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<mods:title id="E83C016035D360FF0BB136C98B0761B2">The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history</mods:title>
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<treatment id="AC1F87FEFFF4FF97FF61FA37FC19B7C4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949892" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498961" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949892" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC1F87FEFFF4FF97FF61FA37FC19B7C4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF4FF97FF61FA37FC19B7C4" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="468" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF4FF96FF61FA37FCDDB2C9" box="[151,871,1503,1530]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFF4FF96FF61FA37FCDDB2C9" blockId="16.[151,871,1503,1530]" box="[151,871,1503,1530]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<heading id="7F418184FFF4FF96FF61FA37FCDDB2C9" bold="true" box="[151,871,1503,1530]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF4FF96FF61FA37FCDDB2C9" authority="Bellido, Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika, 2003" authorityName="Bellido, Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,871,1503,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sternlichti">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FF61FA37FCDDB2C9" bold="true" box="[151,871,1503,1530]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FF61FA37FE3DB2CA" bold="true" box="[151,391,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Andricus sternlichti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFF4FF96FE78FA08FCDDB2C9" author="Bellido, D. &amp; Ros-Farre, P. &amp; Melika, G. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J." box="[398,871,1504,1530]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" pagination="197 - 248" refId="ref32858" refString="Bellido, D., Ros-Farre, P., Melika, G. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. (2003) Review of the asexual forms of the Andricus kollari speciesgroup (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipinae, Cynipini). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 64, 197 - 248." type="journal article" year="2003">Bellido, Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF4FF96FF61F9CEFE49B025" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFF4FF96FF61F9CEFECAB151" blockId="16.[151,1437,1574,2031]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FF61F9CEFE9FB10C" bold="true" box="[151,293,1574,1599]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Host plants.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF4FF96FEDAF9CEFED5B10C" box="[300,367,1574,1599]" name="Israel" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Israel</collectingCountry>
:
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF4FF96FE8FF9CFFE40B10D" box="[377,506,1574,1598]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boissieri">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FE8FF9CFFE40B10D" box="[377,506,1574,1598]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Q. boissieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF4FF96FDFEF9CFFD75B10D" box="[520,719,1574,1598]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pedunculiflora">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FDFEF9CFFD75B10D" box="[520,719,1574,1598]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Q. pedunculiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Elsewhere:
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FC96F9CFFB28B10C" box="[864,1170,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF4FF96FC96F9CFFC42B10D" box="[864,1016,1574,1598]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">Q. pubescens</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF4FF96FBF5F9CFFB28B10C" box="[1027,1170,1575,1599]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">Q. infectoria</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and a few other species of section
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF4FF96FEFAF9A3FED0B151" box="[268,362,1611,1634]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FEFAF9A3FED0B151" box="[268,362,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="240936E8FFF4FF96FF31F986FE49B025" blockId="16.[151,1437,1574,2031]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FF31F986FEE2B1B4" bold="true" box="[199,344,1646,1671]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Life history.</emphasis>
Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation,which are spherical, single-chambered,
<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFF4FF96FF61F97BFEA9B199" box="[151,275,1683,1707]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" unit="mm" value="21.0" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="20.0">2022 mm</quantity>
in diameter, attached to the branch by a very short stalk and bear several pointed projections often joined by ridges (
<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFF4FF96FEABF95EFE0BB1FC" box="[349,433,1718,1743]" captionStart="FIGURES 1722" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1664,1687]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,193,1641]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[152,1435,193,1644]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 1722. Galls on Quercus boissieri. 17. Andricus coriariformis, asexual generation; 18. Andricus moreae, asexual generation; 19. Andricus sp. 1, asexual generation; 20. Andricus sternlichti, asexual generation; 21. Andricus megatruncicolus, asexual generation; 22. Biorhiza pallida, sexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610029/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). Young galls are green and fleshy, turning pale brown and extremely hard when mature. Molecular phylogenetic work (
