posteriorly evenly, making cell r
|
||
<subScript id="A575A421FFA2FFB8FEA02D887578BEA8" attach="left" box="[299,307,973,987]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">1</subScript>
|
||
tapered, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FE772DFA761DBEA5" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[508,598,959,982]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FE772DFA761DBEA5" box="[508,598,959,982]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
R
|
||
<subScript id="A575A421FFA2FFB8FDE42D88763CBEA8" attach="left" box="[623,631,973,987]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">5</subScript>
|
||
is slightly sinusoid, and tip of cell r
|
||
<subScript id="A575A421FFA2FFB8FB822D88705ABEA8" attach="left" box="[1033,1041,973,987]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">1</subScript>
|
||
being obtuse.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="394EA664FFA2FFB8FF4C2DA1707DB91F" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FF4C2DA17570BE8E" bold="true" box="[199,315,996,1021]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Although the wing venation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FD362DA07714BE8E" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[701,863,997,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FD362DA07714BE8E" box="[701,863,997,1021]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is preserved very poorly, its taxonomic position within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FF7B2A4D75DBB952" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1863" box="[240,400,1032,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bolitophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be established with certainty since its shares apomorphies, such as elongated flagellomeres, short section M3, cell r
|
||
<subScript id="A575A421FFA2FFB8FDCC2A7E7604B93A" attach="left" box="[583,591,1083,1097]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">1</subScript>
|
||
wide and parallel-sided and obtuse at apex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FBC72A6971C4B936" author="Kovalev, V. G." box="[1100,1423,1068,1093]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="126 - 154" refId="ref6668" refString="Kovalev, V. G. (1986) [Descriptions of fossil flies. Muscida (= Diptera). Infraorders Bibionomorpha et Asilomorpha.]. In: [Insects in the early Cretaceous ecosystems of the West Mongolia]. Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongololskoi Paleontololicheskoi Ekpeditsii, 28, pp. 126 - 154, pls. 15 - 16. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kovalev 1986: Pl. XV, fig.6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and shortened abdominal segments 1 and 2 visible also in better preserved species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="394EA664FFA2FFB8FF4C2A327574BBDC" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">
|
||
The main arguments against inclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FD1C2A3D76BAB9FC" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[663,753,1144,1167]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FD1C2A3D76BAB9FC" box="[663,753,1144,1167]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FC9E2A3277FEB9E3" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1863" box="[789,949,1143,1168]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bolitophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are: 1) absence of pterostigma in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FABF2A3D71DFB9FC" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[1332,1428,1143,1167]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FABF2A3D71DFB9FC" box="[1332,1428,1143,1167]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">M. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 2) poor preservation of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="E64A18C6FFA2FFB8FE442ADE767AB9C7" box="[463,561,1179,1204]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FDD22AD976F0B9C7" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[601,699,1180,1204]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FDD22AD976F0B9C7" box="[601,699,1180,1204]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">M. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
preventing observation of Sc, and the bases of M and CuA. The absence of a pterostigma in the specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FD1F2A857779B9A4" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[660,818,1215,1239]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FD1F2A857779B9A4" box="[660,818,1215,1239]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be an artifact of preservation. The specimen was preserved in rather coarse sandstones of the Gurvan-Erenii-Nuru locality, which did not allow preservation of delicate details, such as thin veins (e.g. bases of M). Interestingly, a specimen of another species from the same formation,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FE9E2B697702B837" authority="Kovalev" authorityName="Kovalev" box="[277,841,1323,1348]" class="Insecta" family="Anisopodidae" genus="Pachyrhyphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yakovlevi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FE9E2B697663B837" box="[277,552,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Pachyrhyphus yakovlevi</emphasis>
|
||
Kovalev (Anisopodidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described from much finer mudstones of the Boro- Nuru locality, contains a conspicuous pterostigma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FD582B0A7787B81B" author="Kovalev, V. G." box="[723,972,1359,1384]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="126 - 154" refId="ref6668" refString="Kovalev, V. G. (1986) [Descriptions of fossil flies. Muscida (= Diptera). Infraorders Bibionomorpha et Asilomorpha.]. In: [Insects in the early Cretaceous ecosystems of the West Mongolia]. Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongololskoi Paleontololicheskoi Ekpeditsii, 28, pp. 126 - 154, pls. 15 - 16. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kovalev 1986: fig. 98</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FB342B0A7114B814" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[1215,1375,1359,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Anisopodidae" genus="Pachyrhyphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FB342B0A7114B814" box="[1215,1375,1359,1383]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Pachyrhyphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Gurvan-Erenii-Nuru locality lack pterostigma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FD552B3677A8B8FF" author="Kovalev, V. G." box="[734,995,1395,1420]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="126 - 154" refId="ref6668" refString="Kovalev, V. G. (1986) [Descriptions of fossil flies. Muscida (= Diptera). Infraorders Bibionomorpha et Asilomorpha.]. In: [Insects in the early Cretaceous ecosystems of the West Mongolia]. Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongololskoi Paleontololicheskoi Ekpeditsii, 28, pp. 126 - 154, pls. 15 - 16. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kovalev 1986: fig. 99</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The wing venation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FB772B3171D7B8FF" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[1276,1436,1396,1420]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FB772B3171D7B8FF" box="[1276,1436,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be reconstructed with certainty based on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="E64A18C6FFA2FFB8FD652BD2771BB8C3" box="[750,848,1431,1456]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(the specimens was studied by VB in
