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<document id="48241A1DCE125349F15E2B55F79E00C6" ID-CLB-Dataset="27950" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="832ac35c-8871-4041-9321-ea7f2ae5eb41" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2610021" ID-ZooBank="A4FD6137-25B0-43D5-845B-B4FDF4E9F5D7" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553624231237" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe &amp; Dorchin, Netta" docDate="2018" docId="AC1F87FEFFEFFF8AFF61F94AFC2FB524" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4521.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4521 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Andricus curvator Hartig 1840" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="463" masterDocId="5026FF86FFE4FF86FFF6FFE8FFBAB733" masterDocTitle="The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history" masterLastPageNumber="498" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="462" updateTime="1698713837181" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5A512E36CC44515AAE3B087D55AB04B5">The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFEFFF8DFF61F94AFDADB18E" blockId="11.[151,535,1698,1725]" box="[151,535,1698,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
<heading id="7F418184FFEFFF8DFF61F94AFDADB18E" bold="true" box="[151,535,1698,1725]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFEFFF8DFF61F94AFDADB18E" authority="Hartig, 1840" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,535,1698,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvator">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFEFFF8DFF61F94AFDADB18E" bold="true" box="[151,535,1698,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFEFFF8DFF61F94AFEC9B18F" bold="true" box="[151,371,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Andricus curvator</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFEFFF8DFE8CF94BFDADB18E" author="Hartig, T." box="[378,535,1699,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="176 - 209" refId="ref33858" refString="Hartig, T. (1840) Uber die Familie der Gallwespen. Zeitschrift fur Entomologie, 2, 176 - 209." type="journal article" year="1840">Hartig, 1840</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFEFFF8AFF61F901FBA1B7CB" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="463" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFEFFF8DFF61F901FE8AB015" blockId="11.[151,1437,1769,2010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFEFFF8DFF61F901FE9DB031" bold="true" box="[151,295,1769,1794]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Host plants.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFEFFF8DFED9F901FECBB031" box="[303,369,1769,1794]" name="Israel" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Israel</collectingCountry>
:
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFEFFF8DFE8BF902FD91B032" baseAuthorityName="Sternlicht" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[381,555,1769,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ithaburensis">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFEFFF8DFE8BF902FD91B032" box="[381,555,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Q. ithaburensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Elsewhere: common on
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFEFFF8DFCBAF902FAA7B032" box="[844,1309,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFEFFF8DFCBAF902FBB0B032" box="[844,1034,1770,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="petraea">Quercus petraea</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFEFFF8DFBE1F902FB0AB032" box="[1047,1200,1769,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">Q. pubescens</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFEFFF8DFB4BF902FAA7B032" box="[1213,1309,1769,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robur">Q. robur</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and a few other species.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFEFFF8DFF38F8D9FEE5B079" bold="true" box="[206,351,1841,1866]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Life history.</emphasis>
Both the sexual and asexual generations are known, but only the sexual generation was found in
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFEFFF8DFF61F8BDFF62B05D" box="[151,216,1877,1902]" name="Israel" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Israel</collectingCountry>
, in either leaves or branch tips. Leaf galls constitute inconspicuous, spherical,
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swellings of the leaf margin or along leaf veins, yellowish-green when young, turning pale brown when mature (
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFEFFF8DFB53F891FF0DB085" author="Sternlicht, M." pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">
Sternlicht 1968b,
<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFEFFF8DFA86F891FF0DB085" captionStart="FIGURES 4146" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1654,1677]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[150,1436,193,1634]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 4146. Galls on Quercus ithaburensis. 41. Synophrus politus, sexual generation; 42. Synophrus olivieri sexual generation; 43. Andricus miriami, asexual generation; 44. Same, old gall; 45. Chilaspis israeli, sexual generation; 46. Dryocosmus mayri, sexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610039/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
). Branch-tip galls (
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFEFFF8DFE7BF875FD1DB085" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[397,679,1949,1974]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">
Sternlicht 1968b,
<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFEFFF8DFDA0F875FD1DB085" box="[598,679,1949,1974]" captionStart="FIGURES 5358" captionStartId="40.[151,264,1666,1689]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,193,1642]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[152,1435,193,1646]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURES 5358. Galls on Quercus ithaburensis. 53. Pseudoneuroterus sp. 2, sexual generation; 54. Cerroneuroterus lanuginosus, sexual generation; 55. Pseudoneuroterus macropterus, sexual generation; 56. Pseudoneuroterus sp. 1, sexual generation; 57. Pseudoneuroterus saliens, sexual generation; 58. Pseudoneuroterus saliens, asexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610043/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
) constitute swellings of the shoot,
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long and
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wide, and are the same color of the branch. The asexual generation develops in smooth, ovoid, thin-walled, single- chambered bud galls within the bud scales,
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in length and
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in diameter. The base of the mature gall remains concealed within the bud scales. The gall is initially greenish-red, turning brown when mature. Usually found singly, rarely in pairs. The larval chamber is surrounded by spongy tissue.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFE8FF8AFF31FEECFA33B6BB" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="description">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFE8FF8AFF31FEECFA33B6BB" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF31FEECFEF3B62E" bold="true" box="[199,329,260,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Phenology.</emphasis>
Galls of the sexual generation appear in April and adults emerge from them in May-June.
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFE8FF8AFF61FECFFEDEB673" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[151,356,295,320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">Sternlicht (1968b)</bibRefCitation>
recorded the branch galls in January-February and the leaf galls in March, and adults emerged from them in June-July. The galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in June and mature by October. Adults usually emerge from them in February-March, although some remain in diapause inside the gall for another year.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFE8FF8AFF31FE7CFBFCB6FC" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFE8FF8AFF31FE7CFBFCB6FC" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF31FE7CFEDAB69E" bold="true" box="[199,352,404,429]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFE8FF8AFE9BFE7CFE0AB69E" box="[365,432,404,429]" name="Israel" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Israel</collectingCountry>
: Rare in Tivon. Elsewhere: a very common and widespread species throughout the distribution range of European white oaks,
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFE8FF8AFD8DFE50FD59B6FC" box="[635,739,440,463]" name="Morocco" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Morocco</collectingCountry>
, east to Transcaucasia and
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFE8FF8AFBE4FE50FBF9B6FC" box="[1042,1091,440,463]" name="Iran" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFE8FF8AFF31FE34FC2FB524" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFE8FF8AFF31FE34FC2FB524" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF31FE34FEF5B6C6" bold="true" box="[199,335,476,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Comments.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFE8FF8AFEAAFE34FD94B6C6" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[348,558,476,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">Sternlicht (1968b)</bibRefCitation>
attributed the branch galls to
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFC56FE34FBBFB6C7" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[928,1029,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFC56FE34FBBFB6C7" box="[928,1029,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Andricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nr.
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFBCAFE35FB26B6C7" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[1084,1180,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvator">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFBCAFE35FB26B6C7" box="[1084,1180,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">curvator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the leaf galls to
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFF61FDE8FF46B52B" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,252,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF61FDE8FF46B52B" box="[151,252,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Andricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., but both of
<typeStatus id="FB0D884AFFE8FF8AFE45FDE8FE54B52B" box="[435,494,512,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">types</typeStatus>
of galls indeed belong to
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFCE7FDE8FC35B52B" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[785,911,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvator">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFCE7FDE8FC35B52B" box="[785,911,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. curvator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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