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFF4FF96FE0EF933FD7BB1C0" author="Stone, G. N. &amp; Atkinson, R. J. &amp; Rokas, A. &amp; Nieves Aldrey, J. L. &amp; Melika, G. &amp; Acs, Z. &amp; Csoka, G. &amp; Hayward, A. &amp; Bailey, R. &amp; Buckee, C. &amp; McVean, G. A. T." box="[504,705,1755,1779]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" pagination="652 - 665" refId="ref36370" refString="Stone, G. N., Atkinson, R. J., Rokas, A., Nieves Aldrey, J. L., Melika, G., Acs, Z., Csoka, G., Hayward, A., Bailey, R., Buckee, C. &amp; McVean, G. A. T. (2008) Evidence for widespread cryptic sexual generations in apparently purely asexual Andricus gallwasps. Molecular Ecology, 17, 652 - 665. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2007.03573. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
Stone
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FDB5F933FDC4B1C0" box="[579,638,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
) suggests that if a sexual generation exists, it probably induces galls on oaks of section
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FE52F917FE56B025" box="[420,492,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Cerris</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF4FF96FF31F8CAFDDBB06C" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="description">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFF4FF96FF31F8CAFDDBB06C" blockId="16.[151,1437,1574,2031]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FF31F8CAFEF3B008" bold="true" box="[199,329,1826,1851]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Phenology.</emphasis>
Galls begin to develop in May and adults emerge from them in early October, after which the galls may remain on the tree for several years.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF4FF96FF31F882FDB3B095" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFF4FF96FF31F882FDB3B095" blockId="16.[151,1437,1574,2031]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FF31F882FEDAB0B0" bold="true" box="[199,352,1898,1923]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF4FF96FE9EF882FE1CB0B0" box="[360,422,1898,1923]" name="Israel" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Israel</collectingCountry>
: Common throughout the distribution range of
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF4FF96FC30F883FBF3B0B0" box="[966,1097,1899,1923]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boissieri">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FC30F883FBF3B0B0" box="[966,1097,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Q. boissieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Elsewhere: widespread from
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF4FF96FF61F867FF59B095" box="[151,227,1935,1958]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">France</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF4FF96FEF1F866FEE2B094" box="[263,344,1934,1959]" name="Turkey" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF4FF96FE95F866FE24B094" box="[355,414,1934,1959]" name="Syria" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Syria</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF4FF96FE22F867FDBFB095" box="[468,517,1935,1958]" name="Iran" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF4FF97FF31F85AFC19B7C4" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="468" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFF4FF96FF31F85AFACBB0DD" blockId="16.[151,1437,1574,2031]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FF31F85AFEF5B0F8" bold="true" box="[199,335,1970,1995]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Comments.</emphasis>
Galls of this species are of the most common cynipid galls on
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF4FF96FBD4F85BFB1FB0F8" box="[1058,1189,1971,1995]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boissieri">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FBD4F85BFB1FB0F8" box="[1058,1189,1971,1995]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Q. boissieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF4FF96FB3AF85AFAB0B0F8" box="[1228,1290,1970,1995]" name="Israel" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Israel</collectingCountry>
and are also frequently observed on the introduced
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF4FF96FDBEF83FFCB5B0DD" box="[584,783,2006,2030]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pedunculiflora">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF4FF96FDBEF83FFCB5B0DD" box="[584,783,2006,2030]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Q. pedunculiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that is commonly planted in gardens and public areas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="240936E8FFF5FF97FF31FF7FFC19B7C4" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
The species is named after Sternlicht, who recognized that it was undescribed and intended to describe it as “
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF5FF97FF55FF54FECFB7E7" box="[163,373,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmelis">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF5FF97FF55FF54FECFB7E7" box="[163,373,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Andricus carmelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”. However, the species was described only in 2003 by Bellido
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF5FF97FB9AFF55FB10B7E7" box="[1132,1194,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">et al.</emphasis>
, who eliminated the confusion between it and
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF5FF97FE40FF08FD33B7CB" box="[438,649,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallaetinctoriae">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF5FF97FE40FF08FD33B7CB" box="[438,649,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">A. gallaetinctoriae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF5FF97FD49FF08FC26B7C4" box="[703,924,224,247]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tinctoriusnostrus">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF5FF97FD49FF08FC26B7C4" box="[703,924,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">A. tinctoriusnostrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>