|
||
<date id="4D4F80A4FFA2FFB8FA852BD271DBB8C3" box="[1294,1424,1431,1456]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" value="1990" valueMax="2005">1990–2005</date>
|
||
), however, the species shares at least two synapomorphies with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FCED2BFE7040B8A7" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1863" box="[870,1035,1467,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bolitophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: long antennae and a very short M stem (section M
|
||
<subScript id="A575A421FFA2FFB8FED22BAB752AB88F" attach="left" box="[345,353,1518,1532]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">3</subScript>
|
||
). None of fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FDB22B9A76C6B88B" box="[569,653,1503,1528]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
known from the Mesozoic with a similar wing venation pattern (Antefunguvoridae,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FEF228437642BB6D" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1850" box="[377,521,1542,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Diadocidiidae" genus="Heterotricha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FEF228437642BB6D" box="[377,521,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Heterotricha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FD3928437764BB6C" box="[690,815,1542,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bibionidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) express these character states.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FB1B28427167BB6D" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[1168,1324,1542,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FB1B28427167BB6D" box="[1168,1324,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="E64A18C6FFA2FFB8FF4D286F7563BB30" box="[198,296,1578,1603]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen, cannot be distinguished with certainty from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FC4E286F716EBB30" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1924" box="[965,1317,1578,1603]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" genus="Arachnocampa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FC4E286F703BBB31" box="[965,1136,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Arachnocampa</emphasis>
|
||
(Keroplatidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FF1C280A74BABB15" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,241,1615,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FF1C280A74BABB15" box="[151,241,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FEA6280B759FBB14" author="Kovalev, V. G." box="[301,468,1614,1639]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="126 - 154" refId="ref6668" refString="Kovalev, V. G. (1986) [Descriptions of fossil flies. Muscida (= Diptera). Infraorders Bibionomorpha et Asilomorpha.]. In: [Insects in the early Cretaceous ecosystems of the West Mongolia]. Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongololskoi Paleontololicheskoi Ekpeditsii, 28, pp. 126 - 154, pls. 15 - 16. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kovalev 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 106,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FDC6280B76B1BB14" author="Chandler, P." box="[589,762,1614,1639]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="101 - 144" refId="ref6091" refString="Chandler, P. (2002) Heterotricha Loew and allied genera (Diptera: Sciaroidea): offshoots of the stem group of Mycetophilidae and / or Sciaridae? Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 38, 101 - 144." type="journal article" year="2002">Chandler 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 136–137, fig. 91) does have characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FB7E280B71D2BB14" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1863" box="[1269,1433,1614,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bolitophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Discovery of new material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FE6728377638BBF8" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[492,627,1650,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mangasinae">Mangasinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and descriptions of new species confirms placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FB7928367107BBF9" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1986" box="[1266,1356,1651,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" genus="Mangas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B857A76FFA2FFB8FB7928367107BBF9" box="[1266,1356,1651,1674]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">Mangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF1DDE7FFA2FFB8FF1C28D37570BBDC" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,315,1686,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Bolitophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bolitophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="394EA664FFA2FFB8FF4C28FE712DBBA0" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1747]" box="[199,1382,1722,1747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553">
|
||
New material from Khosyurty (see below) corroborates
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D60DB95FFA2FFB8FCB728FF77B4BBA0" author="Kovalev, V. G." box="[828,1023,1722,1747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="553" pagination="126 - 154" refId="ref6668" refString="Kovalev, V. G. (1986) [Descriptions of fossil flies. Muscida (= Diptera). Infraorders Bibionomorpha et Asilomorpha.]. In: [Insects in the early Cretaceous ecosystems of the West Mongolia]. Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongololskoi Paleontololicheskoi Ekpeditsii, 28, pp. 126 - 154, pls. 15 - 16. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kovalev’s (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
original diagnosis of the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |