169 lines
20 KiB
XML
169 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8BCAD47EB5B76CD2528819A1AEF8D9D5">The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2A65529321C367AA52FF20DF33B6F17F">Shachar, Einat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C37F12CEADE96693BC4D08252E7DD3B4">Melika, George</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F8298B226345F88DB39D64C7E050D855">Inbar, Moshe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C23D40B10C492452AE3F8EEC26D5FCA8">Dorchin, Netta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="2AC7AEEA2A3E8944E4A798CF0F70E16E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="987A81605BA0B469C027195EEF02FD60">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7D6F67AE2FB8E16112820F03FF5A39F3">2018-11-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="699572D00B95AC7220F1DD9564003ED9">4521</mods:number>
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<treatment id="AC1F87FEFFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFB22B3F1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949979" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498921" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949979" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC1F87FEFFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFB22B3F1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFB22B3F1" lastPageNumber="478" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFD72B69F" box="[151,712,402,428]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFD72B69F" blockId="27.[151,712,402,428]" box="[151,712,402,428]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
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<heading id="7F418184FFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFD72B69F" bold="true" box="[151,712,402,428]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFD72B69F" authority="(Hartig, 1843)" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[151,712,402,428]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Pseudoneuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macropterus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFD72B69F" bold="true" box="[151,712,402,428]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFDABB69F" bold="true" box="[151,529,402,428]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Pseudoneuroterus macropterus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFFFF9DFDD4FE7AFD7AB69F" author="Hartig, T." box="[546,704,402,428]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="395 - 422" refId="ref33881" refString="Hartig, T. (1843) Zweiter nachtrag zur naturgeschichte der Gallwespen. Zeitschrift fur Entomologie, 4, 395 - 422." type="journal article" year="1843">Hartig, 1843</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFFFF9DFF61FE31FAACB5F9" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFFFF9DFF61FE31FBF6B6C2" blockId="27.[151,1437,473,1218]" box="[151,1100,473,498]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFF61FE31FE9CB6C1" bold="true" box="[151,294,473,498]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Host plants.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFFFF9DFEDBFE31FECAB6C1" box="[301,368,473,498]" name="Israel" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Israel</collectingCountry>
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:
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFE8CFE31FD97B6C2" box="[378,557,473,497]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFFFF9DFE8CFE31FD93B6C2" baseAuthorityName="Sternlicht" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[378,553,473,497]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ithaburensis">Q. ithaburensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Elsewhere: Several species from section
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFC0BFE31FBFEB6C3" box="[1021,1092,473,496]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Cerris</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFFFF9DFF31FE15FAACB5F9" blockId="27.[151,1437,473,1218]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFF31FE15FEE1B525" bold="true" box="[199,347,509,534]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Life history.</emphasis>
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Prior to the present study, only the asexual generation of this species was known (
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFFFF9DFAD8FE15FF64B509" author="Sternlicht, M." pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">Sternlicht 1968b</bibRefCitation>
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) and the association between it and its sexual generation is established here for the first time. Galls of the asexual generation are multi-chambered stem swellings,
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFFFF9DFCE1FDADFC39B56E" box="[791,899,581,606]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" unit="mm" value="32.5" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="5.0">5–60 mm</quantity>
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in length, of the same color of the branch (
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFFFFF9DFA99FDADFF09B5B1" captionStart="FIGURES 11–16" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1669,1692]" captionTargetBox="[152,1427,193,1639]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[152,1427,193,1639]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 11–16. Asexual generation galls on Quercus boissieri. 11. Andricus curtisii; 12. Andricus chodjaii; 13. Andricus quercustozae, young gall; 14. Andricus quercustozae, mature gall; 15. Andricus coriarius, mature gall; 16. Andricus coriarius, old gall." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610027/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
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Fig.
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFFFF9DFF61FD82FF09B5B1" box="[151,179,618,642]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" unit="in" value="12.0">12</quantity>
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</figureCitation>
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in
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFFFF9DFF23FD81FE29B5B1" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[213,403,617,642]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">Sternlicht 1968b</bibRefCitation>
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). The sexual generation develops in small, conical bud galls, up to
|
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFFFF9DFB8DFD82FB01B5B2" box="[1147,1211,618,642]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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in length, inside the basal part of a bud scale (
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||
<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFFFFF9DFE45FD65FDBDB595" box="[435,519,653,678]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–58" captionStartId="40.[151,264,1666,1689]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,193,1642]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[152,1435,193,1646]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURES 53–58. Galls on Quercus ithaburensis. 53. Pseudoneuroterus sp. 2, sexual generation; 54. Cerroneuroterus lanuginosus, sexual generation; 55. Pseudoneuroterus macropterus, sexual generation; 56. Pseudoneuroterus sp. 1, sexual generation; 57. Pseudoneuroterus saliens, sexual generation; 58. Pseudoneuroterus saliens, asexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610043/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
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). The single-chambered gall is green when young, light brown when mature, with thin and delicate walls but harder than the scale itself. The larva occupies the entire volume of the gall.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFFFF9DFF31FD3DFEFBB469" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="description">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFFFF9DFF31FD3DFEFBB469" blockId="27.[151,1437,473,1218]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFF31FD3DFEF3B5DD" bold="true" box="[199,329,725,750]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Phenology.</emphasis>
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Galls of the sexual generation were found in early February and adults emerged from them later that month. Galls of the asexual generation become evident in summer but no adults were reared from them in the present study.
