132 lines
13 KiB
XML
132 lines
13 KiB
XML
<document id="AA511298F3795E8C69A9A3D5F037C29D" ID-CLB-Dataset="27950" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="832ac35c-8871-4041-9321-ea7f2ae5eb41" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2610021" ID-ZooBank="A4FD6137-25B0-43D5-845B-B4FDF4E9F5D7" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553624231237" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe & Dorchin, Netta" docDate="2018" docId="AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFB9FB5F8" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4521.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4521 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cynips divisa Hartig 1840" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="474" masterDocId="5026FF86FFE4FF86FFF6FFE8FFBAB733" masterDocTitle="The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history" masterLastPageNumber="498" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="474" updateTime="1698713837181" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="1CB3B1C24D4D6726B19A98E70F6A4661">The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1BF6516033CDBF77B11E896E6149EBDB">Shachar, Einat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="69B9266D476F4DABF8E53BBD24CFD751">Melika, George</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8C13556DFF9C17CD3F81A2256BC6B7E1">Inbar, Moshe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="307F4C1160A85B34C8EFECBBF658A41D">Dorchin, Netta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="874B7D98683CFD3FD6B9FBCCE8459B44">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4BC693D536D044F75B1FA418E3B5A793">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7BC7446770DFA7E77C72DDE2AEFA4274">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="76E89DA75632CB613F834D19B7A38166">2018-11-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="425284C0EDF8B6542591B7BCA8DF194A">4521</mods:number>
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<treatment id="AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFB9FB5F8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949945" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498949" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949945" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFB9FB5F8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFB9FB5F8" lastPageNumber="474" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF3FF91FF61FF7FFE61B781" box="[151,475,151,178]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF3FF91FF61FF7FFE61B781" blockId="23.[151,475,151,178]" box="[151,475,151,178]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
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<heading id="7F418184FFF3FF91FF61FF7FFE61B781" bold="true" box="[151,475,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFE61B781" authority="Hartig, 1840" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,475,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cynips" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="divisa">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFE61B781" bold="true" box="[151,475,151,178]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFE8DB782" bold="true" box="[151,311,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Cynips divisa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFF3FF91FEC8FF70FE61B781" author="Hartig, T." box="[318,475,152,178]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" pagination="176 - 209" refId="ref33858" refString="Hartig, T. (1840) Uber die Familie der Gallwespen. Zeitschrift fur Entomologie, 2, 176 - 209." type="journal article" year="1840">Hartig, 1840</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF3FF91FF61FF36FF06B698" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF3FF91FF61FF36FBDEB7C5" blockId="23.[151,1437,222,715]" box="[151,1124,222,247]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF3FF91FF61FF36FE9CB7C4" bold="true" box="[151,294,222,247]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Host plants.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF3FF91FEDBFF36FECAB7C4" box="[301,368,222,247]" name="Israel" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Israel</collectingCountry>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF3FF91FE8CFF37FE46B7C5" box="[378,508,222,246]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boissieri">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF3FF91FE8CFF37FE46B7C5" box="[378,508,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Q. boissieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Elsewhere: several oak species from section
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF3FF91FC09FF37FBE7B7C5" box="[1023,1117,223,246]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF3FF91FC09FF37FBE7B7C5" box="[1023,1117,223,246]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Quercus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF3FF91FF31FEEAFF06B698" blockId="23.[151,1437,222,715]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF3FF91FF31FEEAFEE2B628" bold="true" box="[199,344,258,283]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Life history.</emphasis>
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Both the sexual and asexual generations are known but in
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF3FF91FC1DFEEAFB93B628" box="[1003,1065,258,283]" name="Israel" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Israel</collectingCountry>
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only the leaf galls of the asexual generation were found. These are spherical, detachable galls on the underside of the leaves,
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFF3FF91FB43FECEFAAEB60D" box="[1205,1300,294,319]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4–6 mm</quantity>
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in diameter and single-chambered (
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFF3FF91FE57FEA2FE4DB650" box="[417,503,330,355]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1689,1712]" captionTargetBox="[151,1427,193,1659]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1427,193,1659]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Galls on Quercus boissieri. 29. Cynips cornifex, asexual generation; 30. Neuroterus numismalis, sexual generation; 31. Neuroterus anthracinus, asexual generation; 32. Cynips quercus, asexual generation; 33. Cynips divisa, asexual generation; 34. Neuroterus albipes, asexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610033/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
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). Young galls are green and fleshy, turning golden-brown and thick-walled when mature. Galls of the sexual generation are small, conical, single-chambered leaf-margin galls with a small apical tip.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF3FF91FF31FE5EFF57B508" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" type="description">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF3FF91FF31FE5EFF57B508" blockId="23.[151,1437,222,715]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF3FF91FF31FE5EFEF3B6FC" bold="true" box="[199,329,438,463]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Phenology.</emphasis>
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In Europe, galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in June and adults emerge from them in October-November or in February-March of the following year. In
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF3FF91FC56FE32FC64B6C0" box="[928,990,474,499]" name="Israel" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Israel</collectingCountry>
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they were found in July but no adults were reared from them. Galls of the sexual generation develop rapidly after leaf burst in spring and adults emerge in May.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF3FF91FF31FDAEFD3CB5B1" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF3FF91FF31FDAEFD3CB5B1" blockId="23.[151,1437,222,715]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF3FF91FF31FDAEFEDAB56C" bold="true" box="[199,352,582,607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF3FF91FE90FDAEFE13B56C" box="[358,425,582,607]" name="Israel" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Israel</collectingCountry>
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: Throughout the distribution range of
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF3FF91FCA6FDAFFC68B56D" box="[848,978,582,606]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boissieri">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF3FF91FCA6FDAFFC68B56D" box="[848,978,582,606]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Q. boissieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Elsewhere: A common species from the Iberian Peninsula to Transcaucasia and
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF3FF91FDA4FD83FD39B5B1" box="[594,643,619,642]" name="Iran" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Iran</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF3FF91FF31FD66FB9FB5F8" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF3FF91FF31FD66FB9FB5F8" blockId="23.[151,1437,222,715]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF3FF91FF31FD66FEF5B594" bold="true" box="[199,335,654,679]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Comments.</emphasis>
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Galls of the asexual generation of this species are somewhat similar to those of
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF3FF91FB3BFD67FAC0B595" baseAuthorityName="Fourcroy" baseAuthorityYear="1785" box="[1229,1402,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cynips" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF3FF91FB3BFD67FAC0B595" box="[1229,1402,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Cynips quercus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the same host plant (
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFF3FF91FE88FD5AFE75B5F8" box="[382,463,690,715]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1689,1712]" captionTargetBox="[151,1427,193,1659]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1427,193,1659]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Galls on Quercus boissieri. 29. Cynips cornifex, asexual generation; 30. Neuroterus numismalis, sexual generation; 31. Neuroterus anthracinus, asexual generation; 32. Cynips quercus, asexual generation; 33. Cynips divisa, asexual generation; 34. Neuroterus albipes, asexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610033/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
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) but are smaller and golden-brown rather than green.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |