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<mods:title id="80AB1712308EEDF283CECE2745F49D7D">The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history</mods:title>
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<treatment id="AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FD12FB44B21D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949973" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498913" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949973" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FD12FB44B21D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FD12FB44B21D" lastPageNumber="477" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFEFF9CFF61FD12FD01B427" box="[151,699,762,788]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFFEFF9CFF61FD12FD01B427" blockId="26.[151,699,762,788]" box="[151,699,762,788]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<heading id="7F418184FFFEFF9CFF61FD12FD01B427" bold="true" box="[151,699,762,788]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFEFF9CFF61FD12FD01B427" authority="(Fabricius, 1798)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[151,699,762,788]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Plagiotrochus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusilicis">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFF61FD12FD01B427" bold="true" box="[151,699,762,788]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFF61FD12FE5AB427" bold="true" box="[151,480,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Plagiotrochus quercusilicis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFEFF9CFE06FD12FD09B427" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[496,691,762,788]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" refId="ref33525" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1798) Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae. Profit &amp; Storch, Copenhagen, 572 pp." type="book" year="1798">Fabricius, 1798</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFEFF9CFF61FCA9FD2EB4F5" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFFEFF9CFF61FCA9FC03B46A" blockId="26.[151,1437,833,1326]" box="[151,953,833,858]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFF61FCA9FE9CB469" bold="true" box="[151,294,833,858]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Host plants.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFEFF9CFEDBFCA9FECAB469" box="[301,368,833,858]" name="Israel" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Israel</collectingCountry>
:
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFE8CFCAAFDA7B46A" box="[378,541,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFEFF9CFE8CFCAAFDA3B46A" authorityName="Webb" authorityYear="1838" box="[378,537,833,857]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calliprinos">Q. calliprinos</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Elsewhere:
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFEFF9CFD51FCAAFD48B46A" box="[679,754,833,857]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ilex">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFD51FCAAFD48B46A" box="[679,754,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Q. ilex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFEFF9CFCDEFCAAFC08B46A" box="[808,946,833,857]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccifera">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFCDEFCAAFC08B46A" box="[808,946,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Q. coccifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="240936E8FFFEFF9CFF31FC8DFD2EB4F5" blockId="26.[151,1437,833,1326]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFF31FC8DFEE1B44D" bold="true" box="[199,347,869,894]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Life history.</emphasis>
Known only from the leaf galls of the sexual generation, which are multi-chambered, fleshy, rigid, ovoid, up to
<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFEFF9CFE99FC62FE08B492" box="[367,434,906,930]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
in diameter, occupying most of the leaf (
<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFFEFF9CFC7BFC61FC59B491" box="[909,995,905,930]" captionStart="FIGURES 7174" captionStartId="43.[151,264,1203,1226]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,193,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[152,1435,193,1182]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURES 7174. Galls on various Quercus species. 71. Andricus miriami, sexual generation on Quercus libani; 72. Same, old gall; 73. Plagiotrochus razeti, asexual generation on Quercus calliprinos; 74. Plagiotrochus quercusilicis, sexual generation on Quercus calliprinos." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610049/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Fig. 74</figureCitation>
). The galls are green when young, red when mature, with smooth and shiny surface.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFEFF9CFF31FC39FB10B4D9" box="[199,1194,977,1002]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="description">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFFEFF9CFF31FC39FB10B4D9" blockId="26.[151,1437,833,1326]" box="[199,1194,977,1002]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFF31FC39FEF3B4D9" bold="true" box="[199,329,977,1002]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Phenology.</emphasis>
Galls begin to develop in March and adults emerge from them in April-May.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFEFF9CFF31FC1DFE7DB365" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFFEFF9CFF31FC1DFE7DB365" blockId="26.[151,1437,833,1326]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFF31FC1DFEDAB33D" bold="true" box="[199,352,1013,1038]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFEFF9CFE9EFC1DFE10B33D" box="[360,426,1013,1038]" name="Israel" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Israel</collectingCountry>
: Odem Forest, Mt. Meron, Paar cave, Kfar Hahoresh, Tivon, Mt. Carmel, Zur Hadassa. Elsewhere: This is the most common and widespread species in the genus
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFBC0FBF1FB60B302" box="[1078,1242,1049,1073]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFEFF9CFBC0FBF1FB6CB302" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1881" box="[1078,1238,1049,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Plagiotrochus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Plagiotrochus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
with a circummediterranean distribution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFEFF9CFF31FB89FB44B21D" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFFEFF9CFF31FB89FB44B21D" blockId="26.[151,1437,833,1326]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFF31FB89FEF5B349" bold="true" box="[199,335,1121,1146]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Comments.</emphasis>
When young, the galls resemble those of
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFEFF9CFCDBFB89FBC3B349" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" box="[813,1145,1121,1146]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Plagiotrochus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFCDBFB89FB8FB34A" box="[813,1077,1121,1145]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Plagiotrochus australis</emphasis>
Mayr
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFEFF9CFB53FB8AFB4BB34A" box="[1189,1265,1121,1146]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ilex">
Q.
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFB3EFB89FB4BB34A" box="[1224,1265,1121,1145]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">ilex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Western Mediterranean Region but
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFEFF9CFE27FB6EFDE9B3AE" box="[465,595,1157,1181]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Plagiotrochus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFE27FB6EFDE9B3AE" box="[465,595,1157,1181]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">P. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
galls are single-chambered whereas those of
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFEFF9CFB86FB6EFAA4B3AE" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[1136,1310,1157,1181]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Plagiotrochus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusilicis">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFB86FB6EFAA4B3AE" box="[1136,1310,1157,1181]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">P. quercusilicis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are multichambered.
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFEFF9CFEDFFB41FE44B3F1" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[297,510,1193,1218]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">Sternlicht (1968b)</bibRefCitation>
referred to galls of this species as belonging to the sexual generation of
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFF61FB25FE05B3D6" box="[151,447,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Plagiotrichus kiefferianus</emphasis>
Tavares, a species that has been synonymized under
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFEFF9CFBB6FB26FD98B239" authority="Boyer de Fonscolombe (Pujade-Villar 2005)" authorityName="Boyer de Fonscolombe (Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2005" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Plagiotrochus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallaeramulorum">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFBB6FB26FA9FB3D6" box="[1088,1317,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">P. gallaeramulorum</emphasis>
Boyer de Fonscolombe (
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFEFF9CFEC8FB19FDA0B239" author="Pujade-Villar, J." box="[318,538,1265,1290]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="137 - 138" refId="ref35382" refString="Pujade-Villar, J. (2005) Plagiotrochus gallaeramulorum (Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1832) n. comb. is a valid species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Boletin de la Asociacion Espanola de Entomologia, 29, 137 - 138." type="journal article" year="2005">Pujade-Villar 2005</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The possibility that
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFEFF9CFCE5FB1AFC05B23A" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[787,959,1265,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Plagiotrochus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusilicis">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFCE5FB1AFC9BB23A" box="[787,801,1266,1289]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFCC7FB19FC05B23A" box="[817,959,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">quercusilicis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFEFF9CFC0FFB1AFB61B23A" authorityName="Boyer de Fonscolombe (Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2005" box="[1017,1243,1265,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Plagiotrochus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallaeramulorum">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFC0FFB1AFBBDB23A" box="[1017,1031,1266,1289]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFEFF9CFBE1FB19FB61B23A" box="[1047,1243,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">gallaeramulorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are synonymous was first suggested by
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFEFF9CFE60FAFEFD84B21D" author="Tavares, J. da" box="[406,574,1301,1326]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="16 - 78" refId="ref36859" refString="Tavares, J. da S. (1926) Os Cynipides da Peninsula Iberica. Broteria, Serie Zoologica, 23, 16 - 78." type="journal article" year="1926">Tavares (1926)</bibRefCitation>
and later by
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFEFF9CFD26FAFDFC7DB21D" author="Nieves-Aldrey, J. L." box="[720,967,1301,1326]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="1 - 636" refId="ref35089" refString="Nieves-Aldrey, J. L. (2001) Hymenoptera, Cynipidae. In: Ramos, M. A. (Eds.), Fauna Iberica. Fol. 16. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, pp. 1 - 636." type="book chapter" year="2001">Nieves-Aldrey (2001)</bibRefCitation>
but without clear evidence.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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