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFFFF9DFECEFCF5FDBEB405" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[312,516,797,822]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">Sternlicht (1968b)</bibRefCitation>
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reported to have reared adults in February-March or in September-October of the following year.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFFFF9DFF31FC8DFAF2B4F6" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFFFF9DFF31FC8DFAF2B4F6" blockId="27.[151,1437,473,1218]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFF31FC8DFEDAB44D" bold="true" box="[199,352,869,894]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFFFF9DFE9DFC8DFE14B44D" box="[363,430,869,894]" name="Israel" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Israel</collectingCountry>
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: Sexual generation: Hosha’aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, Hasharon Forest. Asexual generation: Rare, observed only once in the present study in Yehudiyya. Also recorded from Tiv’on (as
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFFFF9DFAE9FC62FE99B4F6" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macropterus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFAE9FC62FE99B4F6" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Neuroterus macropterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFFFF9DFECDFC45FE41B4F5" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[315,507,941,966]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">Sternlicht 1968b</bibRefCitation>
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). Elsewhere: Widespread and locally common from Central Europe to
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFFFF9DFAE2FC46FAFFB4F6" box="[1300,1349,942,965]" name="Iran" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Iran</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFFFF9DFF31FC39FB22B3F1" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFFFF9DFF31FC39FB22B3F1" blockId="27.[151,1437,473,1218]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFF31FC39FEF5B4D9" bold="true" box="[199,335,977,1002]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Comments.</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFFFF9DFEADFC39FD96B4D9" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[347,556,977,1002]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">Sternlicht (1968b)</bibRefCitation>
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attributed the galls of this species to the sexual generation of
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFFFF9DFAE9FC3AFEFAB33D" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aprilinus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFAE9FC3AFF46B33E" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Neuroterus aprilinus</emphasis>
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Mayr
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</taxonomicName>
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(his
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFFFFF9DFE8DFC1DFE47B33D" box="[379,509,1013,1038]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–22" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1664,1687]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,193,1641]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[152,1435,193,1644]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 17–22. Galls on Quercus boissieri. 17. Andricus coriariformis, asexual generation; 18. Andricus moreae, asexual generation; 19. Andricus sp. 1, asexual generation; 20. Andricus sternlichti, asexual generation; 21. Andricus megatruncicolus, asexual generation; 22. Biorhiza pallida, sexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610029/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Figs 21–22</figureCitation>
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), a species that was later synonymized under
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFFFF9DFBF0FC1EFEEFB301" authority="(Pujade-Villar & Ros-Farre 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Pujade-Villar & Ros-Farre" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFBF0FC1EFB6DB33E" box="[1030,1239,1013,1037]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Neuroterus politus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFFFF9DFB11FC1DFEF7B301" author="Pujade-Villar, J. & Ros-Farre, P." pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="405 - 412" refId="ref35426" refString="Pujade-Villar, J. & Ros-Farre, P. (2001) Review of the uncertain Neuroterus species described by Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Zeitschrift fur Entomologie, 22, 405 - 412." type="journal article" year="2001">Pujade-Villar & Ros-Farré 2001</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. However, the galls we found are ovoid and thin-walled whereas those of
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFFFF9DFB43FBF2FA9FB302" baseAuthorityName="Pujade-Villar & Ros-Farre" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1205,1317,1049,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFB43FBF2FA9FB302" box="[1205,1317,1049,1073]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">N. politus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are thickwalled and pointed apically, and our molecular data suggest that this species does not belong in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFFFF9DFAEEFBD6FA2FB366" box="[1304,1429,1086,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFAEEFBD6FA2FB366" box="[1304,1429,1086,1109]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Neuroterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Instead, these data suggest that adults reared from the sexual generation galls are genetically identical to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFFFF9DFF61FB6DFE4CB3AE" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[151,502,1157,1181]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Pseudoneuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macropterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFF61FB6DFE4CB3AE" box="[151,502,1157,1181]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Pseudoneuroterus macropterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(based on sequences in Genbank), and thus represent the sexual generation of that species. Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFFFF9DFE84FB42FDA0B3F2" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[370,538,1194,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Pseudoneuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macropterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFFFF9DFE84FB42FDA0B3F2" box="[370,538,1194,1217]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. macropterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is now known from galls and adults of both generations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |