142 lines
14 KiB
XML
142 lines
14 KiB
XML
<document id="6719AF896BC7B1C775DFF3839F985DCD" ID-CLB-Dataset="27950" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="832ac35c-8871-4041-9321-ea7f2ae5eb41" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2610021" ID-ZooBank="A4FD6137-25B0-43D5-845B-B4FDF4E9F5D7" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553624231237" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe & Dorchin, Netta" docDate="2018" docId="AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FE8BB3D4" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4521.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4521 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Neuroterus numismalis" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="476" masterDocId="5026FF86FFE4FF86FFF6FFE8FFBAB733" masterDocTitle="The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history" masterLastPageNumber="498" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="476" updateTime="1698713837181" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4DD6A265A6096B1124F7D7ACC311BD3D">The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FF215C8DB454B2E8C2F51DDC5531486D">Shachar, Einat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9020ED79BF80D9ED8581B391E440E242">Melika, George</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="29EF2DA562D2861B8FA5A3C8A4D70601">Inbar, Moshe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2C92D83E22008A3E1953E8C00D7063DB">Dorchin, Netta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="0943E4B9E98EE269DAF4915E2BE5FB41">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7B492F8473BBB93E3BF1AFC9F2B799C0">2018-11-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A43012D00074DBB8DB34C8DF82E34912">4521</mods:number>
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<treatment id="AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FE8BB3D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949965" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949965" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FE8BB3D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FE8BB3D4" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFDFF9FFF61FD84FC9AB5B5" box="[151,800,620,646]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFDFF9FFF61FD84FC9AB5B5" blockId="25.[151,800,620,646]" box="[151,800,620,646]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
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<heading id="7F418184FFFDFF9FFF61FD84FC9AB5B5" bold="true" box="[151,800,620,646]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FC9AB5B5" authority="(Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785)" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy in Fourcroy" baseAuthorityYear="1785" box="[151,800,620,646]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="numismalis">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FC9AB5B5" bold="true" box="[151,800,620,646]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FE09B5B5" bold="true" box="[151,435,620,646]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Neuroterus numismalis</emphasis>
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(Geoffroy in
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFDFF9FFDADFD84FCA2B5B5" author="Fourcroy de, A. F." box="[603,792,620,646]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" refId="ref33662" refString="Fourcroy de, A. F. (1785) Emomologia Parisiensis; sive Catalogus Insecrorum, quae in Agro Parisiensi reperiuntur; secundum Metlzodum Geojfraeamun in Sectiones, Genera et Species distriburus. Cui addita sunt Nomina trivialia etfere trecentae novae Species. Pars I-II. Via et Aedibus Serpentineis, Paris, 544 pp." type="book" year="1785">Fourcroy, 1785</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFDFF9FFF61FD5AFE25B44C" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFDFF9FFF61FD5AFBDEB5F9" blockId="25.[151,1436,690,1255]" box="[151,1124,690,715]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFF61FD5AFE9CB5F8" bold="true" box="[151,294,690,715]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Host plants.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFDFF9FFEDBFD5AFECAB5F8" box="[301,368,690,715]" name="Israel" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Israel</collectingCountry>
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:
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFE8CFD5BFDBEB5F8" box="[378,516,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFDFF9FFE8CFD5BFDBAB5F8" box="[378,512,691,715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boissieri">Q. boissieri</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Elsewhere: several oak species from section
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFDFF9FFC09FD5BFBE7B5F9" baseAuthorityName="Melika & Abrahamson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1023,1117,691,714]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFC09FD5BFBE7B5F9" box="[1023,1117,691,714]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Quercus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFDFF9FFF31FD3EFE25B44C" blockId="25.[151,1436,690,1255]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFF31FD3EFEE1B5DC" bold="true" box="[199,347,726,751]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Life history.</emphasis>
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The sexual generation develops in circular, single-chambered leaf blisters,
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFDFF9FFB31FD3FFAB1B5DD" box="[1223,1291,727,751]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
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in diameter, with a small central bump on both sides of the leaf (
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFFDFF9FFD21FD12FC90B420" box="[727,810,762,787]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1689,1712]" captionTargetBox="[151,1427,193,1659]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1427,193,1659]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Galls on Quercus boissieri. 29. Cynips cornifex, asexual generation; 30. Neuroterus numismalis, sexual generation; 31. Neuroterus anthracinus, asexual generation; 32. Cynips quercus, asexual generation; 33. Cynips divisa, asexual generation; 34. Neuroterus albipes, asexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610033/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
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). When young, the galls are the same color of the leaves and therefore difficult to notice. When mature, they turn paler green. The asexual generation induces buttonshaped, single-chambered leaf galls, up to
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFDFF9FFD7FFCABFD74B469" box="[649,718,835,859]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
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in diameter, with a pitted center surrounded by silky goldenbrown hairs (
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFFDFF9FFEDDFC8EFE28B44C" box="[299,402,870,895]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–40" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1682,1705]" captionTargetBox="[150,1424,193,1646]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[150,1424,193,1646]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 35–40. Galls on Quercus boissieri and Q. ithaburensis. 35. Neuroterus quercsbaccarum, asexual generation on Quercus boissieri; 36. Neuroterus quercsbaccarum (A) and Neuroterus numismalis (B), asexual generations on Q. boissieri; 37. Aphelonyx persica, asexual generation on Quercus ithaburensis; 38. Aphelonyx persica, asexual generation on Quercus ithaburensis, gall dissected to show inner chamber; 39. Aphelonyx persica gall ivaded by the inquiline Synergus variabilis on Quercus ithaburensis; 40. Same, old gall with emergence holes of inquilines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610035/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 36B</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFDFF9FFF31FC62FDC3B33C" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="description">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFDFF9FFF31FC62FDC3B33C" blockId="25.[151,1436,690,1255]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFF31FC62FEF3B490" bold="true" box="[199,329,906,931]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Phenology.</emphasis>
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The phenology of this species in
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFDFF9FFD26FC62FCB4B490" box="[720,782,906,931]" name="Israel" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Israel</collectingCountry>
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is unclear because in June galls of the sexual generation contained small larvae, whereas in Europe adults already emerge from these galls at that time of year. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in August and drop from the leaf in November. Larval development continues on the ground and adults emerge in March.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFDFF9FFF31FBF2FA96B349" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFDFF9FFF31FBF2FA96B349" blockId="25.[151,1436,690,1255]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFF31FBF2FEDAB300" bold="true" box="[199,352,1050,1075]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFDFF9FFE9FFBF2FE16B300" box="[361,428,1050,1075]" name="Israel" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Israel</collectingCountry>
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: Galls of the sexual generation were found on Mt. Hermon at
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFDFF9FFB8EFBF3FB6CB300" box="[1144,1238,1050,1075]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.78" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="m" value="1780.0">1780 m</quantity>
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.a.s.l., Mt. Meron, Pa’ar cave, Mt. Addir, and Zur Hadassa. Galls of the asexual generation were also found on Mt. Hermon at
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFDFF9FFA92FBD6FF0EB348" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
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.a.s.l. and in Allone HaBashan. Elsewhere: A pan-European species extending eastwards as far as
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFDFF9FFB01FB8BFA92B349" box="[1271,1320,1123,1146]" name="Iran" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Iran</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFDFF9FFF31FB6EFE8BB3D4" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFDFF9FFF31FB6EFE8BB3D4" blockId="25.[151,1436,690,1255]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFF31FB6EFEF5B3AC" bold="true" box="[199,335,1158,1183]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Comments.</emphasis>
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Galls of the sexual generation cannot be mistaken for any other leaf galls in
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFDFF9FFB10FB6EFA92B3AC" box="[1254,1320,1158,1183]" name="Israel" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Israel</collectingCountry>
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. They are similar to those of
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFDFF9FFE84FB43FCEAB3F0" authority="Fonscolombe" authorityName="Fonscolombe" box="[370,848,1194,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallaeurnaeformis">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFE84FB43FD0AB3F0" box="[370,688,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Andricus gallaeurnaeformis</emphasis>
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Fonscolombe
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFDFF9FFC8EFB42FC03B3F0" box="[888,953,1194,1219]" name="Georgia" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Iberia</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFDFF9FFC03FB42FBFFB3F0" box="[1013,1093,1194,1219]" name="Turkey" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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but the latter do not have the central bump.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |