142 lines
15 KiB
XML
142 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document id="FE1FAFCCB1307EE8286EE0BF1BF4908D" ID-CLB-Dataset="27950" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="832ac35c-8871-4041-9321-ea7f2ae5eb41" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2610021" ID-ZooBank="A4FD6137-25B0-43D5-845B-B4FDF4E9F5D7" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553624231237" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe & Dorchin, Netta" docDate="2018" docId="AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFC08B1A6" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4521.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4521 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Neuroterus albipes" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="475" masterDocId="5026FF86FFE4FF86FFF6FFE8FFBAB733" masterDocTitle="The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history" masterLastPageNumber="498" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="475" updateTime="1698713837181" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="DABAB64EE877BD45F77B929BECAB140C">The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="577B93A7127ABD70D5EB31D117FBE94F">Shachar, Einat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F68EA6C36D4F5DAD98510DD9A33F8779">Melika, George</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E3AE489CD69EC94D70E32B6BB278252E">Inbar, Moshe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A789AFF3276A6EECA18A8F5C813BB03B">Dorchin, Netta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FDA441F6150866DF8675B7631948E92C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="66E3D23A333E49D553B5471508C227AA">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E74ADBDB171CFAADAD999BD85E24AFD8">2018-11-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="96259CD2B69E95892EC6C94767DEAACD">4521</mods:number>
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<treatment id="AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFC08B1A6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949961" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949961" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFC08B1A6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFC08B1A6" lastPageNumber="475" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFDF2B33C" box="[151,584,1013,1039]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFDF2B33C" blockId="24.[151,584,1013,1039]" box="[151,584,1013,1039]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<heading id="7F418184FFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFDF2B33C" bold="true" box="[151,584,1013,1039]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFDF2B33C" authority="(Schenck, 1863)" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[151,584,1013,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albipes">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFDF2B33C" bold="true" box="[151,584,1013,1039]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFEC6B33C" bold="true" box="[151,380,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Neuroterus albipes</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFCFF9EFE7DFC1DFDFAB33C" author="Schenck, A." box="[395,576,1013,1039]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="123 - 260" refId="ref36073" refString="Schenck, A. (1863) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Nassauischen Cynipiden (Gallwespen) und ihrer Gallen nebst einer Naturgeschichte der Gallen und Cynipiden im Allgemeinen. Jahresberichte Nassau Fer. Naturt, Wiesbaden, 17 - 18, 123 - 260." type="journal article" year="1863">Schenck, 1863</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFCFF9EFF61FBD4FF5CB23B" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFCFF9EFF61FBD4FB57B367" blockId="24.[151,1437,1084,1685]" box="[151,1261,1084,1109]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFF61FBD4FE9CB366" bold="true" box="[151,294,1084,1109]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Host plants.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFCFF9EFEDBFBD4FECAB366" box="[301,368,1084,1109]" name="Israel" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Israel</collectingCountry>
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:
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFE8CFBD4FDBEB367" box="[378,516,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFCFF9EFE8CFBD4FDBAB367" box="[378,512,1084,1108]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boissieri">Q. boissieri</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Elsewhere: several oak species from sections
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFCFF9EFBFCFBD4FBD2B360" baseAuthorityName="Melika & Abrahamson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1034,1128,1084,1107]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFBFCFBD4FBD2B360" box="[1034,1128,1084,1107]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Quercus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFB68FBD4FB5FB360" box="[1182,1253,1084,1107]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Cerris</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFCFF9EFF31FBB7FF5CB23B" blockId="24.[151,1437,1084,1685]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFF31FBB7FEE1B34B" bold="true" box="[199,347,1119,1144]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Life history.</emphasis>
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Galls of the sexual generation are elliptical leaf-margin galls, up to
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFCFF9EFB76FB88FB7FB344" box="[1152,1221,1120,1144]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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in length, causing deformation of the leaf, light brown, covered by short white hairs, rigid and single-chambered. Galls of the asexual generation are flat, irregularly spherical leaf galls, up to
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFCFF9EFCE6FB40FCEBB38C" box="[784,849,1192,1215]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
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in diameter, usually in clusters (
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFFCFF9EFB48FB4FFAA9B3F3" box="[1214,1299,1191,1216]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1689,1712]" captionTargetBox="[151,1427,193,1659]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1427,193,1659]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Galls on Quercus boissieri. 29. Cynips cornifex, asexual generation; 30. Neuroterus numismalis, sexual generation; 31. Neuroterus anthracinus, asexual generation; 32. Cynips quercus, asexual generation; 33. Cynips divisa, asexual generation; 34. Neuroterus albipes, asexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610033/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
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). They have a central pit and resemble a small flower with undulating margins, varying in color from pale green to pink and purple.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFCFF9EFF31FAFCFE1EB2AB" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="description">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFCFF9EFF31FAFCFE1EB2AB" blockId="24.[151,1437,1084,1685]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFF31FAFCFEF3B21E" bold="true" box="[199,329,1300,1325]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Phenology.</emphasis>
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Galls of the sexual generation were observed in May and July but no adults were reared from them. Galls of the asexual generation appear in August, mature and drop from the leaves in late November- December, and the larvae overwinter in them on the ground until adult emergence in January-February. In Europe, adults emerge in spring.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFCFF9EFF31FA4CFCD7B17E" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFCFF9EFF31FA4CFCD7B17E" blockId="24.[151,1437,1084,1685]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFF31FA4CFEDAB28E" bold="true" box="[199,352,1444,1469]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFCFF9EFE91FA4CFE13B28E" box="[359,425,1444,1469]" name="Israel" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Israel</collectingCountry>
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: Galls of the sexual generation are rare and were observed on only a few occasions in Tel Hazeqa, Mt. Meron, Pa’ar cave and Rehan Forest. Galls of the asexual generation were found on Mt. Hermon at
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<date id="50081028FFFCFF9EFF61FA04FEF0B137" box="[151,330,1516,1541]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" value="1500" valueMax="1780">
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1500 and
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFCFF9EFEE4FA04FEF0B137" box="[274,330,1516,1540]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.78" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="m" value="1780.0">1780</quantity>
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</date>
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m.a.s.l., Odem Forest, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa, Pa’ar cave and Mt. Addir. Elsewhere: Widespread and occasionally common from the Iberian Peninsula north to
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFCFF9EFB9CF9F8FB44B11B" box="[1130,1278,1551,1576]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
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Isles and east to
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFCFF9EFF42F9DCFEBEB17E" box="[180,260,1588,1613]" name="Turkey" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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and Transcaucasia. Also known from Northern Africa.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFCFF9EFF31F9BFFC08B1A6" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFCFF9EFF31F9BFFC08B1A6" blockId="24.[151,1437,1084,1685]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFF31F9BFFEF5B143" bold="true" box="[199,335,1623,1648]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Comments.</emphasis>
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The galls of the asexual generation are somewhat similar to those of
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFCFF9EFBA7F9B1FA21B143" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1105,1435,1624,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusbaccarum">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFBA7F9B1FA21B143" box="[1105,1435,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Neuroterus quercusbaccarum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFCFF9EFF4CF994FE87B1A7" box="[186,317,1660,1684]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boissieri">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFF4CF994FE87B1A7" box="[186,317,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Q. boissieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFFCFF9EFEBDF994FE5AB1A6" box="[331,480,1660,1685]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–40" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1682,1705]" captionTargetBox="[150,1424,193,1646]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[150,1424,193,1646]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 35–40. Galls on Quercus boissieri and Q. ithaburensis. 35. Neuroterus quercsbaccarum, asexual generation on Quercus boissieri; 36. Neuroterus quercsbaccarum (A) and Neuroterus numismalis (B), asexual generations on Q. boissieri; 37. Aphelonyx persica, asexual generation on Quercus ithaburensis; 38. Aphelonyx persica, asexual generation on Quercus ithaburensis, gall dissected to show inner chamber; 39. Aphelonyx persica gall ivaded by the inquiline Synergus variabilis on Quercus ithaburensis; 40. Same, old gall with emergence holes of inquilines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610035/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Figs 35–36A</figureCitation>
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) but are flatter and thinner, with no hairs.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |