163 lines
18 KiB
XML
163 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5A512E36CC44515AAE3B087D55AB04B5">The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5DA90F754FC487F446377F3971A9E1A1">Shachar, Einat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="22418DF72611455BB63E7BC3B861E288">Melika, George</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B7E5FD12C26C7FB4D5F5F32A1AD4A369">Inbar, Moshe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F5FD4DFB20C715713448C60FE6D3A6D0">Dorchin, Netta</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="AC1F87FEFFEFFF8AFF61F94AFC2FB524" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949865" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498965" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949865" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC1F87FEFFEFFF8AFF61F94AFC2FB524" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFEFFF8AFF61F94AFC2FB524" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="463" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFEFFF8DFF61F94AFDADB18E" box="[151,535,1698,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFEFFF8DFF61F94AFDADB18E" blockId="11.[151,535,1698,1725]" box="[151,535,1698,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
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<heading id="7F418184FFEFFF8DFF61F94AFDADB18E" bold="true" box="[151,535,1698,1725]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFEFFF8DFF61F94AFDADB18E" authority="Hartig, 1840" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,535,1698,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvator">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFEFFF8DFF61F94AFDADB18E" bold="true" box="[151,535,1698,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFEFFF8DFF61F94AFEC9B18F" bold="true" box="[151,371,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Andricus curvator</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFEFFF8DFE8CF94BFDADB18E" author="Hartig, T." box="[378,535,1699,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="176 - 209" refId="ref33858" refString="Hartig, T. (1840) Uber die Familie der Gallwespen. Zeitschrift fur Entomologie, 2, 176 - 209." type="journal article" year="1840">Hartig, 1840</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFEFFF8AFF61F901FBA1B7CB" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="463" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFEFFF8DFF61F901FE8AB015" blockId="11.[151,1437,1769,2010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFEFFF8DFF61F901FE9DB031" bold="true" box="[151,295,1769,1794]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Host plants.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFEFFF8DFED9F901FECBB031" box="[303,369,1769,1794]" name="Israel" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Israel</collectingCountry>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFEFFF8DFE8BF902FD91B032" baseAuthorityName="Sternlicht" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[381,555,1769,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ithaburensis">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFEFFF8DFE8BF902FD91B032" box="[381,555,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Q. ithaburensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Elsewhere: common on
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFEFFF8DFCBAF902FAA7B032" box="[844,1309,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFEFFF8DFCBAF902FBB0B032" box="[844,1034,1770,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="petraea">Quercus petraea</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFEFFF8DFBE1F902FB0AB032" box="[1047,1200,1769,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">Q. pubescens</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFEFFF8DFB4BF902FAA7B032" box="[1213,1309,1769,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robur">Q. robur</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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, and a few other species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFEFFF8AFF38F8D9FBA1B7CB" blockId="11.[151,1437,1769,2010]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,536]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="463" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFEFFF8DFF38F8D9FEE5B079" bold="true" box="[206,351,1841,1866]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Life history.</emphasis>
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Both the sexual and asexual generations are known, but only the sexual generation was found in
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFEFFF8DFF61F8BDFF62B05D" box="[151,216,1877,1902]" name="Israel" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Israel</collectingCountry>
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, in either leaves or branch tips. Leaf galls constitute inconspicuous, spherical,
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFEFFF8DFB90F8BEFB13B05E" box="[1126,1193,1878,1902]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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swellings of the leaf margin or along leaf veins, yellowish-green when young, turning pale brown when mature (
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFEFFF8DFB53F891FF0DB085" author="Sternlicht, M." pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">
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Sternlicht 1968b,
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFEFFF8DFA86F891FF0DB085" captionStart="FIGURES 41–46" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1654,1677]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[150,1436,193,1634]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 41–46. Galls on Quercus ithaburensis. 41. Synophrus politus, sexual generation; 42. Synophrus olivieri sexual generation; 43. Andricus miriami, asexual generation; 44. Same, old gall; 45. Chilaspis israeli, sexual generation; 46. Dryocosmus mayri, sexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610039/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Branch-tip galls (
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFEFFF8DFE7BF875FD1DB085" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[397,679,1949,1974]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">
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Sternlicht 1968b,
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFEFFF8DFDA0F875FD1DB085" box="[598,679,1949,1974]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–58" captionStartId="40.[151,264,1666,1689]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,193,1642]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[152,1435,193,1646]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURES 53–58. Galls on Quercus ithaburensis. 53. Pseudoneuroterus sp. 2, sexual generation; 54. Cerroneuroterus lanuginosus, sexual generation; 55. Pseudoneuroterus macropterus, sexual generation; 56. Pseudoneuroterus sp. 1, sexual generation; 57. Pseudoneuroterus saliens, sexual generation; 58. Pseudoneuroterus saliens, asexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610043/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
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) constitute swellings of the shoot,
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFEFFF8DFBD8F876FB36B086" box="[1070,1164,1950,1974]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="4.0">4–8 mm</quantity>
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long and
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFEFFF8DFB0DF875FAE2B086" box="[1275,1368,1949,1974]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 mm</quantity>
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wide, and are the same color of the branch. The asexual generation develops in smooth, ovoid, thin-walled, single- chambered bud galls within the bud scales,
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFE8FF8AFD7EFF70FD5DB79C" box="[648,743,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
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in length and
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFE8FF8AFC7AFF70FC74B79C" box="[908,974,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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in diameter. The base of the mature gall remains concealed within the bud scales. The gall is initially greenish-red, turning brown when mature. Usually found singly, rarely in pairs. The larval chamber is surrounded by spongy tissue.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFE8FF8AFF31FEECFA33B6BB" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="description">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFE8FF8AFF31FEECFA33B6BB" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF31FEECFEF3B62E" bold="true" box="[199,329,260,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Phenology.</emphasis>
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Galls of the sexual generation appear in April and adults emerge from them in May-June.
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFE8FF8AFF61FECFFEDEB673" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[151,356,295,320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">Sternlicht (1968b)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded the branch galls in January-February and the leaf galls in March, and adults emerged from them in June-July. The galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in June and mature by October. Adults usually emerge from them in February-March, although some remain in diapause inside the gall for another year.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFE8FF8AFF31FE7CFBFCB6FC" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFE8FF8AFF31FE7CFBFCB6FC" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF31FE7CFEDAB69E" bold="true" box="[199,352,404,429]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFE8FF8AFE9BFE7CFE0AB69E" box="[365,432,404,429]" name="Israel" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Israel</collectingCountry>
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: Rare in Tivo’n. Elsewhere: a very common and widespread species throughout the distribution range of European white oaks,
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFE8FF8AFD8DFE50FD59B6FC" box="[635,739,440,463]" name="Morocco" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Morocco</collectingCountry>
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, east to Transcaucasia and
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFE8FF8AFBE4FE50FBF9B6FC" box="[1042,1091,440,463]" name="Iran" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Iran</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFE8FF8AFF31FE34FC2FB524" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFE8FF8AFF31FE34FC2FB524" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF31FE34FEF5B6C6" bold="true" box="[199,335,476,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Comments.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFE8FF8AFEAAFE34FD94B6C6" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[348,558,476,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">Sternlicht (1968b)</bibRefCitation>
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attributed the branch galls to
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFC56FE34FBBFB6C7" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[928,1029,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFC56FE34FBBFB6C7" box="[928,1029,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Andricus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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nr.
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFBCAFE35FB26B6C7" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[1084,1180,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvator">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFBCAFE35FB26B6C7" box="[1084,1180,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">curvator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the leaf galls to
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFF61FDE8FF46B52B" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,252,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF61FDE8FF46B52B" box="[151,252,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Andricus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp., but both of
|
||
<typeStatus id="FB0D884AFFE8FF8AFE45FDE8FE54B52B" box="[435,494,512,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of galls indeed belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFCE7FDE8FC35B52B" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[785,911,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvator">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFCE7FDE8FC35B52B" box="[785,911,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. curvator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |